CLASSIFICATION OF

ORGANISMS
INTO KINGDOMS
Two Kingdoms Three Four Kingdoms Five Kingdoms Six Kingdoms Features
(Traditional) Kingdoms (Copeland) (Whittaker) (Woese et al.)
(Hogg and Haeckel)

Monera Monera Bacteria Archaea Cells prokaryotic; lack

Bacteria Archaebacteria muramic acid

Eubacteria Cells prokaryotic; have

True bacteria muramic acid

Protoctista Protoctista Protista Protista Cells eukaryotic

Bacteria Algae Algae Algae
Algae Slime molds Slime molds Slime molds
Slime molds Flagellate fungi Flagellate fungi Water molds
Flagellate fungi True fungi Protozoa Protozoa
True fungi Protozoa Sponges Sponges
Protozoa Sponges
Sponges
Fungi Fungi Absorb food in solution
True Fungi True Fungi
Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Produce food by
Bacteria Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes photosynthesis
Algae Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Vascular Plants Vascular Plants
Slime molds
Flagellate fungi
True fungi
Bryophytes
Vascular Plants

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Ingest food

Protozoa Multicellular animals Multicellular animals Multicellular animals Multicellular animals
Sponges
Multicellular animals
 PLANT KINGDOM
•Before the plant kingdom was divided into two
subkingdoms: The monerans, protists, algae and fungi
were put in Subkingdom Thallophyta (thallus plants),
these are plants not forming embryos.

•Today botanists confine the term “plants” to mosses,

ferns, cone bearing plants, flowering plants and various
relatives of each.
Features of the plant Kingdom
1. Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic
2. With rigid cell walls composed primarily of cellulose
3. Have several major pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
and carotenoids)
4. Have starch as the primary food reserve cellulose in their cell
walls
5. They develop cell plate during cell division
6. Undergo photosynthesis

• Plants now is divided into two groups: the non vascular plants
or the bryophytes(with three divisions or phyla), and the
vascular plants or known as tracheophytes (nine divisions or
phyla)
BRYOPHYTES
1. Phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts)
2. Phylum Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
3. Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)
TRACHEOPHYTES
1. Phylum Psilotophyta (whisk ferns -Psilotum)
2. Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses and quill worts-Lycopodium, Selaginella,
Isoetes)
3. Phylum Equisetophyta (horsetails- Equesitum)
4. Phylum Polypodiophyta ( ferns)
5. Phylum Pinophyta (conifers- Cycas, Pinus, Araucaria)
6. Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
7. Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
8. Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
9. Phylum Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)
Class Magnoliopsida (dicots)
Class Liliopsida (monocots)
 THE
BRYOPHYTES
I. PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA (LIVERWORTS)
II. DIVISION ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA (HORNWORTS)
III. DIVISION BRYOPHYTA (MOSSES)
 I. PHYLUM HEPATICOPHYTA (LIVERWORTS)

•The word wort simply means plant or

herb

Structure and Form:

•The most common and widespread
liverworts have flattened, lobed,
somewhat leaflike bodies called thalli
(sing. thallus)

•The thalloid liverworts, however

constitute only 20% of the species,
the other 80% are leafy and
superficially resemble mosses. They
have rhizoids that resemble tiny
roots and function in anchorage.
THALLOID LIVERWORTS
•The best known non leafy or thalloid liverworts is in the genus Marchantia
which is found on dump soil after a fire.
•The thallus is about 30 cells thick in the center and 10 cells thick at the
margin which forks dichotomously as it grows
•Each branch has a notch at the apex and a central groove that extends
back lengthwise behind the notch
•The thalli grow as meristematic cells as the notches divide.
•The upper surface of the thallus is divided into diamond-shaped or
polygonal segments with a small pore opening into the interior
•A sectioned liverwort thallus looks like a series of covered prickly pear
cactus gardens sitting on a wall of colorless bricks. The brick wall which
may comprise most of the thallus, consists of parenchyma cells that have
few chloroplasts.
•The bottom layer of cells is an epidermis from which rhizoids and scales
arise
LIFE CYCLE OF Marchantia
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF
Marchantia
•Reproduces asexually by means
of gemmae/sing. Gemma – groups
of cells that form tiny lens-shaped
pieces of tissue that become
detached from the thallus which
are produced in small gemmae
cups on the upper surface of the
liverwort gametophyte.

•Raindrops may splash the

gemmae 3 feet away. While
gemma are in the cup, lunularic
acid inhibits their further
development, but each is capable
of growing into a new thallus as
soon as it leaves the cup.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF
Marchantia
•The gametangia are produecd on
sparate male and female gametophytes.
•Both types of gametangia are formed

on gametophores (umbrella like)

Male gametophores/ antheridiophore---
disclike

female gametophores/ archegoniophore-

-- looks like hub and spokes of a wagon
•Club-shaped male gametangia
(antheridia) contain numerous sperms
•Flasklike female gametangia
(archegonia) contain a single egg
•Raindrops splash the sperms, which
have numerous flagella
•Fertilization may occur before the
stalks of the archegoniophores have
finished growing. the zygote develops
into embryo
•After fertilization, (an immature
sporophyte) that is totally dependent
on the gametophyte for sustenance.
•A knoblike foot anchors the
sporophyte(diploid spore –producing phase)
•The sporophyte hangs suspended by a
short, thick stalk called the seta
•The main part of the sporophyte is called a
capsule
•Liverwort sporophytes have no stomata
•Sporocytes in the capsule undergo meiosis
producing haploid spores
•Other capsule cells do not undergo meiosis
but remain diploid and develop instead into
long, pointed elaters with spiral thickenings
•Spore dispersal takes place as the elaters
twist and untwist rapidly
•Until young sporophyte is mature, it is
protected by the calyptra.
•Yhe capsule splits at maturity, and air
currents carry the spores away. Under
favourable conditions, the spores
germinate, producing new gametophytes
 LEAFY LIVERWORTS
•Abundant in tropical forests and in
fog belts
•They always have two rows of
partially overlapping leaves whose
cells contain oil bodies
•The leaves have no midribs and
often have folds and lobes.which
form liitle water pockets in which tiny
animals are present
•Pockets may function like of pitcher
plants
•Presence of third row underleaves
which are smaller than other leaves
and not visible from the top