(ETNA CwG Common Machine Shop Tools 4, Lathe Machine 5, Driling Machine 2. Miling Machine 6. Boring Machine 3.Broaching Machine 7. Tools Grinder 4, Power Saw. & Planer Lathe Machine is 2 machine for shaping 2 work-piece by tipping it ina holding device and rotating it under power against 2 suitable cutting tool for tuming, boring, facing or threading. ‘Types of Lathes 4, Bench Lathe 2. Engine Lathe 3, Turret Lathe Drilling Machine is a device usually motor-driven fitted with an end cutting tool that is rotated with sufficient power either to create a hole or to enlarge an existing hole in a solid material. It is used primarily for locating holes, Mitting Machine is an operation in which material can be removed from a piece of work or job by means of one or more single or multiple — toothed rotating cutters. itis normally used in the fabrication of gears. Boring Machine is a machine tool designed to machine intemal work such as cylinders, holes, in castings and dies ‘Types of Boring Machines 1. Horizontal, 2. Vertical 3. Jig and single, 4 MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS: 339 Broaching Machine is the process of removing metals by pulling or pustiing over the surface of the work a jong tool which brings into action successively a number of cutting teeth, Steeped in size to remove successive layers of metal. Its used ‘to cut internal keyways, splines and non-circular holes. Tool Grinder is a machine device used for grinding metal pieces to shape and change its form and for sharpening cutting fools. Itis also used for grinding machine tool bits such as that for miling machines, broaching tools and bits for screw thread ectting, Power Saw is a machine usually an electric motor and used to cut off materials from long bars to the proper length. The work is held in a heavy rise and this reciprocating saw is fed into the material. On each return stroke, the blade Is raised slightly so that the saw teeth wil not bear upon the work, ‘Shaper is a machine suited for machining small parts and are much used in die and tool making. The shaper is smaller that the planer and differs from it in that the tool is cartied by feciprocating ram over the stationary work. Planer is a machine for the shaping of long flat or fiat ‘contoured surfaces by reciprocating the work piece under a stationary single-point too! or tools. It is designed for producing lat surfaces too large or too heavy to hold in a shaper. Drill Press is a machine tool, which is used mainly to produce holes in metal parts by the use of a rotating dill bit, which acts ‘ona securely held piece, Grinding Machine or Grinder is a machine tool which uses fotating abrasive wheels to smoothen metal parts and to ‘sharpen or shape tools. Boring Machine is a machine tool purpose purposely |esigned for fishing hole. Milling Machine is a machine tool, which Is used to cut to produce a variety of surfaces by using a circular type cutter drith multiple teeth,340 Chapter 35 ~ Mactine Shop % Band Saw is a machine tools which is used to cut metal parts by the use of an endless band with saw teeth moving arouns the two pulleys. Power Hacksaw is a machine tool used to cut metal parts of light, medium and large section using 2 reciprocating hacksaw blade, Hydraulic Press is a machine too! which consists of a ram ‘which is being actuated by the pressure of hydraulic fluid Which is used in various operations such as bending, drawing, forged fiting, or disassembling of parts. Mechanical Press is a machine tool driven by an electric motor or mechanical power source and is used in sheet metal work like puncing, shearing, bending, drawing and other sheet ‘metal forming operations. ‘Turret Lathe is a type of lathe, which is consists of multiple station tool holders or turrets allowing the praduction of multiple cuts. Engine Lathe [s a lathe machine which always has a tallstock ‘which can be moved longitudinally along the bed Precision Lathe is a lathe machine that is built. for delicate ‘operation or when to much precision is needed in the work. Automatic Screw Machine has only one spindle and it is used for turning screw machine products or either four to six spindles, which enable an operator to machine four to six pieces simultaneously, ‘Welding Machine is 2 machine designed to join light ané heavy metals of all kinds by means of a process using electric current. AREAS OF A MACHINE SHOP ‘Mass Production Area is an area of machine shop where each machine operators performs throughout the same jobs. 9 MACHINE DESIGN FORMILAS ain Tool and Die Area is an afea wherein necessary dies and jigs needed for other machine shop areas are formed and ‘accomplished. Assembly Area is an area where finished products are assembled to form them into a tool, machine parts, equipment lor a machine. ‘Foundry Area |s an area where metal is meited to form them into a bloom, bilet and etc. Welding Area is an area where different kinds of welding machines are used to perform the necessary joining and cutting of metals wherever necessary. ‘Quality Control Area is an area considered as the heart of the machine shop for reason than the quality of the finish products represents the name of the company. Stock Area is an area where finish products are kept. It is_in this area that proper maintenance such as oiling and ventilation is required to kept the products in good condition. