Rr th gs Ae a 2. Leaf Spring CHAPTER 24- Springs Spring is an elastic machine element that stores energy ané ‘when released will recover to its basic form or position. : ‘Materials Used for Spring 4.high carbon steel 2.alloy stainless steel 3,stainless stee! 4.copper alloys 5 nickel — base alloy Tre ers 4. Ground End Uses of Springs 4. To absorb energy or shock loads as in automobile chasis MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS fee enot Porn of Coil Ey ea 259 Free Length springs and raifoad bumper springs a od it 2, To act as a source of energy as in clocks 2. Hain End i Gra et 43. To produce a pressure or force as in surfaces of clutches Gtrrgrey nee ead ana‘as in Keeping @ cam follower in contact with the Ip SUN ER p+ 24 aan a+? | e954 | mpa3a 4, To absorb vibration 5. To act as load-measuring devices as and instruments) such as gages, meters and engine indicators. ere: ‘TYPES OF SPRINGS 4, Coil Spring iE 4 Sap ath = effective number of coils F = applied force, Nor Ib mean diameter, mm or in.ose Chapter 24 ~Gprings 2. Stress in Coil Springs of Non Circular Wire A.For Square Wires _B. For Rectangular Wires AKED $= where: epplied force, ib ‘mean diameter, in. d= width, in. thickness, in ‘Wha''s factor ‘$= stress, Mpa or psi 3, Whal Factor ge fet, 9818 4o-4 7 spring index k= Whal's factor 4. Spring Index utside diameter, mm jean diameter, mm re diameter, min 2. For industrial uses the spring index should be 8to 10 b. For valve and clutch springs 5 is common c. For extreme cases use a minimum value of 3 4 WACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS 5. Spring Rate spring rate, Winm or ibn, defiection, mm or in, force, N or in. 6 Defiection of Coll Springs of Round Wire | Fin = SFA eS aig | Ga eo modulus of rigidity, Goa or psi pring index spring rate, Mmm or ibn, deflection, mm or in, F = applied force, V or in. Deflection of Coil Springs of Non Circular Wire. A For Rectangular wire = 25FD,°n GH (b-0.56) ia abcde cic ya BL Bu aa 2 =a| ee ate a ee 7 * m ul 2 ™ ™ ao Chapter 24 Springs % B.For Square wire 5S7BFD,. ve 8 t = thickness, in. Dm = mean diameter, in. deflection, mm or in. applied force, N or in. 1 = effective number of coil 8, Stress in Torsion Spring = 3M oe stress factor for round wire bending moment, NV-m orIb-in. F = applied force, NV or in E L =moment arm of load or distance from line to spring axis, mm or in. S = stress, IMpa or psi 9, Deflection of Torsion Spring A. For Helical Torsion Spring of round wire p= SEOnatn B. For Spiral Torsion Spring of Round Wire FF MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS. 263 C. For Spiral Torsion Spring of Round Wire _ AQF La See where: E = modulus of Elasticity, psi F = applied load, /b b = wiath, in t= thickness, in, 1 = no. of effective coil a = moment arm of the load, in L =length of the wire, in. 10. Length of Wire L =aDan where: 1 = no. of effective coil Dy = mean diameter, mm or in L = length of the wire, mm or in 11. Free Length L 7 s | f FL © SL+ dow é f : ns 4 2 FL = OL+s i i soli length | free length ‘operating length defection 8sou = deflection corresponding to solid lengthae Eee 2 agter 24 Springs © ‘A Chapter 24 -Spring: 42, Impact Load on Spring w(h+s) -F(3) r aw (Wt8) where: h = height between weight and spring W = weight or the load F = applied force = deflection 48, Stresses in Leaf Spring Single Leaf b. Multiple Leaves Mc _ 6FL ae 18FL Mae ete beh, +3n,) where fy = number of full leaves number of graduated leaves width, mm or in. thickness, mm or in. length, mm ori. applied force, N or Ib M = bending moment, N-m or Ibn. arece MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS rectangular moment of inertia, mm or in* distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber, mm or in, ‘14. Deflections of Leaf Spring a. Single Leaf . Multiple Leaves es eo ee SE BE, +3n,) where: 1 = number of full leaves i, = number of graduated leaves ‘width, mam or in, thickness, mm or jn, length, mm ori. F = applied force, Nor ib E = modulus of elasticity, Mpa or psi 8 = deflection, mm or in. Spring System a. Series System filly Feeley, ell : :9 MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS 266 Chapter 24 Springs = 267 | ave b. Inner spring longer than outer spring j : Or ‘ r= rt where: = spring rate, Nimm or fin. : F = applied force or load, N oF Ib = : 3 = deflection, mm or in. TREE LENGTH b. Parallel System eeEEE Ree 55 cee ie Ga «, Inner and outer springs are of the same height | evo z ~ekee 8 B= eRR - ne (PSR) + Fat Pe <> ee kk = spring rate, Mmm or fo/n. F = applied force or load, N or fb FREE LENGTH & = deflection, mm oro. 46. Indeterminate Springs eee eee ‘a, Outer Spring longer that . ge BFomn ee - ee en FREE LENGTH pa St ee| 268 Chapter 24 ~Springo | where: F = applied force, Nor ib Fp force on outside spring, Nor fb Fi = force on inside spring, IV or ib {& = deflection on inside spring, mm orn. = deflection on outside spring, mm orin = distance from outer spring to the inside spring without application of foree, mm or in. ‘spring index umber of effective coil modulus rigidity, Gpa or psi wire diameter, mm or in. defection, mm ori. c= a 6 d 8 | )