MODULE OUTLINE

AHElect Module 6 Overview: Referencing Sources and Using Correct Transitional Devices
This module presents a follow-up to data gathering in academic writing as it explores how
sources can properly be cited and how gathered data can be related with one another to present
logical presentation and flow of ideas.

Module Learning Outcome/s:

- Organize data for writing using the APA format and appropriate transitional devices

Pre-Discussion Activity
- Etiquette in Using Others’ Works
Instructions: Write down and explain what you think is the best way to give credit to
authors whose works you use as supporting details or bases whenever you engage in
academic writing. Base your responses on the prompt questions below and enter them
through a discussion thread on MyClass with the above title or write them in a separate
sheet of paper.

Prompt Questions:
What should a writer do to give proper credit to the authors of the papers or materials he/
she uses as supporting details or bases?
Why must writers cite the authors of their sources?
Why should writers follow certain formats in citing their sources?

- Short Quiz: Familiarity with Referencing Sources

Instructions for Students: Tell whether the given statement is correct or not. Encircle or
select true if the statement is correct and false if not.

1.) There are around four kinds of citation—in-text, parenthetical, secondary sources, and
bibliographic.
True or False
2.) Both in-text and parenthetical citations require inclusion of two details—the first and
last names of the author.
True or False
3.) Date of publication is crucial and included in all kinds of citation.
True or False
4.) The word “and” and the ampersand symbol (&) are used for differing kinds of
citation, and they should not be used interchangeably.
 True or False
5.) Complete first names of authors are essential in bibliographic citations.
True or False

Discussion:

I. The APA Citation and Its Kinds (based on the APA 6th Edition)
Crediting or citing sources used is essential in academic writing because it not only enables the
work to appear scholarly and rich in information, but it also acknowledges the expertise of and
the effort exerted by the authors of the source materials. While there are different styles or
formats in doing the process of crediting and citing sources, there is one that is commonly used
—the American Psychological Association (APA) citation style.
The APA citation style has the following kinds:
A. In-Text/ Author Named in Text—this kind of citation requires the inclusion of three details
written as part of/ as named in the text or statement: (1) last name of the author; (2) reporting
verb or attributive word/s, i.e., word/s that identify the author or state what he/ she did; and (3)
year of publication enclosed in parentheses.
Pattern 1: [AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] + ([YEAR of PUBLICATION]) + REPORTING
VERB
Pattern 2: ATTRIBUTIVE WORDS + [AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] + ([YEAR of PUBLICATION])

Example with Pattern 1: “The Philippines is winning in its fight against COVID-19,”
Roque (2020) said.
Essential Citation Details Present in the Example with Pattern 1:
Last Name of Cited Author: Roque
Reporting Verb: said
Year of Publication Enclosed in Parentheses: 2020
Information Gained from the Cited Author: The Philippines is winning in its fight
against COVID-19.

Example with Pattern 2: According to Roque (2020), “the Philippines is winning in its
fight against COVID-19.”
Essential Citation Details Present in the Example with Pattern 2:
Last Name of Cited Author: Roque
Attributive Word/s: According to
Year of Publication Enclosed in Parentheses: 2020
 Information Gained from the Cited Author: The Philippines is winning in its fight
against COVID-19.
Example for Independent Analysis: Duque (2020) stated that it is already safe for
schools to conduct face-to-face classes come August 24.
Essential Citation Details Present in the Above Example:
Last Name of Cited Author:
________________________________________________
Reporting Verb/ Attributive Word/s:
________________________________________
Year of Publication Enclosed in Parentheses: _________________________________
Information Gained from the Cited Author:
__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

B. Parenthetical/ Author Not Named in Text— this kind of citation requires the inclusion of
only two details—1) last name of the author; and 2) the year when his/ her work was publication.
ALL of which have to be written with a comma (,) in between and inside a pair of
parentheses because they are NOT made to appear as part of the text or statement.
Pattern: ([AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] + [COMMA] (,) + [YEAR of PUBLICATION])
Example: “Language is first acquired through listening” (Dela Cruz, 2018).
Essential Citation Details Present in the Above Example:
Last Name of Cited Author: Dela Cruz
Year of Publication: 2018
Punctuation Mark Separating the Cited Author’s Last Name and the Year of
Publication: comma (,)
Location of ALL Citation Details: inside parentheses or outside parentheses
Information Gained from the Cited Author: Language is first acquired through
listening.

