Gkuoj brhvlthaljehk

Q]NKMWMK AHWLEB

Hkucejs? Ahrkh
Hkucejs?  Ahrkh Bjezèkmz
Gmklpm Cmemsms 
Cmemsms 
Prjgmsjrh? Chrãh Vmrmsh _hefhrãe
Hyufhetm?  ^jfjkgj Cjrhkms
 >6 fm Hbjstj fm >084. 
Gmadh? >6
Gmadh?
 

ÃEFLAM

^msucme > 
Letrjfuaalñe 1 

Gkuoj brhvlthaljehk me Qunkmvmk Ahvleb 7 

Cjflglahalñe pjstmrljr 80 
Ajeakusljems 81 
Nlnkljbrhgãh 86 

8
 

^msucme

Mk slbu
slbulm
lmet
etmm  le
legj
gjrc
rcm m rmrmvl
vlsh
sh kh tmjr
tmjrãhãh fm gkgkuo
uoj
j br
brhv
hvltltha
halj
ljeh
ehk,k, y sus
sus pj
pjst
stmr
mrlj
ljrm
rmss cj
cjfl
flglglah
ahal
alje
jems
ms,,
ph
phrh
rh Qunk
Qunkmvmvmk
mk  Ah
Ahvl
vleb eb mk
mkhn
hnjr
jrhf
hfh h pj
pjrr ^ufj
^ufjkgkg Ivhp
Ivhplklk.. Khs
Khs flcm
flcmes eslj
ljem
emss fmk
fmk Qu
Qunknkmv
mvmk
mk Ah
Ahvl vleb
eb,, yh
smh h  pmqu
qum møh j brh rhe
e msah
sahkh, fmpm pmeefm msme
msmealalh
hkcme
kcmetm tm fm khs
khs flcm
cme esl
slje
jemms fmk mklpsj
lpsjlf lfm
m fm
mxtrhaalñe, me  kh auhk Ivhplk rmhklzh ueh cjflglahalñe kumbj fm fmtmrclehr ue mklpsjlfm
dmtmrj
tmrjbbìem
emj j cjfjflg
lgllahe
ahefj  kh hk
hktu
turrh ( fm ³ d h ⅖ d) fjef efmm sm meaeaum
umeetrh
trh mk he
head
adjj cè
cèxl xlc
cj fmk
mk
mklp
lpsj
sjlf
lfm.
m. Jt
Jtrjrj  ph
phrè
rècmcmtrtrj
j lc
lcpj
pjrtrthe
hetm
tm ph
phrh rh fmtm
fmtmrc
rcle lehr
hr khs
khs flcm
flcmeseslj
ljem
emss ms kh brhe
brheuk ukjc
jcmtmtrã
rãh
h
fmk gkuoj  brhvlthaljehk, kh prmsmealh fm glejs j fm nkjqums mxtrmchfhcmetm brhefms.
Glehkcmetm aje  mk gle fm jntmemr ue cèxlcj fm rmaupmrhalñe Ivhplk prjpjem ajestrulr 
bhkmrãhs auyj  tmadj smh pkhej m leaklehr mk grmetm fm kjs sunelvmkms ue 40%, rmhklzhefj
msths cjflglahaljems  bmjcìtrlahs kjbrh flscleulr mk lebrmsj fm flkualñe y hucmethr kh
vmkjalfhf fmk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk. 

>
 

Letrjfuaalñe

 Hatuhkcmetm kh  brhe clemrãh fmk ajnrm sm flvlfm fmpmeflme

fmpmeflmefjfj fm kh gjrch me qum sm
mxtrhmrè mk  clemrhk, me tìrclejs hcpkljs metrm almkj hnlmrtj y suntmrrèemh, msth ÿktlch sm
sun
unfflv
lvlf
lfm
m h  su vmz
vmz me ueh hcpkpklh
lh bhc
hch h fm jpalj
paljeems fm
fmppmef
eflm
lme
efj fm kh gjrc
gjrch
h qu
qum
m prms
prmsm
meth
eth
mk yhalclmetj, kh ahklfhf fmk clemrhk, kh rjah ahoh y jtrjs ghatjrms.

Kh mkmaalñe  fmk cìtjfj fm mxpkjtha thalñe, hsã ajcj su flsmøj fm mxtrhaalñe, sje ueh fm khs
mthphs cès  lcpjrthetms me mk prjamsj fm pjemr me chradh ueh jpmrhalñe, fmnlfj h qum h
phrt
phrtlr
lr fm
fmkk  fl
flsm
smøj
øj sm ms
mstltlch
chrè
rèe
e ajst
ajstjs
js,, pjra
pjrame
meth
thom
om fm rmau
rmaupm
pmrh
rhal
alñe
ñe fmk
fmk clem
clemrh
rhkk y pjra
pjrame
meth
thom
om
fm flkualñe,  metrm jtrjs. Msths algrhs rmpmrautlrèe flrmathcmetm me kh rmethnlklfhf fmk
embjalj.

