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Analysis of non-Newtonian Magnetic Casson Blood Flow in an Inclined

Stenosed Artery using Caputo-Fabrizio Fractional Derivatives

Article  in  Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · March 2021

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106044

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 Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cmpb

Analysis of non-Newtonian magnetic Casson blood flow in an inclined

stenosed artery using Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives
Dzuliana Fatin Jamil a, S. Saleem b, Rozaini Roslan a,∗, Fahad S. Al-Mubaddel c,d,
Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji e, Alibek Issakhov f,g, Salah Ud Din h
a
Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia
b
Department of Mathematics. College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
d
King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
e
Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
f
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
g
Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
h
Department of Physical and Numerical Sciences, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology D.I. Khan, Peshawar, 25000, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Background and Objective: Arterial diseases would lead to several serious disorders in the cardiovascu-
Received 21 January 2021 lar system such as atherosclerosis. These disorders are mainly caused by the presence of fatty deposits,
Accepted 5 March 2021
cholesterol and lipoproteins inside blood vessel. This paper deals with the analysis of non-Newtonian
magnetic blood flow in an inclined stenosed artery.
Keywords:
Methods: The Casson fluid was used to model the blood that flows under the influences of uniformly dis-
Non-Newtonian fluid
tributed magnetic field and oscillating pressure gradient. The governing fractional differential equations
Magnetic blood flow
Inclined stenosed artery were expressed using the Caputo Fabrizio fractional derivative without singular kernel.
Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives Results: The analytical solutions of velocities for non-Newtonian model were then calculated by means of
Analytical solution Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. These velocities were then presented graphically. The result shows
that the velocity increases with respect to Reynolds number and Casson parameter, while decreases when
Hartmann number increases.
Conclusions: Casson blood was treated as the non-Newtonian fluid. The MHD blood flow was accelerated
by pressure gradient. These findings are beneficial for studying atherosclerosis therapy, the diagnosis and
therapeutic treatment of some medical problems.
© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Nutrient and waste are generally transported throughout the
human body via the cardiovascular system. It is well known that
arterial diseases would lead to several serious disorders in the car-
diovascular system such as atherosclerosis. As stiffened and con-
stricted artery results in poor blood flow and affects the cardio-
vascular system, various researchers are gaining significant atten-
∗
Corresponding author: Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, 84600 Muar, Johor, Malaysia.
E-mail addresses: saakhtar@kku.edu.sa (S. Saleem), rozaini@uthm.edu.my
(R. Roslan), falmubaddel@ksu.edu.sa (F.S. Al-Mubaddel), mohammad.
rahimigorji@ugent.be, m69.rahimi@yahoo.com, m69.rahimi@yahoo.com (M. Rahimi-
Gorji).
tion nowadays. Liu et al. [1] reported that stenosis restricted the
flow field at the end of stenotic and tapered artery. In most stud-
ies, blood vessels have been regarded as having zero inclination,
which is treated as horizontal, but physically, these arteries are
tilted. Siddiqui & Awasthi [2] developed a mathematical model to
analyse the effects of body acceleration and slip velocity through
an inclined stenotic artery. Sanyal et al. [3] modelled the blood as
a couple-stress fluid flowing in an inelastic inclined circular artery
due to episodic body acceleration effected by constant magnetic
field. Yadav & Kumar [4] studied the effects of the stenosis length
on the blood flow resistance for Bingham plastic model in a gener-
alized artery with multiple stenosis. The influence of periodic body
acceleration on the pulsatile blood flow in the porous-saturated
stenotic artery was studied by Zaman et al. [5].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106044
0169-2607/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

exhibits remarkable non-Newtonian [29–32]. According to Na-

Nomenclature garani and Sarojamma [33] real blood consists of suspension of
cells and it would behave as a non-Newtonian fluid when it flows
Nomenclature through small blood vessel (or clotted vessel) at low shear rate.
B Magnetic flux intensity, As already indicated, blood is a complex non-Newtonian fluid that
μ0 Magnetic permeability shows various signs of non-Newtonian rheology, such as shear
E Electric field intensity thinning, stress yield and viscoelasticity [34]. Due to the capability
J Current density in representing the non-Newtonian blood rheology, Gross and
σ Electrical conductivity Aroesty [35] used the Casson theory in their mathematical anal-

