ENERGY , WORK & JOSEPHIINE D’SILVA

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Learning objectives

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 Work is defined as the product of
WORK force and the distance covered in
the direction of the force.

Work is done when a force is

used to move an object over a
distance

W=F×s 4
It is a scalar quantity
The unit of work is the joule (J).
One Joule is defined as the amount of work done when
one newton force cause an object to move by one meter in
the direction of applied force.

One joule = One Newton x One meteror

1 J = 1 N x 1m

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No work is done when;
The object does not move
when the force is applied
such as boy pushing
against a heavy wooden
block.
The direction of the force
and the direction in which
the object moves are
perpendicular to one
another.-simply direction of
force and direction of
distance covered is not
same.
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 ENERGY It is defined as the Capability of doing work

It is measured in joules or J same as work

It is a scalar quantity.
Energy = Work
( There is no calculation difference between
work and energy)
Work can be generally defined as transfer
of energy.

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 Energy has many forms few of them which are related to
FORMS OF our course are listed below. Types of energies are
ENERGY: broadly classified into two major categories:
Number Stored /Potential Energy Energy due to movement
1 Chemical Potential Energy: Energy occur as a result of a Kinetic Energy: Energy of objects while they are in
chemical reaction such as energy stored in food, battery motion
and fuels
2 Elastic Potential energy: Energy stored in elastic materials Thermal(heat) Energy: Energy that moves from
that are stretched or compressed. Such as compressed region of higher temperature to the region of
spring ,stretched rubber band, bow and arrow and sling lower temperature.
shot
3 Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy stored in objects Light Energy: Energy which our eyes can see and
when they lifted above the earth surface. it is due to moving photons.
4 Nuclear Energy: Energy stored in nucleus on an atom such Sound Energy: Energy which our ears can hear it
as uranium. is due to the movement of series of compression
and rarefaction in any material medium

5 Electrical Energy: Energy which is moving charges

carry.
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THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
‘Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it
can only change from one form to another’

This means the total amount of energy in a closed system remains

constant, although how much of each form there is may change i.e
after any process energy can be transformed from one form to
another.

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 is energy an object has due to
KINETIC ENERGY: its motion (or velocity)

When an object is falling, it is gaining kinetic energy since it is

gaining speed. This energy transferred from the gravitational
potential energy it is losing
An object will maintain this kinetic energy unless its speed
changes
Kinetic energy is zero when object is at rest and moving objects
always have certain amount of kinetic energy.

Ek OR

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QUESTION
A body travelling with a speed of
12 m s-1 has kinetic energy 1650 J.
If the speed of the body is
increased to 45 m s-1, what is its new
kinetic energy?

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POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is a kind of storing energy that has got some potential
because at the time of release it can get work done.
An object possesses potential energy by virtue of its position or state.

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 The energy possessed by an object
GRAVITATIONAL due to its height or positon in a
POTENTIAL ENERGY: gravitational field.

If a mass is lifted up, it will gain GPE

(converted from other forms of energy)
If a mass falls, it will lose GPE (and be
converted to other forms of energy)

Eg or

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CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

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ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY(STRAIN
ENERGY)

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QUESTION
To get to his apartment a man has to climb
five flights of stairs.
The height of each flight is 3.7 m and the
man has a mass of 74 kg.
What is the approximate gain in the man’s
gravitational potential energy during the
climb?
A. 13 000 J B. 2700J
C. 1500 J D. 12 500 J

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QUESTIONS

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QUESTIONS

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QUESTION

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 NUCLEAR POTENTIAL
ENERGY
N.E =mc 2
The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom is
called nuclear energy there are two possible
chemical reactions to obtain nuclear energy:
(1)Fission Reaction: Splitting of atom is called fission.
When a heavy nucleus such as uranium is broken down into
small daughter nuclei an amount of energy is released as
heat and light because of loss of mass it means Atoms store
large amount of energy.
(2) Fusion Reaction: Fusion is opposite of fission i.e. you
join atoms together When small daughter nulei merge
together they will form a big parent nucleus and store huge
amount of energy as a loss of mass. This reaction can only
take place on the surface of sun it is a common believe by
the scientist that many suns produces it energy through Nuclear decay is the process by which a
fusion reaction in which hydrogen atoms combine to form radioactive atomic nucleus emits radiation
helium. (particles or gamma rays).
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INTERNAL ENERGY
An object possesses internal energy by virtue of its physical properties such as
its temperature and state.

