Journal of Environmental Science and Management 12(2):27–37 (December 2009)

ISSN 0119-1144

Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness,

Knowledge, and Perception on Solid Waste Management Practices in
Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines
Dann Marie N. Del Mundo1, Carmelita M. Rebancos2 and Sofia A. Alaira3
ABSTRACT

This study analyzed the correlation of socio-economic status, environmental awareness,

knowledge, and perception with solid waste management practices in the coastal barangays of
Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas. The study employed structured survey and key
informant interviews was employed to meet the objectives of the study.

Statistical analysis revealed that total family monthly income and environmental awareness
are negatively correlated with solid waste management practices. However, environmental
knowledge and perception are positively correlated with solid waste management practices.
Educational attainment and household size are negatively correlated with solid waste management
practices in Barangay Talisay while these are positively correlated with solid waste management
practices in Barangay Balibago.

Key words: environmental awareness, environmental knowledge, environmental perception,

socio-economic status, solid waste management practices, Barangay Balibago,
Barangay Talisay, Calatagan, Batangas

INTRODUCTION

Solid waste is one of the by-products of human by marine scientists, Dr. KentCarpenter and
activities. The increasing volume of solid waste Victor Springer, as the “center of the center of
that is being generated is brought about by the marine shorefish diversity” located in Calatagan,
introduction of new materials and changing Batangas (Conservation International 2007).
consumption pattern of the increasing rural
population (urbanization) (Devkota and Watanabe The Coastal Environmental Profile prepared
2005). Also called “garbage”, solid wastes have by the Batangas Environment and Natural Resources
been considered as major source of marine (BENR) for the Batangas Bay Region had identified
pollution. Most common sources of garbage come the problems on solid waste generation, collection
from portion of domestic or household wastes and disposal, and water pollution as some of the
disposed directly to waterways and coastal areas areas with utmost concern. In Calatagan, Batangas,
by people living along coastal zones. World only urban Barangays I, II, III, and IV have solid
Bank estimated that about 60% of the country’s waste segregation and complete garbage collection.
population live along coastal areas. Other sources The rest of the barangays have problems on
are from agricultural and industrial activities. improper solid waste disposal which lead to
Solid wastes generate high loads of organic and water pollution. The Municipal Agriculture Office
inorganic pollutants that could threatened the (MAO) identified two rural coastal barangays,
ecological stability of some important marine Barangays Talisay and Balibago with creeks
ecosystems. One of these is the Verde Passage having poor water quality conditions due to
Marine Biodiversity Conservation Corridor dubbed improper solid waste disposal.
1
Assistant Professor, College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Philippines Mindanao, Mintal, Davao City, Email address:
dansoy_8@yahoo.com
2
Professor, School of Environmental Science a nd Ma nagement, University of the Philippines Los Ba ños, College, Laguna,
Email address: cmrebancos2003@yahoo.com
3
Research Associate, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Email
address: sofie_alaira@yahoo.com
 Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on Solid
28 Waste Management Practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines
This study therefore, was undertaken to seek
the relationship of socio-economic status,
environmental awareness, knowledge, and
perception with solid waste management
practices in the coastal barangays of Talisay and
Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas for its integration
in the Solid Waste Management Plan and Coastal
Resource Management Plan of the municipality.
Significance of the Study
This study aims to seek the relationship of
environmental awareness, knowledge and
perception with solid waste management practices
which gained limited consideration in the
formulation of solid waste management plan
especially in the Philippines.
Though previous researches have shown that
indeed environmental psychology affects the failure
or success of any solid waste management plan,
the correlation between environmental psychology
and environmental quality is limited if not
incomplete. Therefore, the main contribution of
this research is to present the relationship of
environmental quality, specifically water quality,
with solid waste management practices as possibly
affected by the households’ socio-economic
condition, environmental awareness, environmental
knowledge and environmental perception.
Calatagan, Batangas was chosen as the study site
because it is located in the Verde Passage Marine
Biodiversity Conservation Corridor.
Results of this study will serve as important
inputs to the municipality’s Solid Waste Management
Plan and Coastal Resource Management Plan
which are still in the process of revision. This
research will also serve as reference for future
studies which attempt to validate the relationship
of socio-economic conditions, environmental
awareness, environmental knowledge and
environmental perception with water quality.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The variables hypothesized to be most
closely associated with the prediction of solid
waste management practices are illustrated in
Figure 1. The analytical framework adopted
some of the concept of Cottrell (2003) regarding
general responsible environmental behavior
(GREB). The factors perceived to influence solid
waste management practices in Barangays Talisay
and Balibago are: (1) socio-economic status, (2)
environmental awareness (3) environmental
knowledge; and (4) environmental perception.
Socio-economic characteristics such as
income, education, and household size have been
found to be predictors of environmental behavior
(Ancheta 1999; Aytülkasapoğlu and Ecevit 2002;
Bennagen et al. 2002; Joardar 2000; Rustia
2001; Scott and Willits 1994). Similarly,
Environmental knowledge, perception, and
awareness have also been established to be
correlates of environmental behavior (Barr 2007;
Cheung et al. 1999; Korfmacher 1997; Mosler et
al. 2007; Rahman et al. 2005; Szagun and
Pavlov 1995).
The framework likewise illustrates how the
results of the correlationships of the variables
enumerated above will be used as an input to the
formulation of the Solid Waste Management Plan
of the Municipality and ultimately in the
development of the Coastal Resource Management
Plan of Calatagan.
METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted in the municipality
of Calatagan, Batangas (Figure 2). It is bounded
on the north by the municipalities of Lian and
Balayan, on the south by the Verde Island
Passage, on the east by Pagapas and Balayan
Bays and on the west by South China Sea (CLUP
2001-2010).
The municipality is comprised of 25 barangays,
19 of which are coastal barangays. The study
focused on two coastal (rural) barangays, Talisay
and Balibago, that were purposely chosen
because of they have the highest population density
among the barangays that are located along the
creeks.
The study employed a multi-method research
design that includes water sampling, structured
survey method and key informant interviews
were employed to generate the relevant primary
data. Open and closed-ended survey questionnaire
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 12. No. 2 (December 2009) 29

