1

Think
Basic Calculus
LEARN

Limits of Trigonometric Functions

& Exponential Functions

Understand
Editor’s Letter
 2

This mini-magazine tackles Basic Calculus,

specifically the Limit of Trigonometric Function
and Limit of Exponential Function, which
includes the list of theorems used, formulas, and
complete solutions. May this simple mini
magazine help you to understand this lesson.

Precious May I. Olpos Nimrod Miguel S. Ko

Editor Editor
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Content Flow

 Page Cover..........................................................................1
 Editor's
Letter..................................................................................2
 Table of
Content...............................................................................3
 Evaluating Limits of Trigonometric
Functions............................................................................4
 Example 1 with theorem used............................................5
 Example 2 with theorem used............................................6
 Example 3 with theorem used............................................8
 Example 4 with theorem used............................................9
 Evaluating Limits of Exponential
Function.............................................................................10
 Example 1 with theorem used………...............................11
 Example 2 with theorem used...........................................13
 Example 3 with theorem used...........................................15
 Example 4 with theorem used...........................................16
 Source……………………………………………………17
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EVALUATING LIMITS OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONs

The trigonometric
functions sine and
cosine have four
important limit
properties: You can
use these properties
to evaluate many
limit problems
involving the six
basic trigonometric
functions
(CliffsNotes, 2020).
 5

Example 1
Evaluate:
lim sin ( x )
1. x→
Π
6

Using Limit Theorem 7.

Limit of the product of n
Functions.
Move the limit inside the
trigonometric function
STEP 1 because sine is continuous.
=
 6

Using Limit Theorem 3.

Limit of the Identity
Function.
Evaluate the limit of x by
Π
plugging in 6 for x.

(Π)
Exact value of sin 6 .

STEP 2
=

STEP 3
=
 7

Example 2
Evaluate:
2. lim cos ( x )
x →3

Using Limit Theorem 7.

Limit of the Product of n
Functions.

STEP 1
=
 8

Move the limit inside the

Trigonometric Function
because cosine is continuous.

Using Limit Theorem 3.

Limit of the Identity
Function.

Evaluate the limit of x by

plugging in 3 for x.

STEP 2
Exam value of cos ( x ).
=

STEP 3

= -0. 98999
 9

Example 3
Evaluate:
Using Limit Theorem 7.
( 3 x ¿)
3. lim sin
x →0 x
¿ Limit of the product of n
Functions and Limit
Theorem 3. Limit of the
STEP 1 Identity Function then
evaluate.
We get an indeterminate form
0
of type 0 or ∞ ∕ ∞ .

We apply L’Hospital’s Rule

L’Hospital Theorem:

So,
STEP 2

The derivative of sin(3x) is

cos ( 3 x ) ⋅ 3 .

The derivative of x is 1.
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Using Limit Theorem 3.

STEP 3 Limit of the Identity
Function.
=
Evaluate the limit of x by
plugging in 0 for x.

STEP 4
The final answer is 3.
NOTE: Cos(0)=1 Cos
(0) x 3.
 11

Example 4
Evaluate:
lim 1−cos ( x )
4. x →6.2
0.5

Using Limit Theorem 3.

STEP 1 Limit of the Identity
Function.
Evaluate the limit of x by
plugging in 6.2 for x.

STEP 2
lim 1−cos ( x )
= approximate value of x →6.2 .
0.5

NOTE: Cos(6.2)= 0.99654…

1−0.99654 …
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EVALUATING LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

If b>0 and b is not equal

1, then the exponential The domain of f is the set of
function with base b is real numbers, and its range is
the function f defined by the set of positive numbers.

If b = then f(x)= is called

natural exponential function,
where the Euler number =
2.718281.
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Example 1
Formula: f ( x )=b x

Evaluate:
1. lim 6 x
x →2

Using Limit Theorem 3.

Limit of the Identity
STEP 1 Function.
Move the limit into the
exponent.

STEP 2
Evaluate the limit of x by
plugging in 2 for x. And raise
the 6 to the power of 2.

STEP 3

=36 Exact value of 62

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Example 2
Evaluate:
1 x
2. lim
x →0
()
4
−3

Using Limit Theorem 5.

Limit of the Sum or
STEP 1 Difference of n Functions.
Using the Sum of Limits Rule,
spilt the limit as x approaches
0.

Using Limit Theorem 3.

STEP 2 Limit of the Identity
Function.
=
Move the limit into the
exponent.

STEP 3
= Evaluate the limit of x by
plugging in 0 for x.
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STEP 4
=
Evaluate the limit of 3 which
is constant as x approaches 0.

STEP 5
= 1
Applying Product Rule to 4 .

STEP 6
=
Anything raised to 0 the result
is 1.

STEP 7
=
= Divide 1 by 1.
= -2
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Final Answer.

Example 3
 17

Evaluate:
lim 43 x −34 x
3. x→0
x

Using Limit Theorem 3.

Limit of the Identity
Function then evaluate.

We have an indeterminate
0
STEP 1 form of type 0 or ∞ ∕ ∞ .

We apply
L’Hospital’s Rule
L’Hospital Theorem:

ⅆ
lim 43 x −34 x
x→0 ⅆx ⅆ u '
So, x ⅆ ⅆx
( a ) ⋅u ⋅ln a
ⅆx
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STEP 2

The derivative of 4 3 x −34 x is

4 3 x ( 3 ) ln 4−3 4 x ( 4 ) ln 3.

The derivative of x is 1.

Using Limit Theorem 3.

STEP 3 Limit of the Identity
Function.
Evaluate the limit of x by
plugging in 0 for x.

STEP 4

Answer.
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Example 4
Evaluate:
x
4. lim 7 x 5
x→ 4

Using Limit Theorem 7.

Limit of the product of n
Functions and Limit
Theorem 3. Limit of the
STEP 1 Identity Function.

Evaluate the limit of x by

plugging in 4 for x.

STEP 2

=21.22003… Answer.
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Source
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/calculus/calculus/limits/limits-
involving-trigonometric-functions