INTRODUCTION

CE 023: FLUID MECHANICS Fluid Mechanics is a study of the behavior of fluids that are either at rest or
in motion.
Lecture 1: Introduction to Fluid
Fluid Statics is a study of fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid or exerted
Mechanics by a fluid on an immersed body.

Fluid Kinematics is the study of the geometry of fluid motion.

Fluid Dynamics is a study of fluids in motion.

USES OF FLUID MECHANICS IN VARIOUS ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMENTS

Roman Empire - historical records show that through the process of trial and error,
Civil Engineers - use fluid mechanics to design drainage channels, water networks,
early societies, such as the Roman Empire, used fluid mechanics in the construction of
sewer systems, and water-resisting structures such as dams and levees.
their irrigation and water supply systems.
Mechanical Engineers - use fluid mechanics to design pumps, compressors, turbines,
Archimedes - he discovered the principle of buoyancy in the middle of the 3rd century
process control systems, heating and air conditioning equipment, and to design wind
B.C..
turbines and solar heating devices.

Leonardo Da Vinci - developed principles for the design of canal locks and other
Electronics and Computer Engineers - use fluid mechanics to design switches, screen
devices used for water transportation in 15th century.
displays, and data storage equipment.

Evangelista Torricelli - designed the barometer during the 16th and 17th century.
Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineers - use fluid mechanics principles to study flight,
and to design propulsion systems.
Blaise Pascal - formulated the law of static pressure during the 16th and 17th century.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMENTS SYSTEM OF UNITS
Isaac Newton - developed his law of viscosity to describe the nature of fluid resistance Length is used to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the
to flow during the 16th and 17th century. size(geometry) of a physical system.

Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli - pioneered the field of hydrodynamics in 1700s Time is conceived as a succession of events.

Gustave Coriolis - developed water turbines. Mass is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to compare the action of one
body with that of another.
Gotthilf Hagen and Jean Poiseuille - studied the resistance of water flowing through
pipes. Force is considered as the action(push or pull) of one body on another. It is
characterized by its point of application, its magnitude, and its direction(sense).
Ludwig Prandtl- introduced the concept of the boundary layer while studying
aerodynamics in the early 20th century. Temperature is a measurement that indicates how hot or cold something is.

SYSTEM OF UNITS CONVERSION OF UNITS

Force: Length:
1 Newton = 1 kg ⋅
m 1 foot = 0.3048 meter
s2
cm
1 dyne = 1 g ⋅ 2
s Mass:
s2
1 slug = 1 lb ⋅
ft
Sample Problem 1 Sample Problem 2
Convert the following: A rocket has a mass of 250𝑥103 slugs on earth. Specify (a) its mass in SI units and (b) its
a. Pound [lb] to Newton [N] weight in SI units. If the rocket is on the moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is
b. Slug [slug] to Kilogram [kg] 𝑓𝑡
𝑔𝑚 = 5.30 2 , determine (c) its weight in SI units and (d) its mass in SI units.
𝑠

Sample Problem 3 NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION

Convert the following temperatures: (a) 20 °C to degrees Fahrenheit, (b) 500 K
First Law (Law of Inertia). A particle at rest or moving at a constant speed in
to degrees Celsius, (c) 125 °F to degrees Rankine, (d) 215 °F to degrees Celsius.
a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at
constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.

Second Law (Law of Acceleration). A particle acted upon by an unbalanced

force F experiences an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force
and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the force. If F is applied to a
particle of mass m, this law may be expressed mathematically as F=ma.

Third Law (Law of Action-Reaction). The mutual forces of action and

reaction between two particles are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction,
and has collinear line of action.
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION Sample Problem 4
Determine the gravitational force acting between two spheres that are
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction states that two particles are mutually
touching each other. The mass of each sphere is 200 kg and the radius is 300
attracted to each other with forces equal in magnitude but opposite in
mm.
direction.

𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑭=𝑮
𝒅𝟐
Where:
𝐹 = force of gravitation between the two particles
𝑚3
𝐺 = universal constant of gravitation equal to 66.73 𝑥 10−12 𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑠2
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 = mass of each of the two particles
𝑑 = distance between the two particles

FLUIDS FLUID PROPERTIES

Fluids are substances capable of flowing, having particles which easily move and
Specific Weight or unit weight [𝜸], is the weight of fluid contained in a unit
change their relative position without a separation of the mass, they readily conform to
the shape of the solid body with which they come in contact.
volume.