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LATHE MACHINE’ Engine Lathe in the common machine used to remove ‘excess metal or a given stock by rotating the work. Precision Lathe is the lathe machine used for delicate ‘operation or when too much precision is needed in the work. ‘Turret Lathe is a lathe machine that has at least one turret mounted at the end of the bed. Automatic Screw Machine is lathe machine that has only ‘one spindle is used for tuning screw machine products.chapter 35 ~ Machine Shop IMAGINE DESIGN FORMULAS. ‘iis 342 stock Bed Clamp a cast material meshed in through the to fix the talstock at the required distance. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE, Headstock Spindle is a part of a lathe machine where an attachment such as chuck, faceplate and etc are meshed or Jacked: in to edd the work pieoe for turning, PARTS OF THEBED way [sa part of a bed where the other part of the lathe ‘Back Gear a part of lathe machine which is used to transmit as the cafriage assembly temoved longitudinally. power from the spindle, Pond itis where the chip is deposited to free the Metor it converts electrical eneray to mechanical energy rator from any action in the chips fly out which gives power to the lathe. it supports the bed, headstock, carriage and tailstock ‘Switches are used to “of' or “on” and “reverse” are common monly made of cast iron. signs in the lathe for easy machining operation, lez itis the support of the base, Belt Adjustment are used to tightened or loosens the belting system in the lathe. PARTS OF THE CARRIAGE, PARTS OF THE TAILSTOCK ‘Carriage Hand Wheel moves the entire system me eeu Sia ee pateoee ba “engitudinally along the bed manually or automaticaly. esp ; ‘ Sat ee ee evant plivacGaneuee cease length. ‘Cross Feed Automatic Assembly a part of the carriage See ne Spunucoel Roce par ral cosa sacar tie es ee Se a hand-wheel to the required length. ‘Half Nut Lever is the part that engage and disengage to cut | Hien sega tees ate ile reece fhe fequred number pitch ofthe scten when treading. ¢ talistock Thread Chaser denotes the necessary line in the dial when ‘Lower casing is the casing that holds the lower mechanism of Big ary plcrvor tread periten cts rerew: ‘ the taistock Apron itis the lower part that holds the gearing mechanism to, ‘Tallstock set over screw 's responsible for the amount of Be carraociourer peivalvior antral ‘adjustment necessary forthe tallstock off, set when tapering by the use chia beter rneted, Automatic Longitudinal Lever is used for automatic ‘Tallstock Clamp Nut js used to loosed and tighten the rgaging or disengaging | aust slpnw the bed ola atic Feed Cluteh is used to direct left, right orneutral position of the carriage as required in the work «ae Chapter 35 ~ Machine Shop ‘Saddle is sometimes used for mounting the work piece. Rack Gear is the gear located in the bed especially at the bottom of one ofthe bed ways and screwed lengitudinally to {uide the carriage when moving, PARTS OF THREADING MECHANISM ‘Spindle Gear |s a part of threading mechanism attached by bolt or pinned at the left end of the spindle to transmit power from the spindle. Reverse Gear Lever a mechanism that is pulled and meshed jn to complete the engagement of the reverse gear Fixed Stud Gear a gear used to transmit power to move the shafting where change stud gear is to be connected. Lead Screw |s a sold shafting threaded either by square thread or an acme thread, Gear Box a box made up of cast iron inside of which is a ‘group of gears in conical order. . Lead Screw Gear a gear that gives power to move the ‘carriage automatically in any of the longitudinal cross-sectional directions. ‘Thumbling Lever a lever pulled and meshed in to the correct, hold for threading. Lead Screw and Feed Red Lever are used to engaged or disengage for the necessary operation to move the feed rod and lead screw. Feed Rod is a solid shaft necessary to move the carriage along the bed automatically ‘Thread Table Chart {suse to indicate the corect number of pitch or thread per inch to mesh the thumbling lever. MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS (COMMON LATHE MACHINE ATTACHMENTS & ‘ACCESSORIES: yuck is the part of a lathe that holds the material to be ned. id Center is used to altached the tailsiock spindle to spport one end of the material to be turned. ‘Taper Attachment itis used where the necessary amount ‘of taper is set for tapering operation. Mandel is used to hold the material to