@H_FLAIG

Hamad alfadhli

Chapter 9

The System Unit

Q-What is the Communications?

‫ ٔظبَ االرظبالد ؟‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

It is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between

two or more computer
‫ اوثش‬ٚ‫ٓ ا‬٠‫بص‬ٙ‫ٓ خ‬١‫ِبد ث‬ٍٛ‫اٌّؼ‬ٚ ‫اٌجشاِح‬ٚ ‫بٔبد‬١‫خ ِشبسوخ اٌج‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ٘

Q-What is the Numerous applications that depend on communication

systems?

‫ ٔظبَ االرظبالد ؟‬ٍٝ‫ رؼزّذ ػ‬ٟ‫مبد اٌز‬١‫ اٌزطج‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- E-mail
2- Instant messaging (IM)
3- Internet telephone
4- Electronic commerce

Q-what is the Connectivity used for ?

‫خ االرظبي ؟‬١ٍّ‫ ٌؼ‬ٟ‫غ‬١‫ االعزخذاَ اٌشئ‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

Connectivity is using computer networks to link people and resources ‫بد‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬

‫خ‬١‫غ‬١‫اسد اٌشئ‬ٌّٛ‫ٓ ثب‬١ِ‫رش ٌشثؾ اٌّغزخذ‬ٛ١‫االرظبي رغزخذَ شجىخ اٌىّج‬

wireless has been the most dramatic change in connectivity an

communications

‫ ػبٌُ االرظبالد‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٞ‫ش خزس‬١١‫ ازذس رغ‬ٞ‫ع اٌز‬ٌٕٛ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ ٟ‫االرظبي اٌالعٍى‬

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Q-what is the Four basic elements for the communication system ?

‫خ ألٔظّخ االرظبالد ؟‬١‫غ‬١‫ االخضاء االسثؼخ اٌشئ‬ٟ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Sending and receiving devices ‫االعزمجبي‬ٚ ‫ضح االسعبي‬ٙ‫اخ‬

2- Communication channel ‫اد االرظبي‬ٕٛ‫ل‬
3- Connection devices ‫ضح اٌشثؾ‬ٙ‫اخ‬
4- Data transmission specifications ‫بٔبد‬١‫اطفبد ٔمً اٌج‬ِٛ

Q-What is the Communication Channels?

‫اد االرظبي ؟‬ٕٛ‫ ل‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

Channels carry data from one computer to another

‫بص آخش‬ٙ‫رش ٌد‬ٛ١‫بص وّج‬ٙ‫بٔبد ِٓ خ‬١‫َ ثٕمً اٌج‬ٛ‫اد رم‬ٕٛ‫ ل‬ٟ٘

Q-What is the Two categories of communication channels ?

‫اد االرظبي ؟‬ٕٛ‫اع ل‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Physical connection ‫خ‬١‫اد اٌغٍى‬ٕٛ‫اٌم‬

2- Wireless connection ‫خ‬١‫اد اٌالعٍى‬ٕٛ‫اٌم‬

Q -mention some types of Physical Connections ?

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‫خ ؟‬١‫اد اٌغٍى‬ٕٛ‫اع اٌم‬ٛٔ‫اروش ثؼغ ا‬

ANSWER

1- Ethernet cable

–Pairs of copper wire twisted together ‫خ‬١‫ٓ ِٓ االعالن إٌسبع‬١‫خ‬ٚ‫ص‬

2- Coaxial cable

–High frequency transmission ٌٟ‫راد رشدد ػب‬

–Single solid-copper core ٜٛ‫ ِم‬ٟ‫عٍه ٔسبع‬

3- Fiber-optic cable

–Transmit data as pulses of light through glass ‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ئخ ٔجؼبد ػ‬١٘ ٍٝ‫بٔبد ػ‬١‫زُ ٔمً اٌج‬٠
‫ِٓ خالي صخبج‬

–Higher, faster and more reliable ‫ِبد‬ٍٛ‫ ٔمً اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫ك ف‬١‫دل‬ٚ ‫غ خذا‬٠‫عش‬

Q-What is the Technologies used in wireless connections?

