FUNDAMENTALS OF

INFORMATION AND
TECHNOLOGY NOTES:
1.Daily workout(ADvice)
2.To learn about different types of data, knowledge about networks,
databases and the internet
3.To know about IT.
4.Structured, semi structured and unstructured data!
1.Data and Information (Both are different)
2.What is information technology?
3.Types of Data
4.How IT is used?
5.Talked about Text Data,Image Data(Photograph),Audio Data,Video
Data
1.How to processing our data?
1.Acquisuition of data:-
1.Input system, memory system
2.Storage if data
3.Organization of data
4.Processing of data
5.output of processed data
6.dissembation of data
2.Data Processing using a computer- steps
step1: Analyze
 Step2:Find a method
Step3:Algorithm
Step4:Program
Step5:input program
Step6:Execute the program
Step7:Input data
Step8:Output Data
3.how to write an alogorithm!(just talked about)
1.Various types of computers:-
1.Supercomputers
2.Mainframe
3.Mini-Computers
4.PC
5.Portable latops
6.Handheld computers
2.Client server computing
3.Registers
4.Buses
5.Input devices
6.Storage Device:-
1.Primary Storage(internal memory)
2.Secondary storage(external memory)
7.Software ANd Operating system:-
1.system software
2.Application software
1.Acquirring the numeric and textual data
2.Data Acquisition-Read relevant data using a device, Conert the data
into a form of binary in memory, encoding schemes for reducing the
amount of storage
1.decimal base is 10, binary base is 10, hexadecimal base is 16
2.Binary to decimal conversion, decimal to binary conversion
3.Assignment

1.Acquiring Numeric and textual data:-

2.Hexadecimal Representation:-
1. 16 digits
2. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
3. 16= 2^4=4 bits
3.binary to hexadecimal conversion(8421)
4.Hexadecimal to decimal conversion
1.same as in problem solving class taught us decimal to binary
conversion,
2.representation of characters
3.tn74c5425 represent it as 7bit ASCII code (assignment) and
whatsapp sir!!
1.Image data :-
1.Paper documents converted as images
2.Drawings
3.Pictures:-
1. 2-tone pictures
 2. multiline pictures
2.Types of scanners:-
1.Flat-bed
2.sheet-fed
3.Drum
4.Hand-held
3.Why digitizing is important?

1.revised previous topics

2.Experiment name:
Resume creation
Aim
Procedure
Result
1. Raw data is stored by converting it into binary
2. ASCII encoding
3. Types of images
4. working of a flat bed scanner
flat glass scanner => optical scanner (output as light)=>CCD
(voltage out)=> analog /digital(binary data)
CCD- Charged coupled device

1.OCR- Optical Character Recognition

Scaned text as input and converts it into ASCII code
Working
 compare each scanned letter with a sample setstored in the
computer and find match
Form a word by stringing letters found b/w blank spaces
Match the word with words in the dictionary

2. Why digitizing is important?

3. Storage space Requirement
4. Acquisition of pictures

1.Did an quiz test!! on conversion of decimals to bin, hex etc.,

1.Colour Pics: -
1.They are in a base of RGB
2.Small HW Any color in 24bit string
2.Compression:-
lossy compression
Lossless compression

1.Run Length Encoding: -

1.Image converted to bit pattern --> Binary --> DEcimal
->Binary -->
2.Interpolation: -
1.Alternate scan lines (line2) are omitted while storing and
replaced by avearge of line 1 and 3
3.TRansform Method: -
 1. Uses a mechanism to compresion (formula), used in JPEG
compression, Discrete cosine transform
2. Formulae: -
B=A+X,C=Y+A,D=Z+A
4.Statistical Compression: -
1.Follows with table

1.Did a mind map!

1. Acquiring Audio Data

Audio Data
Speech, Noise, Music.
2. Audio processing
3. Representation of Audio
4.The samples can then be converted to binary for storing, Sampling
interval?
5. if SI is small the table is HUGE and VICEVERSA
6. Upto Compression of audio data is for internals

1.Compression of audio signals

RAM & ROM:

Rom: an addressable random memory, it uses semiconductor memory
cells which can be permanently placed in one of the two states, 0 or 1,
by a process called fusing.
It’s a non-destructive readout, non-volatile memory.
Data stored in ROM is permanent. Rom is used to store tables that do
not change.
Programable ROM(PROM):
1) Factory Programmable ROM
2) User Programable ROM

PROMs are written using special equipment. It’s not flexible as the
data stored in it can’t be altered
A PROM in which data can be erased is” EPROM”
Two types of EPROM:
1. UVEPROM- can be used and erased with ultraviolet.
2. EEPROM- can be used and erased with electric pulses.

Applications of ROM:
1. Contents of Rom for 7-Segment Display
2. Controlling of Devices

“Design a 7-Segment Display for your First Name”- Assignment

Secondary Storage:
Permanent storage devices, volatile

Flash Memory
Disk controller or Interface:

Disadvantages:
Disk interface controller:
CPU - Central Processing Unit

The brain of the computer, different types of CPU:

CPUs used in general purpose computers, Embedded
Processors, Microprocessors/Micro chips

Functions of CPU
Retrieving instructions from the memory
Interpreting instructions
Carrying out the Tasks specified in the instructions
Input unit, Output unit, Main memory and Secondary storage co-
operate with CPU
CPU can send control signals to all other units.
Video, Data storage, CPU a few Questions—Portions for 2nd internals
Interconnections of CPU with Memory and I/O units

Main memory – RAM

Types of Processors:
Embedded Processors:
1. DSP
2. Micro controllers
Networks
Processing various types of data
Processing numerical data!
Numerical Computation Examples
This is how it’s done in numerical computation!
Ecommerce

Output Devices
Display devices print the output

Display Devices
LCD,