Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY

SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
Imaginary Number (i)  
The imaginary number ihas the following properties:

i=√ −1 and i 2=1.

Note: For any positive real number n, √ −n=i √ n. Because the definition of √ −n is for
a positive real number n, the radicand -n is negative.

Example 1.
Write each number in terms of i.
a. √−6 b. √ −20

Solution:
a. √ −6=√ −1∙ 6 Factor out −1 in the radicand.
¿ √−1∙ √ 6 Use the Product rule for Radicals.
¿ ± i√6

b. √ −20= √−1 ∙ 20 Factor out −1 in the radicand.

¿ √−1∙ √ 20 Use the Product rule for Radicals.
¿ i √ 4 ∙5 Factor the radicand.
¿ ± 2i √5 Simplify.
Try it!
a. √ −16=√−1 ∙ 16= √−1 ∙ √16=± 4 i
b. b. √ −45=√ −1∙ 45=√−1∙ √ 45=√ −1∙ √ 9 ∙5=±3 i √5

Example 2.
Solve: a. x 2=−4 b. x 2+ 1=0

Solution:
a. x 2=−4
x=± √−4 Use the Square Root Principle
x=± i √ 4 Definition of √ −n
x=± 2i
x=2 i and x=−2 i

b. x 2+ 1=0
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
x 2=−1  
Subtract 1 from both sides.
x=± √ −1 Use the Square Root Principle
x=± i Definition of √ −n
x=i and x=−i

Try it!
Solve: a. x 2=−9

x=√ −9
x=± 3 i

b. x 2+ 16=0

x=√−16
x=± 4 i

Example 3.
Show that i √ 5 is the square root of −5.

Solution:
Multiply i √ 5 by itself.

i √5 ∙i √ 5=i ∙i∙ √ 5 ∙ √ 5

¿ i2 ∙ 5
¿−1∙ 5
¿−5
Try it!
Show that i √ 3 is the square root of −3.
2
i √3 ∙ i √ 3=i ∙i ∙ √ 3 ∙ √3 ( √ 3)

¿ i2 ∙ 3
¿−1∙ 3
¿−3
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
 

Procedure in Rewriting Imaginary Numbers

To write imaginary number √ −n, where n> 0 in terms ofi:
1. Separate the radical into two factors; √ −1∙ √ n.
2. Replace √ −1 with i.
3. Simplify i √n .
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
Complex Number  
A complex number can be written in the standard form a+ bi where a and b
are real numbers. The numbera is called the real part, and the number b is called
the imaginary part.

The following are some examples of complex numbers in standard form.

3+ 4 i 7−3 i 4.5+ 2i √3
Note: If a=0, then the complex number is purely an imaginary number, such as
8i and 2 i√7
If b=0, then the complex number is a real number.

The Venn diagram below shows how the set of complex number contains
both the set of real numbers and imaginary numbers.

Rule #1. Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers a+ bi and c +di are equal, if and only if
a=c and b=d.
For example,
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
10
2+5 i=√ 4 + i, because 2= √ 4
  10
and 5=
2 2
21 21
7−3 i= − √9 i, because 7= and 3=√ 9
3 3
m+¿=4+ 7 i, if and only if m=4 and n=7
We can perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers. We treat the
complex numbers just like polynomials, where i is like a variable.

Rule #2. Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are added and subtracted as if they were binomials:
( a+ bi ) + ( c+ di ) =( a+c ) + ( b+ d ) i.
Note: Follow the formula pattern in addition/subtraction of complex numbers.
Example
Add or subtract.
a. ( 8+2 i )+ ( 9+7 i ) b. (−6+ 4 i )−( 8−7 i )
¿ ( 8+ 9 )+ ( 2i+7 i ) ¿−6+ 4 i−8+7 i
¿ 17+9 i ¿−14+11i
Try it!
Add or subtract.
a. ( 12−9i ) + ( 8+3 i )=20−6 i
b. ( 1−9i )− (−3+7 i )=1−9 i+3−7i=4−16 i