‫خ ؟‬١‫مخ االرظبي اٌالعٍى‬٠‫ ؽش‬ٟ‫بد اٌّغزخذِخ ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌزم‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Radio frequency (RF): uses radio signals ‫خ‬١ٌ‫اع اٌزب‬ٛٔ‫ب اال‬ِٕٙٚ ٛ٠‫رشدداد اٌشاد‬

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 Wi- ٞ‫ فأ‬ٞ‫أ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬
 Bluetooth ‫س‬ٛ‫ر‬ٍٛ‫اٌج‬
 WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) ٗ١‫ شج‬ٛ٘ٚ
‫اوجش‬ٚ ‫عغ‬ٚ‫ ٔطبق ا‬ٍٝ‫ٌىٓ ػ‬ٚ ٞ‫ف ا‬٠‫ا‬ٌٛ‫ثب‬

2- Microwave: uses high frequency radiowaves ِٕٗٚ ‫ خذا‬ٌٟ‫ رشدد ػب‬ٛ٘ٚ

 Line of sight ‫خ‬١‫ئ‬ٛ‫ؽ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫اٌخط‬

 Good medium for sending data between buildings ‫ح ػٕذ‬ٛ‫عؾ اٌم‬ٛ‫ؼزجش ِز‬٠ٚ
‫خ‬١ٕ‫ٓ األث‬١‫اسعبي االشبساد ث‬

3- Satellite: uses satellites orbiting about 35,ooo km above the earth as

microwave relay stations ِٓ ‫ ِزش‬ٍٛ١‫ و‬00333 ٌٟ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ز‬ٟ‫خ رغط‬١‫غزخذَ الّبس طٕبػ‬٠
ٌٟ‫مبد ٌٗ اٌزب‬١‫ِٓ اُ٘ اٌزطج‬ٚ ‫ اٌفؼبء‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫عطر االسع ػجش الّبس طٕبػ‬

 Important application: GPS (Global positioning system) ٟ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ٔظبَ اٌد‬

‫الغ‬ٌّٛ‫ذ ا‬٠‫ ٔظبَ رسذ‬ٛ٘ٚ ‫اط‬

4- Infrared: Short distances line of sight communication ‫االشبسح رسذ اٌسّشاء‬

‫شح‬١‫ اٌّغبفبد اٌمظ‬ٟ‫ رغزخذَ ف‬ٟ٘ٚ

Q-Who is the Types of signals ‫؟‬.

‫اع االشبساد ؟‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Analog ‫خ‬٠‫رٕبظش‬
2- Digital ‫خ‬١ّ‫سل‬

Q-What is the Modem ?

‫دَ ؟‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

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ANSWER

a short word for modulator-demodulator

‫ االخزظبس ٌىٍّخ‬ٛ٘ modulator-demodulator

Q-What is the Modulation?

‫ً ؟‬٠‫خ اٌزؼذ‬١ٕ‫ رم‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

converting signal from digital to analog

ٞ‫ع اٌزٕبظش‬ٌٕٛ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ّٟ‫ع اٌشل‬ٌٕٛ‫ش االشبسح ِٓ ا‬١١‫ رغ‬ٛ٘

Q-What is the Demodulation:?

‫خ اعزخالص االشبسح ؟‬١ٕ‫ رم‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

converting signal from analog to digital

ّٟ‫ع اٌشل‬ٌٍٕٛ ٞ‫ع اٌزٕبظش‬ٌٕٛ‫ً االشبسح ِٓ ا‬٠ٛ‫رس‬

‫ّبْ خذا‬ِٙ ْ‫فبْ اٌغبثمب‬٠‫اٌزؼش‬

Q-what is The unit used to measured the speed of transmitting data ?

‫بٔبد ؟‬١‫بط عشػخ ٔمً اٌج‬١‫زذح ل‬ٚ ٟ٘‫ِب‬

thousands of bits per second ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ذ ٌىً ثب‬١‫اٌف ث‬

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Q-what is the Types of modems ?

‫دِبد ؟‬ٌّٛ‫اع ا‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Telephone
2- DSL
3- Cable
4- Wireless

Q-What is the types of Connection Services ?

‫داد اٌخذِخ ؟‬ٚ‫اع ِض‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Dial-Up services : ٌٟ‫اػٗ اٌزب‬ٛٔ‫ِٓ ا‬ٚ ٞ‫ٔظبَ االرظبي اٌؼبد‬

―Leased lines – T1

―T3 and DS3 have higher capacity

2- Digital subscriber line (DSL) َ‫ف ثٕظب‬ٚ‫ ِؼش‬ٛ٘ٚ ّٗ٠‫ رُ رمذ‬ٞ‫ اٌز‬ٟٔ‫ إٌظبَ اٌثب‬ٛ٘ٚ
ّٟ‫ذ اٌخذِخ اٌشل‬٠ٚ‫رض‬