Example for Independent Analysis: The pandemic virus cannot survive when the
weather is hot (Cartes, 2020).
Essential Citation Details Present in the Above Example:
Last Name of Cited Author:
________________________________________________
Year of Publication: ______________________________________________________
Punctuation Mark Separating the Cited Author’s Last Name and the Year of
Publication: _____________________________________________________________
Location of ALL Citation Details: inside parentheses or outside parentheses
Information Gained from the Cited Author:
__________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

C. Secondary Citation/ Citation of Secondary Sources—this is usually done when an

author’s work is no longer within the prescribed 10-year limit (e.g., the current year is 2020
but then the source material which one desires to cite is from 1995). To remedy such a problem,
writers resort to what is called secondary citation wherein the so-called “old” source material is
cited with the help of another more recent source material that was permitted to cite the
“old” one.
Pattern: LAST NAME OF THE AUTHOR OF THE OLD WORK + (as cited in +
[LAST NAME OF THE AUTHOR OF THE RECENT SOURCE MATERIAL THAT
CITES THE OLD ONE] + [COMMA] (,) + [PUBLICATION YEAR OF THE RECENT
SOURCE MATERIAL])
Example: Santos (as cited in Dela Cruz, 2020) thought that pandemics would be
impossible to ever happen in the world again.
Essential Citation Details Present in the Above Example:
Last Name of the Author of the OLD Work: Santos
Last Name of the Author of the RECENT Work: Dela Cruz
Publication Year of the RECENT Work: 2020
Location of the Last Name of the Author of the OLD WORK: inside parentheses or
outside parentheses
Location of the Last Name of the Author of the RECENT WORK: inside parentheses
or outside parentheses
Information Gained from the Cited Authors: Pandemics would be impossible to ever
happen in the world again.

Example for Independent Analysis: According to Truman (as cited in Garces, 2016),
the need for pandemic vaccines should no longer be of any concern because people
would have evolving immunity as the world progresses into the future.
Essential Citation Details Present in the Above Example:
Last Name of the Author of the OLD Work:
__________________________________
Last Name of the Author of the RECENT Work:
______________________________
Publication Year of the RECENT Work:
_____________________________________
Location of the Last Name of the Author of the OLD WORK: inside parentheses or
outside parentheses
Location of the Last Name of the Author of the RECENT WORK: inside parentheses
or outside parentheses
Information Gained from the Cited Authors: _________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Discussion Activity 1: Formulating In-Text, Parenthetical, and Secondary Sources

Citations
Instructions for students: Construct six in-text, parenthetical, and secondary-sources
citations (i.e., two for each kind) based on any of the direct quotations, paraphrased
statements, and summaries you made in the previous module. Write your outputs below
or type them into input boxes provided on MyClass.
In-Text Citations
(1) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(2) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Parenthetical Citations
(3) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(4) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Secondary-Sources Citations
(5) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 (6) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

D. Bibliographic/ Reference Citation—this kind of citation involves the inclusion of the

complete details about the materials cited using the in-text, parenthetical, and secondary sources
formats. This is located at the end of the written material in the section called “Bibliography” or
“References.” There are different patterns followed in formatting entries in the said section.
General Layout Reminders—the Bibliography or References section follows the
reminders below in completely listing or identifying all source materials:
- Arrangement/ Sequence: alphabetical—the source materials are listed in ascending
alphabetical order (i.e., A to Z) based on the last names of their first authors.
Example: Aquino
Basilio

- Alignment: justified—the source materials are given the justified alignment instead of
being flushed to the left or centered.
Justified Alignment:
Lastimosa, G. (2017). The effect of the communicative approach to the
communication skills of students. The Asia Pacific Education Researcher, 2.
Retrieved July 3, 2020, from http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2.

- Groupings: based on type—source materials that are of the same type are put together,
e.g., sources lifted from books are put together; those from websites are put together; etc.

- Indentation Type: hanging—each entry or set of complete details is given the hanging
indentation format wherein the SECOND to the LAST lines are indented while the
FIRST/ TOPMOST ONE IS NOT.
Hanging Indentation:
Lastimosa, G. (2017). The effect of the communicative approach to the
communication skills of students. The Asia Pacific Education Researcher, 2.
Retrieved July 3, 2020, from
http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2.