V Velocity field ysis to study the pulsatile nature of blood flow with application
Fem Electromagnetic force to microcirculation. Sarifudin et al. [36] investigated the effect of
−
→
k Unit vector z-direction stenosis and mass transfer on non-Newtonian Casson fluid. The
R0 Radius of normal artery pulsatile Casson fluid flow with body acceleration subjected to
Rz Radius of stenosed artery the slip velocity boundary condition at the stenosed artery was
A1 Amplitude of the diastolic pressure gradient studied by Siddiqui et al. [37]. Further, some research articles that
J0 Bessel function of order zero and first kind present the study of non-Newtonian fluid in various geometries
u0 Characteristics velocity. were provided [38–42].
ρ Density of the fluid Fractional-order derivatives are as old as integer-order deriva-
R Non-dimensional particle concentration tives. This subject has limited to mathematics for the past three
F Inclination angle parameter decades. However, the principles of fractional calculus have also
L0 Length of the stenosis implemented in other fields over the last few years due to their
A1 Diastolic pressure gradient abundant practical uses. Caputo and Fabrizio [43] introduced an-
d d Location of stenosis other derivative technique which is an exponential kernel without
ρ Fluid density singularities followed by theoretical and applied studies in several
υ Kinematic viscosity real-world problems. The so-called Caputo and Fabrizio fractional
β Casson fluid parameter derivative has been employed to solve different real problems such
μB Plastic dynamic viscosity as fractional order multi poles in electromagnetism, viscoelastic-
τr Fluid yield stress ity, fluid mechanics, finance, signal processing, applied mathemat-
p Oscillating pressure gradient ics, bio-engineering and fluid dynamics [44]. Due to the impor-
N Number of magnetic particles tance of fractional derivatives, the existing fluid models have been
A0 Amplitude of the systolic of pressure gradient expressed in terms of fractional derivatives [45,46]. Asjad et al.
u(r, t) Fluid velocity (m/s) [47] generalizes the second grade fluid initial flow over perpendic-
ν (r, t) Particles velocity ular plates and applying Laplace transform to the Caputo-Fabrizio
Re Non-dimensional Reynolds number fractional model for the exact solutions. Certain related models are
Ha Non-dimensional Hartmann number also studied in [48–50].
K Stokes constant To the best of the authors’ knowledge, in the context of Ca-
puto Fabrizio fractional derivative, exact solution of MHD blood
flow model in the stenosis case for inclined artery has not been
presented in the existing literature. There is an immediate need
Biomagnetic fluid dynamic (BFD) is an essential area of study to apply fractional differential equations to the literature on Cas-
related to the function of fluid flow under magnetic field control. son fluid due to its characteristic in replicating the blood rheol-
This field of fluid dynamics has fascinated various researchers [6– ogy. The current attempt aims to broaden the following expres-
12] due to the abundance of applications suggested by medical sci- sion study of Shah et al. [51] under consideration of inclined
ence and bioengineering, including the development of magnetic stenosed artery. The MHD blood flow was accelerated by pressure
tracers, the selective transport of drugs using magnetic particles gradient. Firstly, the governing equations of axial blood flow and
as drug carriers and cancer treatment by magnetic hyperthermia. magnetic particle were transformed into the Caputo Fabrizio frac-
Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) is the study of electrically conduct- tional order derivative. The exact solutions were then calculated by
ing fluid in the magnetic field, which has considerable industrial means of significant transformations like Laplace and finite Han-
and engineering uses [13–19]. Tripathi [20] studied the inclined kel transforms. For the numerical analysis, we used the zeros of
artery blood flow model affected by magnetic field. Mekheimer the Bessel functions to obtain the graphical solutions by using
et al. [21] analysed the arterial elastic blood flow in the presence of Mathcad for different fractional parameters and important physical
overlying stenosis influenced by induced magnetic field. Many re- parameters.
searchers considered blood as either a viscous or non-viscous fluid
in stenotic arteries subjected to the influence of magnetic field
[22]. However, the number of studies highlighting the tempted 2. Methodology
magnetic field influence on stenotic arteries flow is rather limited.
Ikbal et al. [23] studied the transverse magnetic blood flow in the In the current work, the unsteady fluid was flowing in an in-
atherosclerosis arteries. The governing equation for the blood mo- clined stenosed artery in the axial direction (z-axis). Blood was
tion was discretized by using the finite difference method and the modelled as the incompressible non-Newtonian Casson fluid driven
convection term was modeled using the power-law model. Shit & by an oscillating pressure gradient. The entire blood flow was in-
Majee [24] observed the influences of magnetic field and whole fluenced by external magnetic field and its strength was almost
body vibration on the overlapping stenosed artery. negligible when the Reynolds number was small enough. The gen-
Theoretical interest about the characterization of non- eral momentum equation was obtained from the preview study
Newtonian models has increased substantially over the past conducted by Shah et al. [51], upon adding other factors to model
few decades due to its applications in various situations [25–28]. the Casson fluid in the inclined stenosed artery. At t = 0, both
It has been pointed out that in some diseased conditions; blood blood and magnetic particles were treated as stationary.

