LOW COST BUILDING MATERIALS

Submitted by – Ashutosh Kamal Arya

Submitted to – Ar Aditi kapoor Enrollment No. – 040115017
Batch – 2015-20
Semester – VI
Subject – Construction Materials
 Selection Of Low Cost Building Material

○ Manufacturing of Low Cost Building Materials

□ Environmental friendly
□ Improve technologies for production
□ Reduction in waste generation
○ Use of Recycled Waste as Building Materials
□ Waste produced can be used for the production of a material cheaper in cost
○ Use of Natural Low Cost Building Materials

□ Natural materials are sustainable and environmental friendly

□ Materials like stone , wood ,lime ,bamboo ,sand have low embodied energy
○ Use of Local Building Materials

□ Reduces transportation dependence

□ Suitable for local environment
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 Selection Of Low Cost
Building Material

○ Use of non-toxic Building Materials

□ Materials to be free from any kind of toxins
□ Higher air cycling required if any highly organic volatile compounds are used
○ Longevity, Durability and Maintenance
□ Use of durable construction materials decreases the maintenance cost
□ Low maintenance cost saves a lot of building operating costs

○ Recyclability and Reusability

□ In a form so that it can be recycled or reused. Eg.Plastics
○ Biodegradability
□ Decompose naturally when discarded
□ Not produce toxic gases while decomposition

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 Building Materials

Natural Man Made

• Random Straw or Coconut Fibres • Fly Ash
Stabilised Soil • Coal Washery Rejects
• Bamboo • Aerocon Panels
• Compressed Earth Block • Ferro Cement
• Non –erodible Mud Plaster
• Straw
• Fibre Cement Composites
• Bagasse Composite boards

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Building Materials
NATURAL
 Natural
Random straw or Coconut Fibres Stabilised
Soil
• Ancient construction material used in
many countries
• Have both strength and durability
• Compacted material
• 1% of straw increases the strength by
three time as compared to no straw
• Coconut fibres increases the durability
• Sulphur coating enhances the water
resistance

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 Natural
Bamboo

• India is the largest producer,50% of world

production
• Easily affordable
• Easy assembly and long durability
• High tensile strength, than steel
• Fire resistant unto 4000 deg C
• High elasticity hence used in earthquake
prone areas
• Low weight –easy for transportation and
assembly

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Natural
Bamboo

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 Natural
Compressed Earth Block
Natural

• Raw earth stabilised by cement or lime

• Also known as Adobe bricks ,light in
weight
• Non toxic
• Fire resistant ,Sound resistant
• Low transportation cost
• Insect resistant as they are very dense
• Available in customizable sizes
• Used in stucco work for exteriors

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 Natural
Non-erodible Mud Plaster

• Economical process of preventing mud

walls from erosion
• Mud mixed with bitumen and kerosene
oil
• Resistant to water

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 Natural
• Fire resistant
Straw
• Thermal insulation
• Soil and Moisture insulation
• Non toxic
Life Extended Thatch Roofing
• Treating with copper sulphate solution
decreases the biodegradability
• Treatment of roof surface with
phosphorylated spray or CNSL oil
imparts-
o Water proofing
o Termite resistance
o Fire resistance
o Weathering resistance
Improved Thatched Roofing
• CBRI a d v i s e t o a d d m u d p l a t e r s i n
between to increase fire and water
resistance

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 Natural
Fibre Cement Composites
• Natural fibre used with cement as an
alternative building material
• Fibres used like bagasse , cereal straw,
corn and cotton stalk ,kenalf /rice husk
• Imparts o High fracture toughness
o Light weight o High flexibility
o High strength to weight ratio o Resistance to cracking
o Corrosion resistance o Add workability

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 Natural: Cement Composite
Bagasse Cement- Boards
and Panels

• Fibrous matter after sugar is extracted

• Sugarcane bagasse and Portland cement
is mixed
• High density boards

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 Natural: Cement
Composite
Bagasse PVC Boards

• Sugarcane bagasse and PVC is mixed as a

binder
• Inherent self extinguishing property
• Used in door shutters, sanitary fixtures,
pipes, cable, cabinets

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 Natural: Bagasse PVC
boards
Jute and Coir
• Widely available in India
 Coir-CNSL Board
o used for window and door shutter,
partitioning, false ceiling, furniture etc.
o Single layer flat pressed medium density
board
o Low water absorption, workable with
wood tools
o Paintable, pre laminable, screw able

 Coir-CNSL Thermal Insulation Board

o Coconut fibres as reinforcing material
o CNSL as natural binder
o Low density for moderate thermal
insulation

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 Natural: Bagasse PVC
boards
Jute and Coir
 Jute-Coir Composites
o Economic alternative for wood
o Eg- coir ply boards with jute face veneer,
coir plus waste rubber inside