1. Online/ Printed Journal: This bibliographic citation pattern is used when the source
material is either from the internet or is a printed journal or research paper.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.
Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIAL/S. (PUBLICATION YEAR). TITLE.
JOURNAL NAME, VOLUME (ISSUE NUMBER), PAGE/S. Retrieved from + URL
Example:
Gomez, K. (2010). Reflective teaching. Education Journal, 2(1), 110-125. Retrieved
from http://journal.com

FORMATTING NOTES:
a. When the detail needed is missing from the source material, it is permissible to skip it
and continue on with the other details, e.g., if the issue number is NOWHERE TO BE
FOUND in the material, writing the volume immediately followed by the page/s and
the phrase “retrieved from” and the URL may do.
b. When the date of publication is unclear or not indicated, the initials n and d may be
placed instead to signify “no date,” as in (n.d.).
c. The title of the paper or the material should be written in sentence case, as in ONLY
the first letter of the first word is capitalized while the rest of the others are not
EXCEPT when they are proper nouns.
d. The name of the journal should be italicized and copied exactly as it is written in the
source material.

2. Book Section/ Portion with a Separate Author: This bibliographic citation pattern is
used when the source material is a book composed of several sections or chapters that
have separate author/s for each one of them.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: SECTION/ CHAPTER AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS.

(PUBLICATION YEAR). TITLE OF SECTION/ CHAPTER . In OVERALL
AUTHOR/ EDITOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS., TITLE OF THE WHOLE BOOK
(PAGE/S).
Example:
Bonifacio, A. (2018). Independence and its components. In Rizal, J., Democracy today
(123-156).

3. Books with a Single Author: This bibliographic citation pattern is used when the
source material is a book that has only a single author.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION YEAR). BOOK

TITLE. PLACE OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Example:
Barrot, J. S. (2016). English for academic and professional purposes. Manila: C&E
Publishing.

FORMATTING NOTES:
a. The phrase “publishing house” or “publishing company” may or may not be included
anymore after the name of the company, e.g., C&E Publishing can be as short as C&E.
b. Place of publication may be as specific as the city where the book was published or as
general as the country where it was printed.

4. Books with Two Authors: This bibliographic citation pattern is used when the source
material is a book that has only two authors.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: AUTHOR 1’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. & AUTHOR 2’S LAST NAME,
INITIALS. (PUBLICATION YEAR). BOOK TITLE. PLACE OF PUBLICATION:
PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Example:
Barrot, J. S. & Sipacio, B. (2016). English for academic and professional purposes.
Manila: C&E Publishing.

FORMATTING NOTES:
a. While the conjunction “and” and the ampersand symbol “&” mean and function in the
same way, they should not be used as substitutes for each other. And is used only
during in-text citations while & is used in the rest of the other kinds of citation,
including bibliographic ones.

5. Books with Seven Authors and Above: This bibliographic citation pattern is used
when the source material is a book that has more than six authors.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: AUTHOR 1’S LAST NAME, INITIALS.

et al. (PUBLICATION YEAR).
BOOK TITLE. PLACE OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHING COMPANY.

Example:
Barrot, J. S. et al. (2016). English for academic and professional purposes. Manila: C&E
Publishing.

FORMATTING NOTES:
a. To cite books with only three to six authors, list down authors as they normally should
like when there are only two of them, but place the ampersand symbol “&” just right
before the last name of the last author.
b. “et al.” is the shortened form of the Latin phrase “et alia,” which means “and others.”

6. Internet Page: This bibliographic citation pattern is used when the source material is
an internet page or article.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS or ORGANIZATION NAME.

(PUBLICATION YEAR). PAGE/ ARTICLE TITLE. Retrieved from + URL
Example:
World Health Organization. (2010). Hunger and illiteracy. Retrieved from
http://www.WHO.org
FORMATTING NOTES:
a. At times, it is essential that the date of retrieval be included, especially if the page/
article content is prone to getting changed. When the case is such, the word
“Retrieved” is followed by the date then succeeded by the word “from” and the URL,
as in, based on the example given, Retrieved July 3, 2020, from www.WHO.org.
b. When both the author’s name and the organization that did the article are not present or
nowhere to be found in the source material, the author part should instead be filled-out
with the page title while the page title part should be filled-out with the first few words
of the article, as in, based on the example given, Hunger and illiteracy. (2010). The
world is facing problems. Retrieved from...
 7. Same Author in the Same Year with Different Works: This bibliographic citation
pattern is used when an author has multiple books in a single year, and the writer desires
to cite them all.
TIP: Simply follow the format for citing books with a single author and add a lower-case
letter next to the publication year, with the letter “a” being given to the first book, letter
“b” to the second book, and so on in the alphabetized listing of the author’s works.

Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION YEARa…z).

BOOK TITLE. PLACE OF PUBLICATION: PUBLISHING COMPANY.
Examples:
Barrot, J. (2010a). Academic writing. Manila: C&E.
Barrot, J. (2010b). Campus journalism. Manila: C&E.

8. Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation: This bibliographic citation pattern is used when

the source material is a thesis or dissertation that has not been published by any journal
yet.
REMINDER IN USING THE PATTERN: Make sure to observe the sequencing of the
details to be placed and the enlarged punctuation marks in bold used in separating them.

Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (YEAR WRITTEN). THESIS OR

DISSERTATION TITLE (unpublished bachelor’s/ master’s/ doctoral thesis/
dissertation). SCHOOL NAME, LOCATION OF SCHOOL
Example:
Castro, C. (2018). Readability of textbook reading passages (unpublished master’s
thesis). Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Philippines.
FORMATTING NOTES:
a. Thesis is for bachelor’s and master’s degree holders while dissertation is for doctoral
degree holders.

E. Shortcut Tips and Tricks—if the rules are too many to memorize or tiresome to write or
type, Microsoft Word can be used to do the trick. Just do the steps that follow:
1. Open Microsoft Word
2. Look for and click the “References” tab, the one right next to the “Layout” tab.
3. Under “References” tab, look for the options labeled as “Citations & Bibliography.”
 4. From the “Citations & Bibliography” options, click the downward arrow in the box
right next to the part that says “Style:”
5. Select APA Sixth Edition.
6. Click the option saying “Insert Citation,” then choose Add New Source—this will
open a box in need of filling-out. Once done filling that out, click “OK.” This will
result to an in-text citation and the saving of that bibliographic entry.
7. To make MS Word give the complete listing of bibliographic entries, click the
downward arrow next to “Bibliography” and then choose which heading to use for the
bibliography section of the paper—in here, the common choices are “Bibliography,”
“References,” or “Works Cited.”
8. Other internet sites or tools that can be used to do the same are Mendeley, Zotero,
BibMe, or EasyBib.

Discussion Activity 2: Formulating Bibliographic Citations

Instructions for students: Construct four bibliographic citations based on the sources of
any of the direct quotations, paraphrased statements, and summaries you made in the
previous module. Write your outputs below or type them into input boxes provided on
MyClass.
Bibliographic Citations
(1) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(2) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(3) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

(4) _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

II. Using Transitional Devices for Logical Sequencing

Transitional devices are used in academic writing for two general purposes:
(1) to connect sentences and paragraphs with each other; and
(2) to facilitate clear movements from one idea to another
Classifications of Transitional Devices
Transitional devices can be grouped into two general classifications depending on what they
connect together:
A. Coordinating Conjunctions—transitional devices that connect ideas within a single
sentence. They can be remembered with the acronym FANBOYS, with each letter standing for
each one and serving a particular purpose.
F is for FOR. B is for BUT. S is for SO.
A is for AND. O is for OR.
N is for NOR. Y is for YET.

1. For putting together or adding similar ideas: AND

Examples:
She is beautiful and sweet. (“Beautiful” and “sweet” are both positive ideas.)
Both sisters are kind, and people love them. (“Kind” and “love” are both positive ideas.)
Those students are rude, and nobody likes them. (“Rude” and “nobody likes” are
both negative ideas.)
2. For putting together dissimilar or unlike ideas: BUT & YET
Examples:
Hannah is sweet but scary when mad. (“Sweet” and “scary” express differing ideas.)
Carlos is kind, yet he has few friends. (“Kind” and “few friends” present contradicting
ideas.)
Dogs are friendly, but they are dangerous. (“Friendly” and “dangerous” do not
express the same idea.)
3. For introducing or presenting reason/s or cause/s: FOR
Examples:
Adam woke up late, for he slept late. (Why did Adam wake up late?)
Nobody likes her, for she is rude. (Why does nobody like her?)
Chino has lots of friends, for he is helpful. (Why does Chino have lots of friends?)
4. For introducing or presenting consequence/s or result/s: SO
Examples:
He came late to class, so he was scolded.
(What happened to him after coming late to class?)