–Uses existing phone lines ‫برف‬ٌٙ‫ؽ ا‬ٛ‫غزخذَ خط‬٠

–One type widely used is ADSL َ‫س ِٓ ٔفظ إٌظب‬ٛ‫ إٌظبَ اٌّط‬ٛ٘ٚ

3- Cable ٞ‫جً اٌؼبد‬١‫اٌى‬

–Uses existing TV cable ٟٔٛ٠‫جً اٌزٍفض‬١‫غزخذَ ٔظبَ اٌى‬٠ٚ

–Provides speeds as fast as DSL at a lower cost ‫ اط اي‬ٌٟ‫ْ اعشع ِٓ ٔظبَ ا‬ٛ‫ى‬٠
‫الً وٍفخ‬ٚ

4- Satellite connection services ‫ي‬ٚ‫ اٌذ‬ٟ‫ُ اٌخذِخ ف‬٠‫لذ رُ رمذ‬ٚ ٟ‫ٔظبَ االرظبي اٌظٕبػ‬
ٖ‫د‬ٛ‫خ‬ِٛ ‫ٌُ رؼذ‬ٚ ‫ب السرفبع اعؼبس٘ب‬ٙ‫ٌىٓ رُ اٌغبئ‬ٚ ‫سثذ‬ٚ‫خ ِٓ لجً ششوخ ا‬١‫اٌؼشث‬

–Seven times faster than dial-up ٞ‫اعشع ثغجغ اػؼبف االرظبي اٌؼبد‬

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–Slower than DSL & cable modem ‫ اط اي‬ٞ‫الً عشػخ ِٓ ٔظبَ اٌذ‬

5- Cellular Services ٌٟ‫ إٌظبَ اٌسب‬ٛ٘ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ضح اٌزو‬ٙ‫ ِب رمذَ ٌألخ‬ٟ٘ٚ ٍٞٛ‫خذِخ إٌظبَ اٌخ‬
ْٛ‫ضح اٌزٍف‬ٙ‫ اخ‬ٟ‫اٌّغزخذَ ف‬

–use 3G and 4G cellular networks ٟ‫ خ‬4‫اي‬ٚ ٟ‫ خ‬0‫غزخذَ ٔظبَ اي‬٠

Q-what is the Bandwidth?

‫ عؼخ اٌزشدد ؟‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

is a measurement of the capacity of the channel (how much information can

move across the communication channel)

‫اد االرظبي‬ٕٛ‫اعطخ ل‬ٛ‫ب ث‬ٍٙ‫زُ ٔم‬٠ ٟ‫ِبد اٌز‬ٍٛ‫خ اٌّؼ‬١ّ‫ و‬ٜ‫بط ٌّذ‬١‫ ل‬ٛ٘

Q-What is the Categories of Bandwidth?

‫اع عؼخ اٌزشدد ؟‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

1- Voice band also known as low bandwidth: too slow ً‫ ال‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ر‬ٛ‫اٌغؼخ اٌظ‬
ّٝ‫ؼب رغ‬٠‫ا‬ٚ ‫عشػخ‬low band
2- Medium band: not typically used by individuals ‫ ال رزطبثك‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫خ‬١‫عط‬ٌٛ‫اٌغؼخ ا‬
ٞ‫اطفبد اٌّغزخذَ اٌؼبد‬ِٛ ‫ِغ‬
3- Broadband: used for high-capacity transmissions (DSL, cable, satellite
connections) ٟ‫رغزخذَ ف‬ٚ ٖ‫ش‬١‫بٔبد وث‬١‫رزسًّ ٔمً ث‬ٚ ‫شح‬١‫ عؼخ ٔطبق وج‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫خ‬١ٌ‫اٌغؼخ اٌؼب‬
‫ذ‬٠‫اٌغبرال‬ٚ ً‫ج‬١‫اٌى‬ٚ ‫ اي‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٞ‫أظّخ اٌذ‬
4- Baseband: used to connect individual computers that are located close
to one another ‫ّب اٌجؼغ‬ٙ‫ٓ ِٓ ثؼؼ‬١‫ج‬٠‫ٓ لش‬٠‫بص‬ٙ‫ رغزخذَ ٌشثؾ خ‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫اٌغؼخ األزبد‬

Q-What is the Protocols?

‫ي ؟‬ٛ‫و‬ٛ‫ اٌجشر‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

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ANSWER

Set of communication rules

‫ أظّخ االرظبالد‬ٟ‫ٓ اٌّغزخذِخ ف‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ػخ ِٓ اٌم‬ّٛ‫ ِد‬ٟ٘

Q- what is the Standard for Internet protocol ?