 Coconut and Wooden Chips Roofing

Chips
o Coconut fibres and wooden chips soaked
in water for 2 hours and then drained off
o Mixed with cement and layed over
corrugated mould kept under pressure for
8-10 hours
o CNSL oil can also be used as a natural
binder

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Building Materials

MAN MADE
 Man Made
Fly Ash

• Mineral residue after burning burning

coal and fine glass
• Constitutes of silica, alumina and iron
Fly Ash Bricks
o Class C fly ash and water
o Due to high calcium oxide its self
cementing
o Energy efficient
o Lower water penetration, light weight,
thermal insulation

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 Man Made
Coal Washery Rejects Bricks

• Left over after fluidised bed combustion

• Uses water and reduces air and land
pollution
• Energy efficient
• Red mud, coal ash, etc from large scale
industries can be used
• These are mixed with lime pozollona and
cement to form bricks

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 Man Made
Aerocon Panels

• Inorganic bonded sandwich panels

• 2 fibre cement sheets engulfing a
Portland cement mix with fibres of
silica's and micaceous aggregates
• Light weight, thermal insulation, fire and
sound resistant
• Termite and weather resistant
• Suitable for seismic or cyclone prone
zones

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 Man Made
Ferro Cement

• Thin walled versatile high strength

cement based composite material
• Cement mortar reinforced with 2-3 layers
of wire mesh
• Light weight high strength

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 Plaster

 Calcium Silicate Plaster  Fibre Reinforced clay plaster

o Derived from Wollanstonite naturally o Natural or artificial fibre(polypropylene)
occurring calcium silicate o Achieve better sticking properties
o Does not emit VOC or any other harmful o Less Brittles
gases
o Gives a smooth finish

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 Roofing

 Bamboo Matt Roofing Corrugated

Sheets
o Better than clay and Mangalore tiles
o Preferred for semi permanent structures

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 COB

Mix soil with only a little water - pick

up as much as you can in your two
hands and make a ‘roll’.

Place these rolls closely together

in rows; Then smooth one of the
ends.
Anyone can make this sort of a wall but you
CANNOT MAKE A HIGH WALL.
It is very good for curved or circular walls.
 PRESSED
BRICKS

A hand operated machine

compresses t h e earth into hard,
smooth, strong bricks (the
m a c h i n e c a n b e o w n e d by t h e
c o m m u n i t y or panchayat).

T h e s e can be used for even t h r e e

storey houses, though each
storey must be prot ect ed form
rain by overhanging slabs.
PISE (RAMMED
EARTH)

Wi t h a p r o p e r ly m ade fr a m e
( w h i c h ca n b e t a ke n t o p i e c e s )
r a m m e d e a r t h makes a very
st rong wall.

I t is essentially good for large,

low, s o l i d l o o k i n g b u i l d i n g s o r i t
ca n t a k e t h e w e i g h t o f h e a vy
r o o f i n g s u c h as r e i n f o r c e d
concrete.
WATTLE AND DAUB

Th is syst em o f usin g mud fo r h ou se

buildin g is m o r e usual in india’s e a s t e r n
states.
It is mainly used in bamboo growing
areas.
I t is part icularly go o d and ‘safe’ in areas
p r o n e t o eart h tremors. It is also
adaptable t o any shape of building.
 RAT TRAP BOND
The RAT TRAP BOND is still
mainly unknown in india,
though used in england for the
past several hundred years. It is
as strong as t he other bonds
but uses 25% LESS bricks and
mortar.
Thermal insulation is very much
better.

Bricks are laid on edge, not flat.

This creates a ‘bonded cavity’.
The CAVITY in the RAT TRAP BOND wall ensures
good insulation from heat and cold.
This can be ruined by a poor mason carelessly
slopping mortar into the cavity while he is building.
To avoid this
1. Make sure the mortar is not too wet, and
2.Use a 3” wide strip of wood, laid over the central
cavity and place the mortar on both sided of it.
 BRIC K JALI
‘Jali’ - formerly pierced stone panels – is one
of india’s oldest methods of letting into a
building filteredlightandventilationbut
maintaining privacy and security.

BRICK JALI can function in the same way – either as

panels or as a complete load bearing wall.
T h e r e is t h e old “honey comb” pattern of
‘jali’ brick work.

The holes can be extended vertically.

Or t h e r e c a n be a l t e r n a t i n g s e c t i o n s of
o n e r o w of h o l e s followed by 2 or 3 rows
of holes, t h e n t h e single h o l e rowagain
– And so on.

O n c e t h e s e patterns have b e e n used – a g o o d

m a s o n can devise and enjoy doing many
patterns.
Thank you !