Ivan reviewed well, so he got a high score.

(What happened to him after reviewing well?)
 She drank medicine for her cough, so she is now feeling well.
(What happened to her after drinking the medicine for her cough?)

5. For presenting equal (and usually positive) choices/ possibilities: OR

Examples:
You could buy shoes or bags with your money.
(What choices were given? What makes the choices equal?)

You could be happy or glad because of that news.

(What choices were given? What makes the choices equal?)

Dante is going to go home, or he will go on another trip.

(What possibilities were given? What makes the possibilities equal?)

6. For presenting (usually) negative choices/ possibilities: NOR

Examples:
She is not coming to the party, nor is she going anywhere away from home.
(What possibilities were given? What makes them negative?)

He does not feel happy nor glad.

(What feelings were given? What makes them negative?)

You are not going to pass nor move to the next level.
(What possibilities were given? What makes them negative?)

Discussion Activity 3: Transitional Devices in Individual Sentences

Instructions for students: Determine which conjunction/ transitional device should be
used in each given sentence. Write the letter of the correct choice before each number or
select it from the options given on MyClass.
Choices:
A. and D. so
B. but/ yet E. or
C. for F. nor

1.) Andy is playful ____ naughty.

2.) He is not good to his classmates ____ is he good in academics.
3.) She is irritating ____ nobody talks to her.
4.) You stay to rest ___ you go to explore more.
B. Transition Words—transitional devices that connect ideas between at least two sentences or
paragraphs. They can be grouped according to their function.

1. For adding or identifying similarities: IN ADDITION, SIMILARLY,

MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE
Examples:
She is beautiful, kind and sweet. In addition, she is liked by many.
(What are the two sentences connected together? What makes them similar?)

Nico said Carl is kind. Similarly, Anna said Carl is helpful.

(What are the two sentences connected together? What makes them similar?)

2. For indicating differences: CONVERSELY, INSTEAD, ON THE OTHER HAND,

HOWEVER
Examples:
She shows good behavior at home; however, in school, she is completely a
different and rude person.
(What are the two sentences connected together? What makes them different from
each other idea-wise?)

Chocolate is sweet and beneficial for people; on the other hand, it is dangerous for
dogs.
(What are the two sentences connected together? What makes them different from
each other idea-wise?)

Discussion Activity 4: Transitional Devices between Sentences/ Paragraphs

Instructions for students: Determine which type of transition words/ transitional device
should be used in each given sentence. Write the letter of the correct choice before each
number or select it from the options given on MyClass.
Choices:
A. One of the following: in addition; similarly; moreover; or furthermore
B. One of the following: conversely; instead; on the other hand; or however

1.) She was kind to everyone when she was still alive. __________, no one came to her
funeral when she died.
2.) Bugs are both fatal and dangerous. ______, they are scary to look at or even feel.

Summary and Conclusion

This module builds on the skills developed in the previous module by means of providing
additional knowledge and skills such as citing sources and using transitional devices that can
help in polishing and further organizing gathered data at this stage of academic writing.

GRADED OUTPUT SUBMISSION

The following 30-point output submission will be graded and will be administered via MyClass.
Instructions for students: Together with your group members, submit at least three paragraphs
composed of 3 to 5 sentences each that discuss or present details that support your approved
thesis statement. The paragraphs should contain at least 10 citations (in-text, parenthetical, or
secondary source) and should be logically connected using at least 10 transitional devices.
Afterwards, the bibliographic citation counterparts of sources cited in the paragraphs have to be
listed and formatted accordingly. Submit your outputs on a Word Document file that contains the
following table and details:
I. Group Details
Course Year and Section:
Complete Name of Group Leader: 1.
Complete Names of Members:
2. 4.
3. 5.

II. Paragraphs
Approved Thesis
(type here)
Statement:
Paragraph 1
(type here)
 Paragraph 2
(type here)

Paragraph 3
(type here)

III. Bibliographic Citations

(type here)
Scoring Scheme: The following are the criteria for scoring the output that will be submitted.
Paragraph Citations (10pts)—The paragraphs have at least 10 correctly-formatted citations.
Logical Presentation of Paragraphs (10pts)—The paragraphs are logically presented with the
use of at least 10 transitional devices.
Bibliographic Citations (10pts)—Bibliographic entries have at least 10 correctly-formatted
citations.
Total: 30pts