2
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

The governing momentum equations are describing the blood

flow, where Maxwell equations are describing the magnetic field
strength and Newton’s second law of motion is describing the
transport of magnetic particles.
The Maxwell relation is
→
→ → → → ∂
∇ · B = 0 , ∇ × B = μ0 J , ∇ × E = − B , (1)
∂t
where B  is the magnetic flux intensity, μ0 is the magnetic perme-
ability, E is the electric field intensity and J is the current density
given by [52,53]
→ → → →
J = σ ( E + V × B ), (2)

Here, σ is the electrical conductivity and V

 is the velocity field. The
Fig. 1. Geometry figure of an inclined stenosed blood flow.
electromagnetic force Fem is defined as
→ → → → → → → →
Fem = J × B = σ ( E + V × B ) × B = −σ B0 u(r, t ) k
2
(3) In order to consider the time-fractional model, Eqs. (6) and

R0 ρ
−
→
 = u(r, t )k is the (33) will be multiplied byλ = A
to yield a term with element
where k is the unit vector in the z-direction and V 0

axial velocity of the blood. The force Fem will be included in the of time t. The governing equations of the time fractional model
momentum equations. are
The unsteady transport in an axi-symmetric cylindrical channel λ 1
  ∂ 2 u 1 ∂u

of radius R0 under the action of unvarying crosswise magnetic field λα Dtα u = − (A0 + A1 cos(ωt ) ) + λυ 1 + +
ρ β ∂ r2 r ∂ r
and pressure gradient [54]
KNλ σ B20 sin θ λ
∂p + (v − u ) − u + gλ sin φ , (8)
− = A0 + A1 cos(ωt ), A0 > 0. (4) ρ ρ
∂z
Kλ
was considered. Here, the constants A0 and A1 are the systolic or λα Dtα v = (u − v ) (9)
m
diastolic pressure gradient components.
The axially symmetric but radially non-symmetric geometrical the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative operator of order α [43] will be
profile of the stenosis is expressed as [55] used as
     q t 
R0 − R0 ξ Lq0−1 z − d − z − d , d<z<d + L0, 1 α (t − τ ) ∂ u(r, τ )
Rz = (5)
CF
Dtα u(r, t ) = exp − dτ (10)
R0 , otherwise 1−α 1−α ∂τ
0
q
δ q q−1 where the Laplace transform of Eq. (10) can be written as
, δ <1andz
d +L0
where ξ = = .Rz andR0 are the radii of the
q
R0 L0 (q−1 ) R0 1
q q−1 CF  sL{u(r, t )} − u(r, 0 )
L Dtα u(r, t ) = (11)
artery with and without stenosis respectively, L0 is the length of ( 1 − α )s + α
the stenosis and d indicates its location. q ≥ 2is the stenosis shape
parameter. The relevant initial and boundary conditions corresponding to
The governing equation of blood flow in cylindrical polar coor- the two different flows of the blood and magnetic particles inside
dinates can be written in the form [51,56,57] the stenosed artery of radius Rz are