be turned _in proper ‘place for easy and mass production machining purposes: Lathe Jig is used to help hold the material of having small Giameter which is mounted on the lathe between two centers. ‘Tool Holder is used to hold cutting tool especially the toll TRolder for a right hand turning and left hand turing. Face Plate or Drive Plate a plate used as chuck when fuming work that is mounted between two centers, Drill Chuck is used to hold drils, reamer, counter sinker and ‘other necessary parts in the work held in the lathe ‘Chuck key is used to tighten and loosen the chuck where the ‘work is being held yurling Tools is used to cut different forms of surfaces by used of different forms of knurling tools. ‘Steady Rest is used to support long and slender shafts with held in the chuck or mounted on the lathe center Follower Rest is an attachment o the saddle ofthe lathe to ‘support work pieces that are liable to spring away from the ing tools.Captor 35 ~ Machine Shop = 4 waceine DESIGN FORMULAS KINDS OF CHUCK eee Independent Chuck a chuck that has four jaws that must b= Tumbler Gear a si ft moved independently when centering a work piece. 3 sot of gears fitted in diferent position on a Blea, wtich fe controled by a lever This Bate which ic conroed by a lever. Tis used to tansmne Universal Chuck a chuck that has tree jaws that move putoraicaly as an amount of movernents in one ofthe thes Jaws is done by using chuck keys Intermediate Gear a set of gear used fo connect the lead row ard st _ Comb inatina Cich (hes ano. coven jaw! thatcan be veal Gear and to change the airection of cation tozactas universal orindependent chuck. Idler Gear a gear used to connect stud gear and lead screw gest Magnette Chuck a chuck that has a bar of magnet inside that fondo to hold the material in proper pace ee Collet Chuck is used to hold the material by meshing inside Fool bit method can be done by holding a work piece in th iuck where the tool is yer aie cif ‘Step Chuck and Closer is used to hold thin work pieces Ber Ae week eee ena peat stogs-enctiona without damaging the outside diameter of the work. r face Gage Method 's sinlar to tool m KINDS OF CENTERS FOR LATHE MACHINE erence is thatthe surace gauge is used forcemtering: Dead Cane sa center which being used-wnen mounting ler Gauge the work into the tallstock spindle juge Methed 2 method that is used to check the ier ofthe drill hole performed in the lathe. Live Center is one of the center being used when mounting the work between centers. KINDS OF MADREL DIFFERENT LATHE OPERATIONS Home made mandrels a mandrel made of soft metals or hard ‘wood. Used to prevent the work piece to be meshed, especially soft metals of thin cylinders. ‘Turning is the process of removing joving excess materials bs Tequired dimension given in the plan by the use of @ ‘Taper mandrels a mandrel used hold taper works. such 2s is th ss of dividing or cut pall eere Ne Process of dividing or cutting the work piece is reguited”“cemension given in the plon by he Use of ‘Threaded mandret a mandrel used to hold work pieces with either extemal or intemal threads. led in the chuck by aitaching drill chuck into the tailstock Gang mandrel a mandrel used to turn the same material of \dle_and locked on the drill bitin the drill chuck. many pieces and materials of different forms and sizes and turn these at the same time. Selita i te a} } 348 Chapter 35 ~ Machine Shop sia au sa Pena eomomampe WAcHINE DESIGN FORMULAS of a boring tool SShouldering ison operation of emoing the excess metal ‘Counter Boring is the process of enlarging the bored hole 01, by using round cutting Bee oe ee Re ce eee nren Spot Facing is process of enlarging one side of the hole to acksaw. Pe eee Ream id Too! a tool stee! where the point is formed on the end the bar. ‘Threading Is the process of cutting grooves in a cylinder ither internally or externally by using the correct and requires form of cutter, rge Tool 2 t00! stee! which is f rged roughly and shaped tnd of the bar and then pep te en OF the bar and then hardened end ground fo requve Knurling is the process of designing the surface of work piece by the use of two round steel tools connected on the: fame lever with many varieties of sizes. and forms, moving at opposite direction Ped Too! cuting tol in which tp of w! eatin mvanenty atached othe shank of @noncutingsoal ‘Tool is a small part of tool material that is held in the end of Filling is the process of removing the edge of the work piece shank. to allow the easy entrance of the tool bit. ee it a tool material ground to the requi Facing is the process of removing the excess material in the Ped to the tool holder. elie ‘cross-section of the work piece by using facing tool. Cut Single Point Toot the cutting poi ing point i Grinding is the process of removing the excess materials. when looking atthe poin end ofthe took oe "She Siner internally of exteraly by using special attachment. for