Two Division of Fluids: 𝑾

𝜸= 𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
𝑽
Liquid composed of molecules that are more spread out than those in a solid, their
intermolecular forces are weaker, so liquids do not hold their shape, instead, they flow Density or mass density [𝝆], is the mass of fluid contained in a unit volume.
and take the shape of their container. It has a free surface and practically
incompressible. 𝒎
Gas is a substance that fills the entire volume of its container, and are composed of 𝝆=
𝑽
molecules that are much farther apart than those of a liquid, as a result, the molecules
of a gas are free to travel away from one another. It has no free surface and is
compressible.
FLUID PROPERTIES FLUID PROPERTIES
Viscosity [𝝁], is defined as a property of a fluid which determines the amount of its
Specific Volume [𝑽𝒔 ], is the volume per unit mass of fluid, or the reciprocal of the
resistance to a shearing stress.
density.

𝟏 Newton’s Law of Viscosity states that the shear stress in a fluid is directly proportional
𝑽
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔 = to the shear strain rate or velocity gradient
𝒎 𝝆
𝛍- absolute or dynamic viscosity or simply
𝒅𝒗 viscosity, is the constant of proportionality
that measures the resistance to fluid
Specific Gravity [S], is the dimensionless ratio of the specific weight [𝜸] or density [𝝆] of 𝝉=𝝁
a fluid to the specific weight [𝜸𝒔] of density [𝝆s] of a standard substance.
𝒅𝒚 N∙s
movement; 1 poise = 0.1 m2 = 1
dyne∙s
cm2

𝑁
Fluid Specific Gravity Solids and liquids are referred to water ቀ𝛾𝑤 = 9810 𝑚3 = Kinematic Viscosity [𝛎] is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to its mass density
𝝆𝒇 𝜸𝒇 Freshwater 1.00
𝑺𝒇 = =
𝝆𝒔 𝜸𝒔 Seawater 1.03
𝝁 m2
Oil 0.80 𝝂= 1 stoke = 0.0001
s
Mercury 13.6
𝝆

FLUID PROPERTIES FLUID PROPERTIES

Vapor Pressure [𝒑𝒗 ] is the pressure exerted by a vapor within a closed space. Surface Tension [𝝈], is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum
surface area possible. Surface tension is what allows heavier than water (i.e., denser
than water objects such as razor blades, and insects) to float and slide on a water
surface without becoming even partly submerged.

Pressure inside a droplet of liquid

𝜎𝜋𝑑
𝜋 ෍ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
(𝑝) 𝑑²
4
𝑑2
𝜎𝜋𝑑 = 𝑝𝜋
4

𝟒𝝈
𝒑=
𝒅
FLUID PROPERTIES Sample Problem 5
𝑘𝑁
Mercury has a specific weight of 133 when the temperature is 20 °C. Determine its
Capillary Rise or capillarity [𝐡], is the rise or fall of liquid surface inside a relatively small 𝑚3

tube due to adhesion of the liquid to the surrounding wall or due to cohesion of the density and specific gravity at this temperature.
molecules of the liquid; Materials 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜃
Mercury- glass 140°
Water- paraffin 107°
𝟒𝝈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒉= Water- silver 90°
𝜸𝒅
Kerosene- glass 26°
Glycerin- glass 19°
Water- glass 0°

Ethyl alcohol- glass 0°

Sample Problem 6 Sample Problem 7

𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
The fuel for a jet engine has a density of 1.32 . If the total volume of fuel tanks A is A small drop of water at 80℉ is in contact with the air and has diameter 0.0200 in. If the
𝑓𝑡 3
50 ft3, determine the weight of the fuel when the tanks are completely full. pressure within the droplet is 0.082 psi greater than the atmosphere, what is the value
of the surface tension?
Sample Problem 8
Determine the distance h that a column of mercury in the tube will be depressed when
the tube is inserted into the mercury at a room temperature of 68 °F. Set D = 0.12 in,
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑙𝑏
𝜌 = 26.3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 31.9𝑥10−3
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡

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