∂u 1 ∂p
 1
 ∂ 2 u 1 ∂ u u(r, 0 ) = 0, v(r, 0 ) = 0, atr ∈ [0, Rz ]
(12)
=− +υ 1+ + u(r, t ) = 0, v(r, t ) = 0, atr = Rz
∂t ρ ∂z β ∂ r2 r ∂ r
For dimensionless study, the following non-dimensional parame-
KN σ B20 sin θ ters are introduced
+ (v − u ) − u + g sin φ , (6)
ρ ρ r ∗ t u ∗ v
r∗ = , t = , u∗ = ,v = ,
R0 λ u0 u0
√ ρ is the fluid density, υ is the kinematic viscosity, β =
where
μB 2πc
is the material parameter of Casson fluid, μB is the plas-
λA0 ∗ λA1 ∗ g
τr A∗0 = ,A = , ω = λω, g∗ = 2 (13)
tic dynamic viscosity, τ r is the fluid yield stress, 2π c is the crit- ρ u0 1 ρ u0 u0 /R0
ical value of this product based on the non-Newtonian model, p where u0 is the characteristics velocity.
is the pressure, N is the number of magnetic particles, K is the By substituting the non-dimensional parameter (13) into
Stokes constant, u is the fluid velocity and ν is the particles veloc- Eqs. (8), (9) and (12), now the non-dimensional forms (after drop-
ity. The term KNρ (ν − u ) is the relative motion force between blood ping the ∗ notation) are
and magnetic particles. Reynolds numbers are kept small for the 
∂ 2 u 1 ∂ u∗
relative velocity. Dtα u = A0 + A1 cos(ωt ) + β1 +
Newton’s second law of motion is governing the magnetic par- ∂ r2 r∗ ∂ r∗
ticles flow: (Fig. 1) sin φ
+ R ( v − u ) − H a2 u + (14)
∂v F
m = K (u − v ) (7)
∂t
G · Dtα v = u − v (15)
where m is the average mass of the magnetic particle.

3
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

R2
where Re = λvz is the Reynolds number, R = kNρλ is the particle con- Expanding the coefficient of Eq. (24) yields
√   
centration parameter, Ha = B0 λ σρ sin θ is the Hartmann num- sin φ s−1 s−1 J1 (rn )
ūH (rn , s ) = A0 + y9n + y10n
ber, F = λu0 g is the inclination angle parameter and β1 =
R 1
+ β1 ]. F s − x7n s − x8n rn
Re [1
0
s 1
 1 J1 (rn )