es tinder inthe lathe ingle Point Too! the cutng points on looking atthe point end ofthe tool. Moone Tampering is the process of producing stock having two different diameters at the end being turned. ght Tool the cutting point is in the forward of a straight rk. Polishing is the process of producing surfaces of different calegories described as smooth, dead smooth, and miror finish ‘Tool the cutting point is bent either to the right or left #t Tool the cutting pint is at the side but parallel to thea8 chapter 35 Maire Stop * eae ast ‘TOOL ANGLES - tering Ang e100 ata ange ich the side cut pack Rake Angle is the angle between the face ofthe too 8 with the finished surface of the work ee Back Rate Case, measured in a plane at right angle tothe ae or 2uGe and parallel tothe centerine me Rake Angle isthe actual so 9 edge inthe direction Pe of the tool face act fon ofthe chip ow. active Side Rake Angle is the angle between the face of the too) Sie ine shank base measured in a plane. at right angle to the pase and the centerline of the nose. Angle is the angle ir included face and the ground flank ms le tothe cutting edge. of the too material betes easuted nthe plane al not Relies Angle is the angle between the plane perpendicular to Be he. base of a too} oF {ool holder and that portion of the flank King Relief Angle is the a immediately adjacent tothe cutting edge. Side Relief Angie is an angle measured In the plane of the ide rake angle to the centertine of the tool nose. ing Angle is an angle equal to the lip angle plus th ingle plus the ing relief angle at the point of section ight end cutting edge and the plane tangent to the lined surface of the work ahead of the tool 16d surface of the work ahead of the tos End Relief Angle is measured in the plane of the back rake angle. Clearance Angie is an angle of the plane perpendicular to the Ciera ool and that portion of the flank immediately adjacent to the base clearance TYPES OF MICROMETERS. ide Micrometer side Cutting Edge Angle is the angle between the cutting Pe cometer 2 micrometer desi edge at the end at the ‘tool and line at right angle to the edge of Boe os igned for measuring the tool shank. free 2 micrometer used for taking internal st End Cutting Edge Angle is the angle between the cuting ements where greater accuracy is required. age at the end. ofthe tool ané the line at rght angle f0 ine Mi edge of the shank. jerometer a mictometer designed to measure th re the ness of the material Piping, tubing and simi Nose Angle is the angle included between the side cutting similar shapes. ‘Thread Mi ledge and the cutting edge. e erend Micrometer a, micromsier sini to an n 60° V-threads, e spindle is pointed to ‘it ‘Working Angles Micrometer a micrometer u Ment ohaeneee atieiometer used to measure accurately ‘Setting Angles isthe angle made by the shank of tool with les. Sine at right angle to the finished surfaces of the work.en ee ee ee ee eee ‘Common Basic Measuring Tools ‘Steet Rule a measuring tool most widely by many machinist for such work of laying out Inside Caliper 2 measuring tool used to measure inside diameters , width of the shots and the like. ‘Outside Calipers outside diameters. Hermaphrodite Caliper a caliper used to scribe areas or 2 making gage in a layout work. Scribes a sharp pointed tool used to seribe lines on metal being laid out Divider an instrument used in measuring distance between points for transferring a measured distance between points directly to the rule. ‘Trammel is a type of divider for scribing large circles, ‘Tey Square an instrument used fro checking the squareness of many types small work when extreme accuracy Is not required, SLOTTER ‘Stotter is a reciprocating type of machine tool used for machining flat cylindrical and irregular surfaces. itis also used in machining slots, keyways, grooves etc. PARTS OF SLOTTER, 1. Base 4, Column. 2. Saddle 5. Cross Side 3, Rotary Table 6. Ram) Punches Slotter is used for al general purpose: Production Slotter is generally used in mass production ‘are measuring tools used to measure MACHINE DESIGN FORMULAS. 353 Tool Room Stotter is also known as generally used for precision works precession, slotter, PLANER Planes i a machine too ine to of ge. construction 2 do the jobs tht woul be rg, The o's irocated agains the stationary cutng tt It is designed clamped and Main arts ofthe Planer 2 Tate 5 Tool 2 cl Head 3, Housing 6. Gross Ra rations Performed by a Planer 1 Flat Horizontal Surfaces 2. Vertical Surfaces 3. Planing at an angle 4, Slats and Grooves 5, Curves Surfaces ‘MILLING MACHINE, lling Machine is a machi 3 2 machine ool whichis used tom: ne Curves surfaces, slots, grooves, teeth, etc. eee |All Classes of miling Al Classes, of miling work which can be performed on a Milling Helical Gears Milling Twist Drilis Milling Cams jeation of Mil 1g Machines Column and kre type ling Planer type milling machines: see Specil ype ming machines