FORCES and MOTION
Part 1: Net Force
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Force is what causes an object to move or to stop moving,
and motion is when an object moves from one place to
another. An example could be a ball being kicked which
causes it to move across the field and the gravity that slows
and eventually stops that ball from moving.
Four forces that can affect motion are: Force, friction,
inertia, and momentum
TYPES OF ENERGY
There are two types of energy: potential and kinetic.
Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object due to
its position. This type of energy is not in use but is available
to do work. For example, the book possesses energy when it
is stationary on the top of the bookshelf.
Kinetic energy is energy that is possessed by an object due
to its motion. For example, if the book were to fall off the
shelf, it would possess kinetic energy as it fell. All energy is
either potential or kinetic.
U = mgh
U = gravitational energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
g = gravitational field (N/kg)
h = height (m)
1 conservative forces in the preceding section, such as the
KE = m v2
2 motion of the football in (Figure), the total energy of the
KE = kinetic energy (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
FORMS OF ENERGY
 Mechanical Energy is a form of energy. It represents
the energy that is possessed by a mechanical system or
device due to its motion or position.
 Stated differently, mechanical energy is the ability of an
object to do work. Mechanical energy can be either
kinetic (energy in motion) or potential (energy that is
stored).
 The sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energy
equals the object’s total mechanical energy.
 Other forms of energy include chemical, nuclear,
electromagnetic, thermal and sound.
Emechanical = U + K
Emechanical = mechanical energy
PERIOD OF A PENDULUM
A pendulum is a bob hanging from a string that is made to
swing back and forth. In the absence of friction and air
resistance, the bob will repeat its motion indefinitely. The
motion is a repetition of a “cycle.”
The time (in seconds) taken to complete a cycle is called the
“period” of the pendulum. In this experiment we will study
the effect of different variables on the period of the
frictionless swinging bob; that is we will try to see how we
can change the period of oscillation.
In oscillations of a simple pendulum, the period T is related
to the length and free-fall acceleration g by
Conservative and Non conservative Forces
( https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-osuniversityphysics/chapter/8-2-conservative-and-
non-conservative-forces/ )
In Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy, any
transition between kinetic and potential energy conserved
the total energy of the system. This was path independent,
meaning that we can start and stop at any two points in the
problem, and the total energy of the system—kinetic plus
potential—at these points are equal to each other. This is
characteristic of a conservative force. We dealt with
gravitational force and spring force. When comparing the
system never changes, even though the gravitational
potential energy of the football increases, as the ball rises
relative to ground and falls back to the initial gravitational
potential energy when the football player catches the
ball. Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as
friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away
from the system as the system progresses, energy that you
can’t get back. These forces are path dependent; therefore it
matters where the object starts and stops.