‫ذ اٌخذِخ ؟‬٠ٚ‫ االٔزشٔذ ٌزض‬ٟ‫ْ اٌّغزخذَ ف‬ٛٔ‫ اٌمب‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

Q-what is the Features of TCP/IP ?

‫ خظبئض‬ٟ٘‫ ِب‬TCP/IP‫؟‬

ANSWER

–Identification ‫ف‬٠‫ اٌزؼش‬: identifying sending and receiving devices.

‫اٌّغزمجٍخ‬ٚ ‫ضح اٌّشعٍخ‬ٙ‫ف االخ‬٠‫غزخذَ ٌزؼش‬٠ٚ
–Packetization ‫ك‬٠‫ اٌزفش‬: breaking information into small parts for
transmission across the internet.
‫ب ِٓ ِىبْ الخش‬ٍٙ‫ً ٔم‬ٙ‫غ‬٠ ٝ‫شح زز‬١‫ شىً ثبلبد طغ‬ٍٝ‫ِبد ػ‬ٍٛ‫ُ اٌّؼ‬١‫مخ رغزخذَ ٌزمغ‬٠‫ ؽش‬ٟ٘ٚ

Q-What is the Networks?

‫ اٌشجىبد ؟‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER

A computer network is a communication system that connects two or more

computers and Allows information exchange

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‫شجىبد اٌىّج‪ٛ١‬رش ٘‪ ٛ‬ازذ أظّخ االرظبالد اٌز‪ ٟ‬رغّر ثشثؾ خ‪ٙ‬بص ا‪ ٚ‬اوثش ِغ ثؼؼ‪ ُٙ‬اٌجؼغ ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬رغبػذ‬
‫ػٍ‪ ٝ‬رجبدي اٌّؼٍ‪ِٛ‬بد‬

‫?‪Q-What is the Terms ( components ) of the computer network‬‬

‫ِب٘‪ِ ٟ‬ى‪ٔٛ‬بد شجىخ اٌىّج‪ٛ١‬رشاد ؟‬

‫‪ANSWER‬‬

‫٘‪ ٛ‬أ‪ ٞ‬خ‪ٙ‬بص داخً اٌشجىخ ‪ٚ‬دائّب ِب ‪٠‬طٍك ٘زٖ االعُ ثد‪ٙ‬بص اٌىّج‪ٛ١‬رش اٌّ‪ٛ‬ط‪ٛ‬ي ثشجىخ ‪1- Node‬‬
‫ارظبالد‬
‫اٌؼّ‪2- Client ً١‬‬
‫اٌخبدَ ‪3- Server‬‬
‫دٌ‪ ً١‬اٌخبدَ ‪4- Directory server‬‬
‫اٌّؼ‪١‬ف ‪5- Host‬‬
‫اٌّس‪ٛ‬ي ‪٠ٚ‬غزخذَ ٌزس‪ ً٠ٛ‬اٌّؼٍ‪ِٛ‬بد ِٓ ِىبْ ألخش ‪6- Switch‬‬
‫لٕ‪ٛ‬اد ارظبي اٌشجىبد )‪7- Network interface cards (NIC‬‬
‫ثشٔبِح رشغ‪ ً١‬اٌشجىبد )‪8- Network operating system (NOS‬‬
‫ِذ‪٠‬ش اٌشجىخ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّزسىُ ث‪ٙ‬ب ‪9- Network administrator‬‬

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Q-What is the Network Types ?

‫اع اٌشجىبد ؟‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬ٟ٘‫ِب‬

ANSWER
1- Local area networks (LAN) ‫خ‬١ٍ‫اٌشجىبد اٌّس‬
2- Home networks ‫خ‬١ٌ‫اٌشجىبد إٌّض‬
3- Wireless LAN (WLAN) ‫خ‬١‫اٌشجىبد اٌالعٍى‬
4- Personal Area networks (PAN) ‫خ‬١‫اٌشجىبد اٌشخظ‬
5- Metropolitan area networks (MAN) ‫ش‬١‫ اٌىج‬ٌٝ‫عؾ ا‬ٛ‫اٌشجىبد راد إٌطبق اٌّز‬
6- Wide area networks (WAN) ‫ اٌششوبد‬ٟ‫ اٌؼبدح ف‬ٟ‫ رغزخذَ ف‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫شح‬١‫اٌشجىبد اٌىج‬
‫شح‬١‫اٌىج‬

Q-What is the Network Architecture?