Phrh mk  prmsmetm mstuflj sm tmefrè ajcj gjaj mk flsmøj fm ueh mxpkjthalñe pjr Qunkmvmk
Ahvleb, ajeslfmrhefj  kh tmjrãh jrlblehk fm gkuoj brhvlthaljehk fm Ivhplk y su pjstmrljr 
cjflglahalñe.

Hetmamfmetms 

Mk cjfmkj  akèslaj fm gkuoj brhvlthaljehk, ajeslstm me ue rmalplmetm trhesphrmetm unlahfj

vmrtlahkcmetm y  kkmehfj aje ahphs fm hrmeh embrh y nkheah. Mstm rmalplmetm pjsmm ue
hbuomrj me mk gjefj, kj qum rmprmsmeth mk puetj fm mxtrhaalñe.

h) n)

Glburh 8. Cjfmkj nèslaj fm gkuoj brhvlthaljehk (Ivhplk, >004).

Mk cjvlclmetj  brhvltha thaljehk sm pumfm jnsmrvhr slbulmefj kh fmgjrchalñe fm khs kãemhs

embrhs me  kh Glburh 8-h. Hk ajemathr kjs puetjs fjefm ajclmezh kh gkmxlñe fm khs kãemhs
djrl
rlzzje
jeth
thkm
kms,s, sm  jn
jntl
tlme
memm, aj
ajcj
cj sm jn
jnssmr
mrvh
vh me kh Gl
Glbu
burh
rh 8-n,
-n, ueh gjrc
gjrchh sl
slcl
clkh
khrr h ueh mklklps
psm.
m.
Me kh  rm
rmh
hklklfh
fhf
f mk pr
prja
jams
msjj jaur
jaurrm
rm me ue hcnl
nlm
metm
etm trlf
trlfllcme
cmesl
slje
jeh
hk pjr kj qu
qum
m kh gl
glb
burh smrè
smrè cè cèss
slclkhr h ueh mklpsjlfm.

1
 

 Hdjrh, phrh  mk heèklsls fm kj qum jaurrm oustj sjnrm mk puetj fm mxtrhaalñe, sm rmhklzh
eumvhc
mvhcm met
etm
m mk  cj
cjf
fmk
mkj
j fm gk
gku
uoj brh
rhvl
vlth
thaalj
lje
ehk
hk,, pmr
mrj
j msth vmz sm kkme
kmehrè
hrè aje
aje ch
chtm
tmrl
rlh
hk ^ dh
dhst
sth
h
ue elvmk e y kumbj aje jtrj chtmrlhk, qum kkhchrmcjs R ajcj kj cumstrh kh Glburh >.

h) n) a)

Glburh >. Qmaumealh fm mxtrhaalñe fm chtmrlhk ^ (ivhplk,>004).

Ajcj sm  cumstrh me kh Glburh >, me mk prjamsj fm mxtrhaalñe fmk chtmr tmrlhk ^, qum slcukh mk
ajcp
ajcpjrjrth
thcl
clme
metj
tj fm
fmkk  cl
clem
emrh
rhk,k, sm gjrc
gjrch h ue ajej
ajej.. Ms
Mstm
tm mc
mcnunufj
fj sm lrè
lrè kkkkme
mehe
hefj
fj fm ch
chtm
tmrl
rlhk
hk R,
kj qum  smrãh mstìrlk me kh rmhklfhf y me kh Glburh >-a, sm cumstrh mk cjcmetj me mk qum mk
puet
etj
j E  sm un
unla
lah
h flr
lrmmath
athcme
metm tm me mk pueuetj
tj fm mxtrh
xtrhaa
aalñ
lñee, gjrc
gjrchhef
efjj ue mcn cnu ufj aje kh kãe
kãemh
djrl
djrlzj
zjet
ethk
hk qu
qum
m  rm
rmpr
prms
msme meth
th mk elelvm
vmkk e. Me ms
mstm
tm cj
cjcm
cmetetj,
j, kh ajet
ajetle
leuh
uhal
alñe
ñe fm fmkk prja
prjams
msj
j sl
slbe
belglgla
lah
h
ue armalclmetj  fm kh flkualñe. Hfmcès, sm pumfm rmkhaljehr qum mk vjkucme fmk mcnufj
cjstrhfj ms lbuhk hk vjkucme fmk clemrhk mxtrhãfj.

 Hk letmrsmathr  mk mcnufj aje kh mklpsm fm mspjeohclm

mspjeohclmetj,
etj, sm pumfm fmtmrclehr qum kh hkturh
fm kh  mklklps
psm
m ms hp
hprj
rjxl
xlc
chf
hfh
hcm
cmeetm >,=
>,= vmam
vmamss cès
cès brhe
brhef
fm qum kh hktu
hkturrh fm
fmkk mc
mcn
nufj (Glb
(Glbur
urh.
h.
1).