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WHAT IS MECHANICAL ENERGY?
The mechanical energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic and
potential energy.
Emech = Ek + Eg

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RESOURCES OF ENERGY:
There are two possible resources of energy
1.Renewable Resources:
these resources are recycled and used again and again like solar ,geothermal
and water, These resources are usually environmental friendly.
2.Non Renewable resources:
These resources are used only once and can not be recyled like nuclear,
petroleum and natural gas. These resources mostly cause pollution in the
environment.

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 ENERGY CONVERSIONS
TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF A CLOSED SYSTEM REMAINS CONSTANT.
EXAMPLES
1. television:
electrical energy ➝ light energy + sound energy + thermal energy
Light and sound energy are useful energy transfers whereas thermal energy (from
the heating up of wires) is wasted
2. heater:
electrical energy ➝ thermal energy + sound energy
The thermal energy is useful, whereas sound is not

3. A battery connected to a bulb

chemical energy ➝ electrical energy ➝ light energy + thermal energy

4. A falling object (in a vacuum):

gravitational potential energy ➝ kinetic energy
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EXAMPLES OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY:
When the bob is at the highest point of its swing, it has no
The Pendulum kinetic energy, but its gravitational potential energy is at a
maximum As the bob swings downwards gravitational
potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy, and the bob
accelerates.
At the bottom of its swing, the bob’s kinetic energy is at a
maximum and its gravitational potential energy is at a
minimum.
As the bob swings upwards, its kinetic energy is transferred
to gravitational potential energy again. At the top of its
swing, it once again has no kinetic energy, but its
gravitational potential energy is at a maximum.
Note that the bob’s swing will become lower with each
swing, because some energy is also transferred as heat to
the surroundings incase we are not considering the
pendulum without air resistance.
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BOUNCING BALL ( NO AIR RESISTANCE)
When a ball is placed at a certain height it would
have only potential energy and kinetic energy will be
zero.
When it will be allowed to fall its height reduces and
speed increases. So its gravitational potential energy
would reduce but Kinetic Energy increases.
Just before hitting the ground potential energy will
approximately be zero but kinetic energy will be
maximum and equal to intial potential energy.
When ball hits the ground its kinetic energy will be lost
as heat and sound and next bounce will not be of the
same height as the previous one.
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 It is defined as the rate of work done or
energy converted with respect to time.
POWER
Power tells us how fast work is
𝐖 𝐄
P= or P= being done or how fast energy
𝐭 𝐭
is being converted from one.
where W = work t = time E = Energy
SI Unit for power is watt (W),
It is a scalar quantity
One watt (W) is defined as the rate of work done or energy
conversion of one joule per second. Energy is what makes change
happen and can be
One watt=one joule / one second → 1W=1J s−1 transferred from one object
ot another whereas, Power is
the rate at which energy is
transferred.
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QUESTION

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QUESTIONS

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QUESTIONS

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QUESTION

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SANKEY DIAGRAM

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SANKEY DIAGRAM

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5A DAY
1.Define work done? State its unit and formula.

2.Why is work done not the same as useful energy obtained?

3.What is the unit of energy? Why is it the same as the unit for work done?

4.What is Power? State its unit and formula.

5.When you drop an object from a height all the G.P.E changes to K.E before it
touches the ground. What is the assumption we are making here?

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 USeful Output
The ratio of output Efficiency = x
EFFICIENCY to the input of any 100
Total Input

system
An ideal system has 100% efficiency . Losses= 100 – Efficiency
Output and input can be in any form like power, energy
or work.  Here Losses are actually the
portion of energy consumed
It has no unit but expressed in percentage form mostly.
by the system which has not
Efficiency tells us how much output is generated by the appeared as an output
system against a given input obviously if system is new system
and in good condition it will not waste major portion of
input energy internally as heat and sound but will deliver
maximum at output side.
Old systems may have greater losses in the form heat
and sound.
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QUESTIONS

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QUESTIONS

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