‫ُ اٌشجىبد ؟‬١ّ‫ رظ‬ٕٝ‫ ِؼ‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER
describes how a network is arranged and how resources are coordinated
and shared
‫بٔبد‬١‫ب ٌّشبسوخ اٌج‬ٙ‫اسد ث‬ٌّٛ‫خ االعزفبدح ِٓ ا‬١‫ف‬١‫و‬ٚ ‫ُ اٌشجىخ‬١‫خ رٕظ‬١‫ف‬١‫ ششذ و‬ٟ٘

Arrangement is called = Topology

= ّٝ‫غ‬٠ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ثٕبئ‬ٚ ‫ُ اٌشجىخ‬١‫ اشىبي رٕظ‬Topology

Q-What is the Types of network topology?

‫ اشىبي ثٕبء اٌشجىبد ؟‬ٛ٘ ‫ِب‬

ANSWER
‫ُ اٌشجىبد‬١ّ‫خ رظ‬٠‫خ ِٓ ثذا‬١ِٕ‫ زغت اٌفزشح اٌض‬ٍٝ‫ُ ػ‬ّٙ١‫رُ رمغ‬ٚ ْ‫ػب‬ٛٔ ‫خذ‬ٛ٠

1- Legacy ‫ّ٘ب‬ٚ ْ‫ػب‬ٛٔ ِٕٗٚ ُ٠‫إٌظبَ اٌمذ‬

 Bus
 Ring
–Current ‫ب‬١ٌ‫غزخذَ زب‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌز‬ٛ٘ٚ ‫اع‬ٛٔ‫ِٕٗ اسثغ ا‬ٚ ٌٟ‫ إٌظبَ اٌسب‬:
 Star

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 Tree
 Hybrid
 Mesh

‫ع‬ٛٔ ً‫ي اٌّشفك ششذ ِجغؾ ٌى‬ٚ‫ اٌدذ‬ٟ‫ف‬

‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ ‫اٌششذ‬ ‫اٌزشخّخ‬

Bus All device connected ‫ؽخ ثمٕبح‬ٛ‫ضح ِشث‬ٙ‫وً االخ‬
to a Bus ‫ازذٖ فمؾ‬ٚ ‫ارظبالد‬
Ring Each device connected ٓ٠‫بص‬ٙ‫ خ‬ٟ‫ؽ ف‬ٛ‫بص ِشث‬ٙ‫وً خ‬
to two other device ‫ اٌشجىخ‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١٠‫اخش‬
Star Each device connected ‫زذح‬ٚ ‫ؽ ة‬ٛ‫بص ِشث‬ٙ‫وً خ‬
to central switch ‫خ‬٠‫رسىُ ِشوض‬
Tree Each device connected ً‫ؽ ثشى‬ٛ‫بص ِشث‬ٙ‫وً خ‬
directly or indirectly ‫بص‬ٙ‫ش ِجبشش ثد‬١‫ غ‬ٚ‫ِجبشش ا‬
to enteral node ; ٓ١‫ْ اٌشثؾ ث‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ٚ ‫اخش‬
hierarchical topology ٞ‫ضح ثبٌشىً اٌشدش‬ٙ‫األخ‬
Hybrid Combination of ُ١ّ‫ب رظ‬ٙ١‫زُ ف‬٠ ‫مخ‬٠‫ ؽش‬ٛ٘
different topologies ‫اٌشجىخ ثبعزخذاَ ػذح‬
‫ُ ِّب عجك‬١ِ‫رظب‬
Mesh Each device connected ِٓ ‫ؽ ثأوثش‬ٛ‫بص ِشث‬ٙ‫وً خ‬
to more than one ‫ازذ‬ٚ ‫بص‬ٙ‫خ‬
other device

Ring star

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@H_FLAIG
Hamad alfadhli

Tree mesh

‫االخزظبساد ٌـ‬CHAPTER 9
‫االختصار‬ ‫المعنى‬
IM Instant messaging
RF Radio frequency
GPS Global positioning system
WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
DSL Digital subscriber line
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol
NIC Network interface cards
NOS Network operating system
LAN Local area networks
WLAN Wireless LAN
PAN Personal Area networks
MAN Metropolitan area networks
WAN Wide area networks

‫جل ما اطلبه الدعاء لصاحب هذه العمل ومن ال يريد الدعاء فأنا ابيحه منه‬

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