Glburh 1. Mklpsm fm mspjeohclmetj letmrsmathfj aje mk mcnufj fm kh mxtrhaalñe (Ivhplk, >004).

6
 

Me mstm  puetj, sjkj qumfh fmtmrclehr kh gjrch y flcmesljems fm kh zjeh fm fjefm mk

chtmrl
tmrlh
hk ms  mxtrh
xtrhãf
ãfjj. Ph
Phrh rh mstj
mstj,, gum
gum em
emam
amsh
shrlrlj
j ue cjfjfm mkj trlf
trlfllcm
cme
esl
slj
jehk fj
fje
efm sm unla
lahe
he
chra
ch rahf
hfjr
jrms
ms ph
phrh
rh  lf
lfme
metltlglglah
ahrr su jr
jrfmfme
e fm shkl
shklfh
fh.. Mk rmsu
rmsuktkthf
hfjj gum
gum ue
ueh
h mklp
mklpsj
sjlf
lfm
m gjrc
gjrchf
hfh
h me kh
zjeh fmk clemrhk. Msth mklpsjlfm smrè kkhchfh Mklpsjlfm fm Mxtrhaalñe.

Glburh 6. Cjfmkj trlflcmesljehk aje kh mklpsm fm mxtrhaalñe flnuohfh (Ivhplk, >004).

Fm mstm
stm  cjf
jfj
j, sm ar
armh
mh ueh br
brèg
ègllah fmk prj
rjam
amsj
sj lela
lallhk fm gk
gku
uoj brhv
brhvlt
lth
hal
alje
jeh
hk me kh mx
mxtr
trh
haa
aallñe
fjefm sm  lfmetlglah kh mklpsjlfm fm mxtrhaalñe, mk mcnufj bmemrhfj y kh mklpsjlfm fm
mspjeohclmetj. Ahnm  smøhkhr qum kh mklpsjlfm fm mxtrhaalñe rmprmsmethrè mk vjkucme
cèxlcj tmñrlaj fm clemrhk qum sm pumfm mxtrhmr sle flkualñe.

Glburh =. Gkuoj brhvlthaljehk me ue prjamsj fm mxtrhaalñe (Ivhplk, >004).

Kkmvèefjkj h  kh hpklahalñe fmk QKA, kh bmjcmtrãh ahcnlh rmspmatj h kh fmk slkj, yh qum mk
puetj fm  mxtrhaalñe sm meaumetrh me kh phrmf grjethk
thk y ej me kh phrtm legmrljr. Mstj ajrth kh
zjeh fm  gkuoj fmnlfj h kh phrmf vmrtlahk. Pjr kj thetj, me mk QKA kh mklpsjlfm fm
mspjeohclmetj
mspjeohcl metj y fm mxtrhaalñe tmefrèe kh slbulmetm gjrch?

=
 

Glburh 7. Mklpsjlfms fm mxtrhaalñe y mspjeohclmetj me QKA (Ivhplk, >004).

Me khs  fm
fmssar
arllpa
palj
lje
ems he
hetm
tmrl
rlj
jrm
rmss hsucl
suclc
cjs qum mk ch
chtm
tmrl
rlh
hk fmnãh
nãh smr fmsah
sahrbh
rbhfj pj
pjrr ueh
hpmrturh fm  headj cãelcj qum pmrcltlmrh mk gkuoj. Me QKA mk headj fm kh hpmrturh fm
fmsahrbh mstè  fhfj pjr mk headj fm kh bhkmrãh fm prjfuaalñe, qum ms cuadj chyjr h kh
hpmrturh cãelch.  Msth ms ueh vmethoh yh qum clmetrhs cès sm hucmeth mk headj fm kh

h
khpmzrjtu
tur
ehrh  ,fmcèmsx thrhuacalmñeet.h Jmtkrh
hevamdejthfom
h kqhummklpjstjjrlbfhm mfkm lemaxrtrmhcaamleñtej yfmpjhrekajdthe
th
j,emtjs, kmhk avhjekutlc
fhmfe ffmm
chtmrl
tmrlhhk sle  flklku ulr ququm m sm pu pum mfm mxtrh
xtrhm mr, ajc
ajcj sm pumf mfm m vmr
vmr me kh Gl Glbburh
urh 2-h.-h. Kh tìaetìaela lah
h cès
utlklzhfh phrh  jptlclzhr mk headj fmk puetj fm mxtrhaalñe ms kh ajestru truaalñe fm bhkmrãhs
rm
rmaathe
thebuk ukhrhrms
ms me  rmm mmc cpk pkh
hzj fm bhkm kmrã
rãhhs aje tmad tmadj j hrqum
rqumh hfj
fj.. Me kh Gl Glbu
burh
rh 2-n,
-n, sm cums mstrtrh
h
qum h  cmflfh qum kh bhkmrãh fm prjfuaalñe sm dham cès rmathebukhr, mk headj mgmatlvj fm
mxtrhaalñe hucmeth.

h) n)

Glburh 2. h) Ahcnlj fmk headj fm kh mklpsjlfm me guealñe fmk headj fm mxtrhaalñe. n) Headj mgmatlvj
fm mxtrhaalñe me guealñe fm kh bmjcmtrãh fm kh bhkmrãh (Ivhplk, >004).

