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The History of Papermaking

•  The word of paper comes

from the term of Papyrus.

•  Paper was first made in

Lei-Yang (105 A.D), China by
Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court
official. Ts'ai mixed mulberry
bark,hemp and rags with
water, mashed it into pulp,
pressed out the liquid, and
hung the thin mat to dry in
the sun.

The History of Papermaking

•  1799 - Nicholas-Louis Robert of France invented

the Fourdrinier (The first papermaking machine),
a machine that produces paper on an endless
wire screen.
•  He could not get backing for his invention in
France, so sold his patent to the Fourdrinier
brothers, Sealy and Henry, in England.
•  In 1803, the first commercial machine began
operation at the Frogmore mill in Enland. At that
time ‘rags’ were used.

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The History of Papermaking

•  In 1900 – Papermakers began successfully using
wood fiber to make paper, a process that was
introduced in the United States.
•  As late as the middle of the 19th century, reading
and owning a book was a privilege for the wealthy
only.

•  Without the discovery of wood pulp, the paper and

printing industries would never grown in their
present importance and size.

The History of Papermaking

•  So it follows that second revolutionary advancement

in papermaking was the process of separating the
billions of cellulose fibres from the adhesive
substance, lignin, which binds them together in wood
•  Around 1866, the soda process became the first
chemical process used to dissolve the lignin, freeing
cellulose fibres from the wood.

Paper

•  The principal material used in the making of paper is

the cellulose fibre, which is a very small, narrow,
flattened tube-shaped cell with tapering ends.

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Paper

•  Cellulose is a white fibrous material with a high

tensile strength, it is known as a “carbohydrate”
because it is composed of the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen (C6H10O5)

•  The fibre has a natural affinity for water

(Hygroscopic) which causes it to increase its diameter
when wetted
•  The characteristic of the fibre in this respect is its
ability to absorb and desorb moisture according to the
prevailing humidity until it reaches a level of
compatibility known as equilibrium.

1- Wood plants
a. Softwood (coniferous)
Exp. ; Spruce, fir, pine, Cedar, Hemlock & cypress
b. Hardwood (Deciduous)
Exp. ; Poplar, oak, birch, eucalyptus, sycamore &
maple

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Wood is primarily made of : fibrous cellulose

i. Cellulose Fiber (about 50%) – (carbohydrate –
C6H10O5)
ii. Lignin (about 30%) – holding the cellulose
together
iii. Others – Fats, Waxes & gums (about 20%)

2- Non-Woody plants
Exp. ; Hemp, Jute, Manila, Cereal straws, Rag,
corn stalk, bamboo, bagasse (sugar cane fibers) &
Esparto or Alfalfa grass.

History of Paper
Paper was first made in
Lei-Yang (105 A.D), China by
Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court
official. Ts'ai mixed mulberry
bark,hemp and rags with
water, mashed it into pulp,
pressed out the liquid, and
Chinese papermaking
hung the thin mat to dry in the sun.

During the 8th century, Muslims (from the region that is

now Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq) learned the Chinese
secret of papermaking when they captured a Chinese
paper mill.

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