MATH220-OL

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Fourier Half Range Expansions

Lesson 1
ENGR. RICHARD T. EARNHART
Department of Mathematics
School of Graduate Studies
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THE COSINE OR SINE SERIES HALF-RANGE EXPANSIONS

• If !(#) is piecewise continuous on [0, (] then

!(#) can be extended into an even periodic
function *(#) with period 2(, so that ! # =
*(#) on [0, (].
• The resulting function has a Fourier series
equivalent to that of a cosine series.

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THE COSINE OR SINE SERIES HALF-RANGE EXPANSIONS

• Similarly, !(#) can be extended into an odd

periodic function %(#) with period 2', so that
! # = %(#) on [0, '].
• In this case, %(#) has a Fourier series that is a
sine series.
• This process of extensions is called cosine or sine
series half-range expansions

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EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS

• On a half-interval [0,L], we can represent a

function as a series containing just sine terms or
just cosine terms, which ever we choose.
• We can do this by exploring the properties of
odd or even functions.

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EVEN FUNCTIONS

• The function !(#) is an even function on [−', '] if

! −# = !(#) for all # on [−', '].
• The graph of an even function is symmetric about the
y-axis.
• It follows,
- 1
+ ! # .# = 2 + ! # .#
,- 0

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EVEN FUNCTIONS

• ! = #$
$
• ! = −# = #$

• ! = cos #
• ! = cos −# = cos #

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ODD FUNCTIONS

• The function !(#) is an odd function on [−', '] if

! −# = −!(#) for all # on [−', '].
• The graph of an odd function is symmetric through the
origin.
• It follows,
-
+ ! # .# = 0
,-

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ODD FUNCTIONS

• !(#) = # + # '
• ! −# = −# + −# '
• = −# − # '= −(# + # ')

• ! # = sin #
• ! −# = sin −# = −,-.#

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ODD FUNCTIONS

• The function !(#) is an odd function on [−', '] if

! −# = −!(#) for all # on [−', '].
• The graph of an odd function is symmetric through the
origin.
• It follows,
-
+ ! # .# = 0
,-

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ODD FUNCTIONS

• The function !(#) is an odd function on [−', '] if

! −# = −!(#) for all # on [−', '].
• The graph of an odd function is symmetric through the
origin.
• It follows,
-
+ ! # .# = 0
,-

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ARITHMETIC COMBINATIONS OF ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

• We summarize the products of odd and even

functions.
• !"!# ∗ !"!# = !"!#
• &'' ∗ &'' = !"!#
• !"!# ∗ &'' = &'' ∗ !"!# = &''

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ARITHMETIC COMBINATIONS OF ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

• Thus, if ! " = $%$&

1 . 2 .
'( = , ! " /" = , ! " /"
2+ -. + (
&3" &3"
! " cos = $%$& ; ! " sin = 7//
+ . +
2 &3"
'8 = , ! " cos /"
+ ( +
98 = 0
• Thus, if ! " = 7//
&3" &3"
! " cos = 7// ; ! " sin = $%&
+ +
'( = '8 = 0
2 . &3"
98 = , ! " sin /"
+ ( +
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FOURIER COSINE SERIES

• The Fourier cosine series is the even extension of !(#) to [−', '].
• If f is integrable on [0, L] then the Fourier cosine series of f(x) on
[0, L] is
2
67#
! # = +, + . +/ cos
'
/01
• Where
1 =
8/ = 0; +, = < ! # >#
' ,
2 = 67#
+/ = < ! # cos ># 6 = 1,2. .
' , '

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FOURIER SINE SERIES

• The Fourier sine series is the odd extension of !(#) to [−', '].
• If f is integrable on [0, L] then the Fourier sine series of f(x) on
[0, L] is
/
45#
! # = + 0, sin
'
,-.
• Where
2 < 45#
67 = 6, = 0; 0, = ; ! # sin =# 4 = 1,2. .
' 7 '

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EXAMPLE 1
• Find the Fourier series of ! " = " $ on [−4,4].
Solution:
• Since, " $ is an odd function on [−4,4], we have
• *+ = *, = 0
• With P = 8 and 4 = 4,
2 8 ;<" 2 > $ ;<"
5, = 7 ! " sin =" = 7 " sin ="
4 + 4 4 + 4
• Evaluating the integral, we obtain
B B
• 5, = −1 ,@A 128 , C DE ; ; = 1,2, …
,F C F
• Thus, the Fourier series is given by
K L< L − 6
,@A
; ;<"
! " = I −1 128 sin
;$ < $ 4
,JA
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EXAMPLE 2
−2, −( < " < −(/2
• Find the Fourier series of ! " = $ 2 − (/2 < " < (/2 on [−(, (].
−2, (/2 < " < (
Solution:
• The graph of !(") is an even function on −(, ( .
• It follows, 01 = 0, P = 2π and 9 = (,
; > ; >/@ ; >
• a: = ∫: ! " ?" = ∫: (2)?" + ∫>/@ −2 ?" = 0
< < <
@ B 1<F
• a1 = B ∫: ! " cos B
?" =
@ >/@ @ >
• = > ∫: 2 cos G" ?" + > ∫>/@(−2) cos G" ?"
• Evaluating the integral, we obtain
I 1<
• H1 = sin !KL G = 1,3, … ; G = QRQG, . H1 = 0, Thus, the Fourier series is given by
1< @ U
8 G(
! " = S sin cos G" ; G = 1,3,5, . .
G( 2
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EXAMPLE 3
• Let # $ = $ on [0,2]. Find its cosine and sine series.
Solution:
• Cosine series: Given # $ defined on [0,2]. Its even extension of period 4 is given by
# $ =$ 0≤$≤2
+ $ =,
# −$ = −$, −2 ≤ $ ≤ 0
6 7
• Thus, 45 = ∫5 $9$ = 1 2

7 7
BC$
;< = 0; 4< = > x cos 9$
G 5 2 -2 -1 1 2

8 1 (2B − 1)C$ -1

# $ =1− 7 E cos
C 2B − 1 7 2
<F6

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EXAMPLE 3
• Sine series: Given ! " defined on [0,2]. Its odd extension of period 4 is given by
! " = ", 0<"≤2
( " =* 0, "=0
−! −" = ", −2 ≤ " < 0
2
• Thus, 34 = 35 = 0
8
<="
65 = 7 x sin >"
C4
2 -2 -1 1 2

4 −1 5EB <="
! " = @ sF<
= < 2
-2

5AB

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