Gkuoj brhvlthaljehk me Qunkmvmk Ahvleb

 H pmshr  qum kjs rmsukthfjs jntmelfjs me kjs cjfmkjs fm slkj jtjrbhe dmrrhclme dmrrhclmeths
ths
guef
guefh
hcme
meththkm
kmss phr
hrh
h  mk metme
tmeflclm
lclmeetj fmk gkgku
uoj brhvl
rhvlth
thaalje
ljehk fm chtm
htmrlhk
rlhkm
ms brheu
rheukh
khrm
rms,
s, ms
emam
emamsh
shrl
rlj
j ue chchyj
yjrr aj
ajej
ejal
alcl
clme
metj
tj ph
phrh
rh mk fl
flsm
smøjøj fm ue Qu
Qunknkmv
mvmk
mk Ah
Ahvl
vleb
eb.. Ms
Mstj
tj sm fm
fmnm
nm h qu
qum m

7
 

mxlst
xlstm
me flv
lvmr
mrsj
sjss  gh
ghaatjrm
tjrmss qum fm
fmgl
gle
eme kh gjr
gjrch y flcm
flcme
esl
slje
jemms fmk pu
pueetj fm mxtrh
xtrhaa
aalñ
lñe
e, hsã
ajcj kh bmjcmtrãh fm kh ajrrlmetm fm chtmrlhk, qum hgmath hk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk fm mstm.

Ms lcpjrthetm  flstlebulr metrm fjs tlpjs fm ajrrlmetms fm gkuoj brhvlthaljehk. Mk gkuoj

brh
rhvl
vlth
thaalj
lje
ehk fm  ue Qunk nkmv
mvmmk Ahvl
vle
eb ms fl
flgm
gmrm
rme etm qu
qumm mk gk
gku
uoj me ue Nk
Nkja
jaii j Ph
Pheemk Ahvle
hvlebb. Ms
lcp
cpjjrt
rth
het
etm
m msth
sth  flgm
lgmrm
rmeeal
alh
h yh qum
qum, ajc
ajcj sm floloj,j, khs ajrrl
jrrlmmetms
tms fm gk
gku
uoj brhvl
rhvlth
thaalje
ljehk smrè
smrèe
e
fls
lstl
tle
eths
ths, sucuchhfj  h kh
khss flgm
lgmrm
rme
eal
alh
hs bm
bmjjcì
cìtrtrllahs,
ahs, fm thch
thchø øj m leak
leakus
usjj h khs
khs ajef
eflalalj
lje
ems fm
msthnlklfhf metrm mstjs cìtjfjs qum thcnlìe prmsmethrèe flgmrmealhs.

Mk flsmøj  h pmqumøh msahkh ej fmpmefmrè fmk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk, y añcj mstm vhrãh
fmpm
fmpmefeflm
lmef
efj j fm  kh hk
hktu
turh
rh,, he
headadj
j y fm
fmes
eslf
lfhf
hf.. Kh
Khss klklcl
clth
thet
etms
ms bm
bmjc
jcìt
ìtrl
rlah
ahss msth
msthrè
rèe
e fh
fhfh
fhss pj
pjr 
r 
kjs mqulpjs  utlklzhfjs phrh su ajestruaalñe, ajcj pjr momcpkj mk khrbj cèxlcj fm khs
pmrg
rgjr
jrha
halj
ljeems
ms.. Kh  Gl
Glb
bur
urh
h (x
(x)) prm
rmsm
sme
eth ueh bm
bmj jcm
cmtrtrãhãh tãp
tãpla
lah
h me Qun
unkkmv
mvmk
mk Ahvlvleb
eb h pmqu
qummøh
msahkh, fjefm  Q  F   ms mk msphalhclmetj djrlzjethk metrm sunelvmkms, dQ   ms mk msphalhclmetj
vmrtlahk metrm  sunelvmkms, R  F   ms mk headj fmk sunelvmk, d F   kh hkturh fmk sunelvmk,  E    ms mk
mklpsjlfm fm  mxtrhaalñe (auyh hkturh ms dV  )  y ^ mk rmchemetm fm kh rjah grhbcmethfh. Kh
hkturh metr
trm
m  sunelvmkms vhrãh metrm 80-81 c, y su headj smrè mk clscj, pjr kj qum sm tmefrè
ueh bmjcmtrãh auhfrhfh.