Socio-economic status
* total monthly family income
* educational attainment
* household size

Solid Waste
Environmental Environmental
Management
Awareness Knowledge
Practices

Environmental Perception

Municipality of Calatagan Solid

Waste Management Plan

Coastal Resource
Management Plan

Figure 1. Factors affecting solid waste management practices in Barangays Balibago and Talisay,
Calatagan, Batangas.

was used to determine the socio-economic
characteristics, environmental awareness,
knowledge, perception, and practices of the
households. Information were updated and
validated through key informants interviews of
the heads of the Municipal Agriculture Office/
Municipal Environment and Natural Resources,
Municipal Planning and Development Office, and
Municipal Health and Sanitation Office, officials of
Barangays Talisay and Balibago, coordinator of
Conservation International – Philippines, principal
of Jacobo Zobel Elementary School, and owner
of a junk shop.
The study employed simple random sampling
which considered 10% of the entire household of
each of the two barangays selected for the study.
The population, household, sample size and the
margin of error and 95% confidence level is
summarized in Table 1.
Descriptive statistics was applied in the
analysis of data from the household survey. This
comprised the calculation of the percentages and
frequency distributions of the socio-economic
profile of the respondents. The correlation of total
monthly family income, educational attainment,

Table 1. Population, household, and sample size of Barangays Talisay and Balibago.
Barangay Population Household Sample Size (10%) Margin of Error at 95% Confidence Level
(%)
Talisay 2,462 675 68 11.88

Balibago 3,167 550 55 13.21

Total Number of Respondents 113
Source: Municipal Health Office, 2007
 Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on Solid
30 Waste Management Practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines

Figure 2. Municipal map of Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines.

Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 12. No. 2 (December 2009) 31

household size, environmental awareness, known as the regression line is expressed in an

environmental knowledge, and environmental
perception with solid waste management
practices was calculated using Spearman Correlation
Coefficient Test at 0.05 level of significance.
Correlation coefficient, ρ vary between -1.00
and +1.00. A value of ρ>0 indicates a positive
linear relationship, which means that as one variable
increases, the other variable also increases. A
value of ρ<0 indicates a negative linear relationship,
which denotes that when one variable increases,
the other decreases. If ρ=0, no linear relationship
exists between the variables. Hence, the relationship
between the variables is strong when the absolute
value of the correlation coefficient is close to 1,
and weak when it is close to 0 (Foster 2001;
Albacea et al. 2007).
Simple linear regression was also used to
verify the strength of the relationship of the
variables with solid waste management practices.
In this study, the dependent variable (y) is the solid
waste management practice while the independent
variables (x) are income, education, household
size, environmental awareness, environmental
knowledge, and environmental perception.
In a scatter diagram, it is possible to draw-in
the best fitting straight line that represents the
relationship between x and y. The best-fitting line
equation, x = c + by, where c is the intercept and
b is the slope (Foster 2001). Multiplied by 100,
the correlation coefficient squared (R2) gives the
percentage of the total variation in the values of
the dependent variable that is accounted for and
explained by the independent variable (Albacea
et al. 2007).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic Status of the Respondents
A summary of the respondents’ socio-
economic status, specifically, educational attainment,
household size, and income, is presented in
Table 2. It can be noticed that the profile of the
two barangays are closely similar, except for
educational attainment and household size. Most
of the respondents in Barangay Talisay only
completed elementary education while most of
the respondents in Barangay Balibago finished
high school. In terms of household profile, the
common family structure of the two barangays is
nuclear. The average household size in Barangay
Talisay is four while it is five in Barangay Balibago.
In terms of income, the two barangays belong to the
lower middle class with total monthly family income
between Php 5,000.00-Php 9,999.00. This condition is
assessed to be due to the low educational attainment
and high unemployment status of the residents.

Table 2. Socio-economic profile of Barangays Talisay and Balibago.

Characteristics Categories Percentage
Barangay Talisay Barangay Balibago
Educational attainment Elementary 45.6 40.0
High School 36.8 47.3
College 4.4 3.6
Vocational 11.8 9.1
none 1.5 -
Household size 2-4 51.5 52.7
5-7 42.6 38.2
8 and above 5.9 9.1
Average household size 4.47 ≈ 4 5.02 ≈ 5
Total monthly family income(Php) Below 1,999 14.7 10.9
2,000 – 2,999 14.7 5.5
3,000 – 3,999 16.2 5.5
4,000 – 4,999 7.4 10.9
5,000 – 9,999 25.0 30.9
10,000 – 14,999 8.8 16.4
15,000 – 19,999 5.9 9.1
20,000 and above 7.4 10.9
 Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on Solid
32 Waste Management Practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines

Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and
Perception of the Respondents
The study gauged the environmental
awareness, knowledge, and perception of the
residents. Environmental Awareness is the
acknowledgement that a particular environmental
phenomenon occurs or exists (Rustia 2001);
environmental knowledge is the acquired
environmental information, principles, and facts;
while environmental perception is the varied
impressions that observers form from its
environment (Hastorf et al. 1970 as cited by
Craik K.H. 1977). A positive environmental
perception is an insight that supports the
protection and conservation of the environment.
From the data obtained, the respondents in
Barangay Talisay usually acquire environmental
information from the LGU and mass media
(54.4%), while a large fraction of the respondents
in Barangay Balibago obtain information solely
from the mass media (50.9%). Results of the survey
revealed that the respondents are generally
unaware of the ordinances and laws concerning
proper solid waste management (Table 3)
regardless of the few ordinances and laws that
have already been implemented in Calatagan. But
despite the higher unawareness in Barangay
Balibago, the residents turned out to have higher
envir onmental knowledge and positiv e
environmental perception (Tables 4 and 5). This may
be explained by their higher educational attainment.
Solid Waste Management Practices in Barangays
Talisay and Balibago
Barangay Talisay has a total estimated
waste generation per week of 14.84 kg while
Barangay Balibago has 16.39kg. Garden waste is
generated the most at 5.98 kg/week in Baranagay
Talisay and 6.05 kg/week in Barangay Balibago.
The latter generates more waste since it has
greater household size. With these figures, the
waste generation per capita per day is 0.53kg and
0.47 kg for Barangays Talisay and Balibago, re-
spectively. These values are close to the national
solid waste generation rate minimum value of 0.5
kg per capita per day (WHO 2005).
In terms of solid waste management practices,
it is shown in Table 6 that most of the respondents