Rule #3. Multiplication of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are multiplied as if they are binomials:
( a+ bi ) ( c +di )=( ac−bd )+ ( ad+ bc ) i.
Example:
Multiply.
a. ( 4 +5 i )( 2−3i ) b. (−6+i ) ( 3+2 i )
Solution:
a. ( 4 +5 i )( 2−3i )
¿ 8−12i+10 i−15 i2 Apply the Distributive Property.
¿ 8−2i−15 (−1) Replace i 2 with -1.
¿ 8−2i+15
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
¿ 23−2i   Add the real part.

b. (−6+i ) ( 3+2 i )
¿−18−12 i+ 3i+2 i 2 Apply the Distributive Property.
¿−18−9i+2(−1) Replace i 2 with -1.
¿−18−9i−2
¿−20−9i Add the real part.
Try it!
Multiply.
a. ( 7+i ) ( 6+5 i )
¿ 42+35 i+6 i+ 5i 2 Apply the Distributive Property.
¿ 42+ 41i+5(−1) Replace i 2 with -1.
¿ 37+ 41i

b. ( 9−i )( 9+i ) =81−i 2=81−(−1 )=81+1=82

Complex Conjugates
The complex number a+ bi and a−bi are called complex conjugates of each
other.
5+2 i and 5−2i are complex conjugates.
9−3 i and 9+3 i are complex conjugates.
10+12 i and 10−12i are complex conjugates.

Example
Find the product of 8+i and its complex conjugate.
Solution
The complex conjugate of 8+i is 8−i. We find the product as follows:
(8+i) (8−i¿=64−8 i+ 8 i−i2

¿ 64−i 2
¿ 64−(−1)
¿ 64+ 1
¿ 65
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
  number
In general, the product of a complex a+ bi and its conjugate a−bi is
2 2
the real number a +b .
(a+ bi) (a−bi ¿=a 2−abi +abi−b 2 i 2

¿ a2 −b2 (−1)

¿ a2 +b 2
Try it!
Find the product of 9+i and its complex conjugate.
( 9+i ) ( 9−i ) =81−9 i+9 i−i 2
¿ 81−(−1)
= 82

1 2−i 7+i
To transform complex numbers such as , , and into a+ bi form,
4+ i 3+i 7−i
we rationalize their denominators by multiplying the numerator and the denominator
by the complex conjugate of the denominator.

Example
Write each in a+ bi form.
1 10+i
a. b.
8+i 10−i

Solution:
1 1 8−i
∙
8−i 8−i 10+i 10+i 10+i 100+10i+10 i+i2
a. = = = b. = ∙ =
8+i 8+ i 8−i 64−i 2 64−(−1) 10−i 10−i 10+i 100−i 2
8−i 100+ 20i−1
¿ ¿
64+1 100+ 1
8−i 99+20 i
¿ ¿
65 101
8 1 99 20
¿ − i ¿ + i
65 65 101 101

Try it!
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
3+ 4 i 8+ 2i 24 +6 i+32i+8 i 2 24 +3  8 i+8 (−1 ) 16+38 i 16 38 4 19
∙ = = = = + i= + i
8−2 i 8+ 2i 64−4 i 2 64−4 (−1 ) 68 68 68 17 34

4+ 8 i 1−3 i 4−12i+8 i−24 i 2 28−4 i 14 2

∙ = = = − i
1+3 i 1−3 i 1−9 i 2 10 5 5
 Republic of the Philippines
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
 
Activity  Sheet
I. Express each in terms of i.
1. √ −19
2. √−49
3. √−50
4.
√
−81
100
5. −9
−9
√
144
II. Simplify the following according to its given operation.
1. ( 9+5 i ) +( 8+9 i)
2. ( 7+6 i ) +(11+10 i)
3. ( 12+17 i )−(13−i)
4. ( 8−10 i ) +(−15−3 i)
5. (−15−√ −9 )−(3−√−9)
6. ( 4 +2 i ) (7−4 i)
5+5 i
7.
4+i
1
8.
6+i
9. ( 11+ 4 i ) (2+3 i)
10. (7−5 i)2
III. Write the conjugate of each complex number.
1. 8+3 i
2. −9+ 4 i
3. 7+7 i
4. −12−9i
5. 11+11i