Glburh 4. Msqumch Qunkmvmk Ahvleb pmqumøh msahkh (Ivhplk, >004).

Jr
Jrlb
lble
lehk
hkcm
cmetetmm mk  gr
grme
metm
tm fm
fmkk su
sune
nelv
lvmk
mk msth
msthnh
nh me pj
pjsl
slal
alñe
ñe vmrt
vmrtla
lahk
hk,, pmrj
pmrj mstu
mstufl
fljs
js fmtm
fmtmrc
rcle
lehr
hrje
je
qum
qum ue
ueh
h  le
leak
akle
leha
halñ
lñee fm 40°
40° fl
flsc
scle
leuy
uym
m mk le
lebr
brms
msj
j fm flku
flkual
alñe
ñe,, y ghvj
ghvjrmrmam
am mk fm
fmsk
sklz
lzhc
hclm
lmet
etj
j y kh
ahrbh fmk clemrhk. Jntmelmefj dhsth ue 8=% cès fm rmaupmrhalñe.

2
 

Glburh <. ^mprmsmethalñe fm kh metrhfh fmk gkuoj hk puetj fm mxtrhaalñe aje

ue grmetm vmrtlahk y uej leaklehfj (Ivhplk, >004).

Kh fm
fmtm
tmrc
rcle
leha
halñ
lñe
e fm au
auèe
èeth
th fl
flku
kual
alñe
ñe le
lebr
brms
msh
h cm
cmfl
flhe
hetm
tm mk cì
cìtj
tjfj
fj fm Qu
Qunk
nkmv
mvmk
mk Ah
Ahvl
vleb
eb ms cu
cuyy
ajcpkmoh m  lcprmfmalnkm. Kh slcpklglahalñe sm rmprmsmeth me ueh Glburh 80, fjefm mk
prjamsj fm flkualñe sm prmsmeth me guealñe fmk vjkucme tjthk fm chtmrlhk mxtrhãfj.

Glburh 80. Flkualñe me guealñe fmk vjkucme tjthk fm clemrhk mxtrhãfj y mk vjkucme tjthk fm chtmrlhk
mxtrhãfj, mxprmshfj me gjrch pjrametuhk (Ivhplk, >004).

Vmñrlahcmetm kh  rmath JH rmprmsmeth kh cmojr mxtrhaalñe, pmrj me kh prèatlah kh rmkhalñe

mxtrhaalñe/flkualñe
mxtrhaalñe/flkualñe sm prmsmeth me rhebjs, slmefj?
◊ Akhsm L?  Numeh mxtrhaalñe. Mk clemrhk rmaupmrhfj ms hkrmfmfjr fm ue 40%, y kh
flkualñe mstè nhoj mk 10%.
◊ Akhsm LL?  Mxtrhaalñe hampthnkm. Mk clemrhk rmaupmrhfj ms ue 2=% j cmejs, y kh
flkualñe ue 1=% j cès.
◊ Akhsm LLL?  Mxtrhaalñe pjnrm. Qm rmaupmrh ue 7=% fm clemrhk y kh flkualñe ms fmk 6=%
j cès.

4
 

Jtrj ghatjr  lcpjrthetm fmetrj fm kh bmjcmtrãh fmk Qunkmvmk Ahvleb ms kh msthnlklfhf y kh

ajeametrhalñe
ajeametrhalñ e fm msgumrzjs. Qm tlmeme fjs tlpjs fm hrrmbkjs? 8) vmrtlahk y >) admaimrnjhrf.
Me auhetj  h kh ajeametrhalñe fm msgumrzjs, nhoj khs clschs ajeflaljems, sm tlmem qum mk
hrrmbkj ‛admaimrnjhrf–  ms chyjr hk ‛vmrtlahk–, nhoj mstm clscj hrbucmetj mk hrrmbkj
‛adm
‛admai
aimr
mrnj
njhr
hrf–
f– sm
smrè
rè  cmej
cmejss ms
msth
thnk
nkm
m qu
qum
m mk hr
hrrm
rmbk
bkj
j ‛vmr
‛vmrtltlah
ahk–
k– , mstj
mstj sm fm
fmcu
cums
mstr
trh
h me kh Gl
Glbu
burh
rh
88.

Glburh 88. Msqumch tlpjs fm hrrmbkjs y kh ajeametrhalñe me tjrej h kjs sunelvmkms (Ivhplk, >004).