Table 3. Comparison of the environmental awareness in Barangays Talisay and Balibago.

Percentage
Statement Categories
Barangay Talisay Barangay Balibago
Municipal Anti-littering Ordinance Aware 39.7 41.8
Unaware 60.3 58.2
Clean Water Act (RA 9275) Aware 38.2 49.1
Unaware 61.8 50.9
Philippine Clean Air Act Aware 39.7 49.1
(RA 8749) Unaware 60.3 50.9
Ecological Solid Waste Management Aware 33.8 40.0
Act (RA 9003) Unaware 66.2 60.0
The coast of Calatagan is part of Verde Aware 27.9 16.4
Passage Marine Biodiversity Corridor Unaware 72.1 83.6
Average score for environmental 35.86 39.28
awareness
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 12. No. 2 (December 2009) 33

Table 4. Comparison of the environmental knowledge in Barangays Talisay and Balibago.

Percentage
Statement Categories
Barangay Talisay Barangay Balibago
Rivers, lakes, and seas serve as waste sinks. Correct answer 97 98
Wrong answer 3 2
Throwing of waste in rivers, lakes, and seas Correct answer 99 100
causes water pollution. Wrong answer 2 -
Plants and animals are not affected with Correct answer 91 100.0
waste accumulation. Wrong answer 9 -

Fish catch is not affected by water pollution Correct answer 97 100.0

caused by garbage/waste. Wrong answer 2 -
Uncertain 2 -
The term “recycle” is synonymous with Correct answer 2 2
“reuse.” Wrong answer 79 93
Uncertain 16 6
No answer 3 -
Burning of garbage causes air pollution. Correct answer 91 98
Wrong answer 9 2
Waste reduction is better than recycling. Correct answer 81 94
Uncertain 18 6
No answer 2 -
Average score for correct environmental 80 85
knowledge

Table 5. Comparison of the environmental perception in Barangays Talisay and Balibago.

Percentage
Statement Categories
Barangay Talisay Barangay Balibago
It is the sole responsibility of the LGU to Strongly Agree 21 9
manage the waste of the municipality. Agree 16 42
Uncertain - -
Disagree 63 38
Strongly Disagree - 11

The ordinances and laws on waste Strongly Agree 69 84

management encourage the people to Agree 29 16
properly manage their waste. Disagree 2 -
It is unavoidable to throw waste in canals, Strongly Agree 28 26
rivers, lakes, and seas especially if you live Disagree 37 58
near them. Strongly Disagree 35 16
It is unavoidable to burn your garbage Strongly Agree 50.0 46
especially if you live away from the garbage Agree 40 26
collection pick-up points. Disagree - 24
Strongly Disagree 10 6
Problems on waste are inevitable but they Strongly Agree 53 67
can be reduced or controlled. Agree 43 33
Disagree 2 -
Strongly Disagree 3 -
Average score for positive environmental 55 70
perception
 Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on Solid
34 Waste Management Practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines

Table 6. Comparison of the waste management practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago.
Percentage
Type of garbage Garbage disposal
Barangay Talisay Barangay Balibago
Kitchen waste Sold 1.5 -
Made into compost 10.3 7.3
Thrown in the garbage container 85.3 92.7
Thrown into a pit/buried 2.9 -
Garden waste Made into compost 1.5 -
Thrown in the garbage container 23.5 3.6
Burned 66.2 96.4
Thrown into a pit/buried 8.8 -
Assorted papers, maga- Sold 86.8 81.5
zines, newspapers, and Recycled 2.9 -
books Reused 4.4 13.0
Burned 5.9 3.7
No answer - 1.9
Cartons Sold 86.8 89.1
Recycled 2.9 -
Reused 1.5 1.8
Thrown in the garbage container 2.9 1.8
Burned 2.9 1.8
No answer 2.9 5.5
Plastic bags and food Sold 5.9 14.5
wrappers Recycled 1.9 -
Reused 4.4 3.6
Thrown in the garbage container 73.5 81.8
Burned 8.8 -
Thrown into a pit/buried 4.4 -
No answer 1.5 -
Plastic containers and Sold 39.7 54.5
bottles Recycled 1.5 -
Reused 52.9 45.5
Thrown in the garbage container 2.9 -
No answer 2.9 -
Metal scraps and tin cans Sold 98.5 100.0
Recycled 1.5 -
Glass bottles and contain- Sold 79.4 76.4
ers Recycled 19.1 1.8
Reused - 20.0
Thrown into a pit/buried 1.5 1.8
Old/damaged appliances Sold 70.6 87.3
Recycled 4.4 1.8
Reused 25.0 10.9
Used lamps/batteries/ Sold 36.8 25.5
electrical materials Thrown in the garbage container 26.5 27.3
Burned 1.5 3.6
Thrown into a pit/buried 35.3 43.6
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 12. No. 2 (December 2009) 35

in both barangays sell their assorted papers,
magazines, newspapers, books, cartons, metal
scraps, tin cans, glass bottles and containers, old
and damaged appliances, and used lamps, batteries
and electrical materials. In Barangay Talisay,
plastic containers and bottles are reused while
these are usually sold by the residents in Barangay
Balibago.
unavoidable to burn your garbage especially if
you live away from the garbage collection pick-
up points.”
Correlation Analysis of Socio-economic Status,
Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and
Perception, with Solid Waste Management
Practices

However, the residents in both barangays
directly throw their used plastic bags and wrappers
into the garbage container. This is practiced
because junk shops in the municipality do not
accept these types of waste. Although Mrs.
Cahayon, a junk shop owner, believes that used
plastic bags and wrappers will certainly be
segregated and sold by the residents once junk
shops offer to buy them. Additionally, she observed
that the establishment of junk shops in the
municipality encouraged the residents to segregate
their reusable and recyclable wastes for monetary
incentives. In her shop, iron/steel is mostly sold
followed by cartons and plastic bottles.
On the other hand, majority of the respondents
in both barangays burn their garden wastes despite
the passage of the different ordinances and laws
and even with the availability of a garbage truck
for non-biodegradable wastes. Burning of garbage
is also heightened by the type of environment of
the respondents. This is commonly practiced in
Barangay Balibago wherein majority of the
respondents reside in the interior part of the barangay.
Expectedly, they agree to the statement, “it is
The correlation of total family monthly
income, educational attainment, household size,
environmental awareness, knowledge, and
perception with solid waste management
practices were calculated to meet the objectives
of the study.
The results shown in Table 7 convey that in
both barangays, total family monthly income and
environmental awareness are negatively
correlated. This implies that it does not necessarily
follow that high-income households and
environmentally-aware residents practice
responsible solid waste management. On the contrary,
environmental knowledge and perception are
positively correlated with solid waste management
practices. This suggests that residents with high
envir onmental knowledge and positiv e
environmental perception tend to perform
responsible solid waste management.
Moreover, educational attainment and household
size are negatively correlated with solid waste
management practices in Barangay Talisay while
these variables are positively correlated with solid