Me Qunkmvmk  Ahvleb fm brhe msahkh, ajcphrhfj h kh pmqumøh msahkh, sm tlm tlmeme vmethohs
ajcj
ajcj?? 8)  kh rm
rmfu
fuaa
aalñ
lñe
e me mk eÿ
eÿcm
cmrj
rj fm sune
sunelv
lvmk
mkms
ms,, >) lear
learmc
mcme
metj
tj fm kh prjf
prjfua
uaal
alñe
ñe pj
pjrr pu
puet
etj
j
fm mxtrhaalñe  y 1) cmejr rmqumrlclmetj fm mqulpjs fm pmrgjrhalñe y trjehfurh. Mstjs
ghat
ghatj
jrm
rmss flsc
flscleleu
uyme
yme  kjs ajst
ajstjjs fm jpmr
mrha
halñ
lñe
e m lelear
armc
mcm meth
eth kh mgl
mglal
alme
meal
alh
h bme
mem
mrhk
rhk fm kh cleh
eh..
 Hk lbuhk  qum me mk fm pmqumøh msahkh sm utlklzh ueh leaklehalñe me mk grmetm fm ue 40% phrh
hucmethr kh rmaupmrhalñe fm clemrhk.

Kh bm bmjc
jcmtmtrã
rãh
h  fm
fmkk fl
flsm
smøj
øj sm fmnm
fmnm me
meah
ahohohrr kj cmoj
cmojrr pj
pjsl
slnk
nkm
m h khs
khs flcm
flcmeseslj
ljem
emss fm
fmkk mklp
mklpsj
sjlf
lfm
m fm
mxtrhaalñe. Kh  rmkhalñe metrm trm mk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk y kh bmjcmtrã trãh fmk Qunkmvmk Ahvleb sm
cumstrh me  kh Glburh 8>. Ìsth ms kh rmajcmefhalñe fm flsmøj phrh kh jptlclzhalñe fm khs
mklklp
psjlf
sjlfm
ms fm  mxtxtrh
rhaa
aalñ
lñe
e y su vj
vjku
kuc
cmeme,, fje
jef fm kjs sun
sunelvm
elvmkm
kmss sm unlalahe
he h ³ fm kh hktur
turh fm kh
mklpsm fm mxtrhaalñe.

Glburh 8>. ^mkhalñe bmjcmtrãh fm mklpsjlfm aje flsmøj Qunkmvmk Ahvleb (Ivhplk, >004).

Khcpjr
aj gjjrth
ajcp rcthcl
hclme
  ymetj
thtj
chfm
øj  kjfsmch
kjs kh tmrl
chtm arlhk
jhkms
rrlms
metle
mvjku
fmkuar
levj gkuhfjs
arhfojjs.
b.rhMs
vlttjs
Mstj hasljvhkj
ehkjrm
vh k rms
fms pbmem
meemrh
bm fmrhkc
fkcme
m metm
khtm
s psje
rjeplajej
sj mfejal
aj hfalfj
mfjs
s ys

<
 

me khs  jpmrhaljems fm slkjs y plkhs, pmrj hk ajetrhrlj, me kh jpmrhalñe fm Qunkmvmk Ahvleb,

msth prjplmfhfms sje flgãalkms fm fmglelr.

Nhs
hshf
hfjj me  kh mxpm
xpmrlrlm
meal
alh,
h, kj
kjss prl
rle
ealp
lphk
hkm
ms gha
ghatjrm
tjrmss qum
qum sm fmnm
nmee aje
jej
jamr
amr yh qu
qumm lcp
lcpha
hath
the
e
flrmathcmetm me  mk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk, sje mk thchøj fmk chtmrlhk y su flstrlnualñe
brheukjcìtrlah. Chtmrlhk  aje brheukjcmtrãh gleh bmemrhrè ueh ajrrlmetm fm gkuoj cuy
fmkb
fmkbhf
hfh,
h, cl
clme
metrtrhs
hs  qu
qumm ch
chtm
tmrl
rlhk
hk cè
cèss br
brum
umsj
sj bm
bmem
emrh
rhrè
rè ue
ueh
h ajrr
ajrrlm
lmet
etm
m fm gkuo
gkuoj
j cè
cèss head
headh.
h. Ms
Mstj
tj
sm cumstrh me kh Glburh 81.

Glburh 81. ^mkhalñe metrm kh hkturh fm kh mklpsjlfm, kh brheukjcmtrãh fmk chtmrlhk y mk headj fmk puetj
fm mxtrhaalñe (Ivhplk, >004).

Cjflglahalñe pjstmrljr

Pjstmrljrcmetm levmstlbhaljems  me khnjrhtjrlj fmcjstrhrje qum mk headj cèxlcj fmk

mklpsjlfm fm  mxtrhaalñe ej sm meaumetrh h ³ fm kh hkturh fm mstm, sl ej qum me nhsm h ue

eumvj (Glburh
hkturh cjfmkj86).
  bmjcìtrlaj sm fmtmrcleñ qum su headj cèxlcj sm meaumetrh me ⅖ fm su

Glburh 86. Bmjcmtrãh bmemrhklzhfh phrh mk mklpsjlfm fm mxtrhaalñe, fjefm R V  ms mk headj cèxlcj y 
d kh hkturh (Ivhplk, 8<4>). 

80
 

Phrh fmtmrclehr  khs flcmesljems fmk mklpsjlfm sm fmnme ajeslfmrhr ghatjrms ajcj? kh
prm
rmsm
smeealh
alh fm  chtm
htmrl
rlh
hk gl
glej
ej,, mk hu
huc
cme
metj
tj fm kh mxa
xam
metrl
trlal
alf
fhf aje
aje kh hktu
kturh y ue
ueh
h hkth
hkth fmes
eslf
lfh
hf
fmk chtmrlhk,  yh qum mstjs bmemrhe ueh flscleualñe fmk headj fmk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk,
vjkvlìefjkj cuy  fmkbhfj. Fm lbuhk chemrh mk headj fmk gkuoj brhvlthaljehk vhrlhrè
fmpmeflmefj fm kh hnmrturh fm mxtrhaalñe.

Qm fmglelñ  mk headj tmñrlaj R ‾   me nhsm h kh hkturh tjthk fm mxtrhaalñe metrm 8=->7 c phrh
chtm
tmrrlhkms fm  nhoh y hkth fmeslfhf, rmspmatlvhcmetm, cmflhetm kh guealñe lkustrhfh me kh
Glburh 8=.

Glburh 8=. Head
 Headj j tmñrla
tmñrlaj
j ( R ‾ ) fmk mklpsj
mklpsjlfm
lfm fm
fm mxtrhaa
mxtrhaalñe
lñe ajcj
ajcj guea
guealñe
lñe fm
fm kh hktu
hkturh
rh fm 
mxtrha
mxtrhaalñ
alñe
e ( dV  ) phrh chtmr
chtmrlhk
lhkms
ms brheuk
brheukhrms
hrms fm
fm nhoh y hkth
hkth fmeslf
fmeslfhf
hf (Ivhpl 8<4>). 
(Ivhplk,k, 8<4>).

Khs mauhaljems  mcpãrlahs (8) y (>) metrmbhe vhkjrms cuy hprjxlchfjs phrh mk headj fmk
mklpsjlfm ( R V  )  y su prjgueflfhf ( f V  ),  fjefm leakuym khs cmflfhs fmk headj tmñrlaj ( R ‾ )  y
mk headj  fmk puetj fm mxtrhaalñe ( h ),  mk auhk sm hprjxlch utlklzhefj mk brèglaj fm kh Glburh
87.

R V  ≄   R ‾ + h ∞ 8, 4 (8) 

f V  ≦  R  V  /> (>) 

Me auhetj  h khs flcmesljems fm kjs sunelvmkms, kh hkturh mgmatlvh fm mxtrhaalñe ( d s )  sm

meajetrhrè me mk headj cèxlcj fmk mklpsjlfm, slmefj d s 3 >1 ² d . 

88
 

Glburh 87. Kjahklzhalñe vmrtlahk fm kjs sunelvmkms me rmkhalñe hk gkuoj brheukhr (Ivhplk, 8<4>).

Phrh hprjxlchr  mk msphalhclmetj djrlzjethk metrm sunelvmkms ( Q  F )  ms emamshrlj hsuclr kjs
prlealpljs lfmhkms fmk gkuoj brheukhr?
◊ Mk mklp
mklpsjlf
sjlfmm fm msp
mspjeoh
jeohclme
clmetj
tj ms >,= vm
vmams
ams chy
chyjr
jr qum mk m
mklps
klpsjlfm
jlfm f
fm
m mxtrh
mxtrhaalñ
aalñe.
e.
◊ Fjefm mk headj fmk mklpsjlfm fm mxtrhaalñe ms cèxlcj ( R V  ) su vhkjr ms 70-7=% fmk
head
headj jffmk
mk mk
mklp
lpsj
sjlf
lfm
mffm
mmmsp
spje
jeoh
ohcl
clme
metj
tj ( R  K ). 

Mk headj
headj ttjthk
jthk ms 70
70%
% phr
phrh
h hktu
hkturhs
rhs ( dV  ) dhs
dhsth
th 84 c. Qj
Qjnrm
nrm 8
84
4 c mk head
headj
j tjth
tjthkk ms u
ue 7=%.. 
e 7=%
Kh flsthealh djrlzjethk metrm sunelvmkms sm ahkaukhrè phrh ueh hkturh fm mxtrhaalñe d s ≦ 84c ?  

R V 
Q  F ; 0,7
(1) 
\ d s 5 84c ?  
  R V 
Q  F ; 0,7=
(6) 

Glburh 82. Lkustrhalñe slcpklglahfh fm kh bmjcmtrãh fm kjs sunelvmkms (Ivhplk, 8<4>). 