Table 7. Comparison of the relationships of the different variables associated with solid waste management
practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas.
Variable Solid waste management practices CORRELATION
Pearson Correlation, ρ (at 0.05 level of significance)
Sig. (2-tailed)
Barangay Barangay
Talisay Balibago
Total family monthly income -0.013 -0.096 Negative correlation
Educational attainment -0.020 +0.168 Barangay Talisay - negative correlation
Barangay Balibago - positive correlation
Household size -0.066 +0.035 Barangay Talisay - negative correlation
Barangay Balibago - positive correlation
Environmental awareness -0.205 -0.104 Negative correlation
Environmental knowledge +0.206 +0.063 Positive correlation
Environmental perception +0.103 +0.239 Positive correlation
 Correlation of Socio-Economic Status, Environmental Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on Solid
36 Waste Management Practices in Barangays Talisay and Balibago, Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines
solid waste management practices in Barangay
Balibago. Thus, in Barangay Talisay, higher
educational attainment and greater household size
do not guarantee the execution of responsible solid
waste management. Nevertheless, higher
educational attainment and greater household
size lead to responsible solid waste management
in Barangay Balibago. However, the correlation
of selected socio-economic characteristics,
environmental awareness, knowledge and
perception with solid waste management
practices is insignificant at 0.05 level of
significance.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Generally, the respondents have high
environmental knowledge but most of them have
low awareness on the ordinances and laws
concerning proper solid waste management.
Majority of them have also low positive
environmental perception. Thus, despite the
national and local policies on proper solid waste
management, the residents especially those who
reside in the interior part of the barangay, burn
their garbage for convenience. Furthermore, they
also practice open dumping that caused garbage
accumulation on and along the creeks.
Statistical analysis showed that total family
monthly income and environmental awareness
are negatively correlated with solid waste
management practices. However, environmental
knowledge and perception are positively
correlated with solid waste management practices.
Educational attainment and household size are
negatively correlated with solid waste management
practices in Barangay Talisay while these are
positively correlated with solid waste management
practices in Barangay Balibago.
Having established the correlation of socio-
economic status, environmental awareness,
knowledge, and perception with solid waste
management practices, it is recommended that
the local government of Calatagan consider these
factors in the formulation, improvement, and
implementation of their Solid Waste Management
Plan and Coastal Resource Management Plan.
Likewise, based from the findings of the studies,
the following are the specific recommendations:
1. The low awareness of the residents on the
national laws and local ordinances concerning
proper solid waste management should be
recognized and served as a driving force for
the Local Government Unit (LGU) to improve
its information, education and communication
(IEC) campaigns on proper solid waste
management.
2. The LGU can primarily encourage the mothers
to spearhead responsible solid waste
management practices since they are mainly
in charge of household management. In addition,
the LGU should work closely with the local
school to initiate the integration of responsible
environmental behavior in class subjects and
programs. Since garden waste is mostly generated
in both barangays, composting should be
promoted as the best option to efficiently utilize
this kind of waste. This technology would also
control burning of garden waste and other garbage
which is practiced especially in the interior
part of the barangay. Furthermore, the provision
of additional garbage collection pick-up points
in this area would limit the practice of
burning.
3. On the positive note, it is very evident that the
residents are eager to sell their recyclable and
reusable wastes. Therefore, the LGU should
collaborate with junk shop owners and negotiate
with recycling companies that would directly
buy the plastic bags and wrappers which are
currently being disposed legally and illegally.
Another strategy to cut down the garbage
problems in the barangays is to convert the
garbage into income generating handicrafts
such as lanterns, placemats, boxes, curtains,
and other items.
4. With regards to water quality protection, the
LGU should formulate an ordinance that
would control and set standards on the
establishment of piggery structures especially
along the creeks. Additionally, the existing
laws and policies on proper solid waste
management should also be well implemented
and monitor ed. The delegation of the
responsibility to the barangay level would
certainly lessen the difficulty of implementation
and monitoring. However, along with this
delegation, the LGU should render technical and
financial support to the barangays to achieve
the desired goal on proper waste management.
Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 12. No. 2 (December 2009)
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