8>
 

Ajeakusljems

Br
Brha
halh
lhss h  su
suss mxpm
mxpmrlrlcm
cmetetjs
js aj
ajee hr
hrme
meh,
h, ^u
^ufj fjkgkg Ivhp
Ivhplklk kjbr
kjbrñ ñ lfme
lfmetltlglglah
ahrr kh gjrc
gjrch h mklp
mklpsj
sjlf
lfhk
hk qum
qum
bmemrh mk  gkuoj brhvlthaljehk fm ue clemrhk, flstlebulmefj khs mklpsms fm mxtrhaalñe y
mspjeohclmetj. Qm  pufj vmr qum kh hpklahalñe fm sus rmsukthfjs, me mk cìtjfj fm
mxpkj
xpkjththal
alñe
ñe sununtm
tmrr
rrè
èemh  Qun unkkmvmk
mvmk Ahvlvleeb, prj rjpj
pje eme ue flsm flsmø øj fm adma maim
imrn
rnjh
jhrf
rf phrh
hrh kh
jptl
jptlcl
clzhzhal
alñe
ñe fm  kh
khss mk
mklp
lpsm
smss fm mxmxtr
trha
haal
alñe
ñe.. QlQle
e mc mcnhnhrbrbj,
j, h kj khrb
khrbj j fm fmkk tltlmc
mcpjpj kh lfmh
lfmh jrlb
jrlble
lehk
hk
fm fl
flsm
smøjøj  fm sune
sunelvlvmk
mkms
ms su
sugr
grlñ
lñ ueh
ueh cjcjfl
flglglah
ahal
alñeñe ququmm lcph
lcphat ath
h flrm
flrmat athc
hcme metm
tm me mk pj
pjra
rame
meth
thom
om
fm rmaupmrhalñe  jntmelfj me kjs yhalclmetjs hpklahfjs. Msth cjflglahalñe, sm trhth
prl
rlea
ealp
lphhkc
kcmmetm
etm fm  kh fls lsth
the
eal
alh
h metr
etrm sun
sunel elvm
vmkm kmss, qum jrlb
jrlbleleh
hkcm
kcmetm
etm fmnãhe ãhe smr unla lahf
hfjjs h
ueh hkturh  lbuhk h kh clthf fm kh hktur turh fm kh mklpsm fm mxtrhaalñe. Mspmaãglahcmetm, tm, sm flam
qum hk  msth
msthrr me prm
rmssmeal
mealhh fm ue chtm htmrl
rlhk
hk dmtmrj
tmrjb bìemj
emj, kh mklklppsm tl tlm
mefm h tme tmemr ueh pjral ralñe
supm
supmrlrljr
jr cè
cèss  he
head
adh h me ajcp
ajcphrhrha
halñ
lñee h su phrt
phrtm m nhnhoh
oh,, pj
pjrr kj qum
qum kh flst flsthe
heal alh
h metr
metrm
m sune
sunelv
lvmk
mkms
ms
tmef
tmefrè
rè qum  smr
smr kh hktur
turh h kh qum sm mea eaum
ume etrh
trh kh ph phrt
rtmm cès he headadhh fm kh mklklp psm fm mxtrh
xtrhaa
aalñ
lñe.
e.
 Hsã, sm prjpjem qum msth hktur hkturh
h smrè ⅖ fm kh h hkturh
kturh tjthk fm kh m mklpsm
klpsm fm mxtrh mxtrhaalñe.
aalñe.

81
 

Nlnkljbrhgãh

Ivhplk, ^.  (8<==), Vdmjry jg tdm Gkjw jg Brheukhr hef Ajhrsm Chtmrlhks le Djppmrs (Le
Azmad), Qthtm Vmadelahk Kltmrhturm Punklsdleb Ajcphey (QEVK), Prhbum.

Ivhplk, ^.  (8<4>), Vdm cmadhelas hef fmslbe jg sunkmvmk ahvleb systmcs, ]efmrbrjuef

Cleleb Cmtdjfs Dhefnjji

Dhefnjji (Mf R.H. Dustruklf), QCM, HLCM, Emw \jri.
Ivhp
Ivhplklk,, ^.  (8
(8<<
<<>)
>),, Qunk
Qunkmv
mvmk
mk ah
ahvl
vleb
eb.. QCM
QCM Cl
Clel
eleb
eb Me
Mebl
blem
emmr
mrle
leb
b Dh
Dhef
efnj
njji
ji,, >ef
>ef Mf
Mfltltlj
lje
e (Mf
(Mf D.K.
D.K.
Dhrtche), QCM, Klttkmtje, Ajkjrhfj.

Ivhplklk,, ^.  (>

Ivhp (>00
004)
4),, Br
Brhv
hvltltyy Gk
Gkjw
jw le Qu
Qunk
nkmv
mvmk
mk hef
hef Ph
Phem
emkk Ah
Ahvl
vleb
eb - H Aj
Ajcc
ccje
je Qm
Qmes
esm
m Hp
Hppr
prjh
jhad
ad..
Njji/AF punklsdmf wltd vmry klcltmf alraukhtlje.

86