With the boundary conditions as the form,
+A1 y9n + y10n (25)
    s2 + ω2 s − x7n s − x8n rn
u Rrz , 0 = 0, v Rrz , 0 = 0, at Rrz ∈ [0, 1]
    (16) The parameters in Equations (23) and (24) introduced for sim-
u Rrz , t = 0, v Rrz , t = 0, at Rrz = 1
plifying the coefficient of ūH (rn , s ), are given by:
Laplace transform is well suited when the time t is adopted in y1n = H a2 + R + β1 rn2 ,
the fluid models. Then the integral transform technique was em- y2n = 1 + G − α − R − Rα 2 + 2Rα + y1n + α 2 y1n − 2α y1n
ployed to solve the problem by applying the Laplace transform (11) + G y 1 n − Gα y 1 n ,
into Eqs. (14) and (15). Subject to boundary condition (16) we ob- y3n = α + 2Rα 2 − 2Rα − 2x1n α 2 + 2α x1n + Gα x1n ,
tain y4n = α 2 y1n − Rα 2 , (26)
 y5n = 1 + α√ 2
− 2α + G − Gα , y6n =√−2α 2 + 2α + Gα ,
sū(r, s ) A0 A1 s ∂ ū(r, s ) 1 ∂ ū(r, s )
2
= + 2 + β1 + + Rv̄ y7n =
−y3n + y23n −4y2n y4n
, y8n =
−y3n − y23n −4y2n y4n
,
s + α (1 − s ) s s + ω2 ∂ r2 r ∂r 2y2n 2y2n
y27n y5n +y7n y6n + α 2
y28n y5n +y8n y6n + α2
sin φ y9n = y7n −y8n
, y10n = y8n −y7n
,
−(R + H a2 )ū(r, s ) + (17)
sF Inverse Laplace transform of the image function
ūH (rn , s )discussed in Eq. (25) is obtained by using the Robot-
G s+sαv̄((r,s )
= ū(r, s ) − v̄(r, s ) (18) nov and Hartley’s functions:
1−s )  1
  (−y ) t (n+1)w−1 ∞ n
LT −1 = Fw (−y, t ) = ,w > 0 (27)
s +y
w ((n + 1 )w ) n=0
ū(1, s ) = 0, v̄(1, s ) = 0. (19) 
 (−y ) t (n+1)w−1−z ∞ n
sz
From Eq. (18), the following equation can be obtained: LT −1
= Rw,z (−y, t ) = , Re(w − z ) > 0
s +y
w ((n + 1 )w − z ) n=0
s + α (1 − s ) (28)
v̄(r, s ) = ū(r, s ) (20)
Gs + s + α (1 − s )
Substituting v̄(r, s )from Eq. (20) into Eq. (17): 
J1 (rn )   A0 y9n y9n sin φ
  ūH (rn , t ) = e y7n t
−1 +
s s + α (1 − s ) rn y7n y7n F
−R + R + H a2 ū(r, s ) 
s + α (1 − s ) s + sG + α (1 − s )   A0 y10n y10n sin φ
 + e y8n t
−1 +
A0 A1 s ∂ 2 ū 1 ∂ ū sin φ y8n y8n F
= + 2 + β1 + + (21) 
s s + ω2 ∂ r2 r ∂ r sF
+ A1 y9n ey7n t ∗ cos(ωt ) + A1 y10n ey8n t ∗ cos(ωt ) (29)
By applying the finite Hankel transform of order zero (i.e. ap-
plying the boundary condition (16) in Eq. (21)), the following equa- Fluid flow velocity is obtained by taking the inverse Hankel
tion can be obtained: transforms of Eq. (29):
  r 
s s + α (1 − s ) ∞
 J0 r
−R + R + H a2 ūH (rn , s ) u(r, t ) = 2
Rz n
× uH ( rn , t ) (30)
s + α (1 − s ) s + sG + α (1 − s ) 2
r J r ( )
 n=1 n 1 n
A0 A1 s sin φ J1 (rn ) r  
= + 2 + − β1 rn ūH (rn , s ) (22)
s s + ω2 sF rn
∞
 J0 r
Rz n
  A0 y9n y9n sin φ
u(r, t ) = 2 e x7n t
−1 +
rn J1 (rn ) y7n y7n F
1 n=1
where ūH (rn , s ) = r ū(r, s )J0 (rn r )dris the finite Hankel transform 
  A0 y10n y10n sin φ
0 + ey8n t − 1 +
of the velocity function ū(r, s ) = LT [u(r, t )] and rn ,n = 1, 2, ... are y8n y8n F
the positive roots of the equationJ0 (x) = 0, and J0 is the Bessel 
+ A1 y9n ey7n t ∗ cos(ωt ) + A1 y10n ey8n t ∗ cos(ωt ) (31)
function of order zero and first kind. Equating the coefficient of
ūH (rn , s )in Eq. (22), the following equation is given by: The magnetic particle velocity can then be obtained from
  Eq. (18):
s2 y5n + sy6n + α 2 1 sin φ A1 s J1 (rn ) s + α − αs
ūH (rn , s ) = A0 + + v̄(r, s ) = ū(r, s ) (32)
s2 y2n + sy3n + y4n s F s2 + ω 2 rn s + Gs + α − α s
(23)  
v(r, t ) = x12n (1 − y11n ) u(r, t ) ∗ ey12nt , 0 <α < 1 (33)
By factorizing the denominator and use the partial fractions res- In Eqs. (31) and (33), f∗ g
represents the convolution product of
olution to the right hand side of Eq. (23), then the simplified form fand g. The values presented in Eq. (33) are:
can be written as
1−α α
 y y10n
 1  sin φ

A1 s

J1 (rn )
y11n =
G−α+1
, y12n =
G−α+1
(34)
ūH (rn , s ) =
9n
+ A0 + + 2
s − y7n s − y8n s F s + ω2 rn The convolution product of f and gcan be calculated as
 t
(24)
( f ∗ g)(t ) = f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ (35)
0

4
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al.
Fig. 2. Comparison of velocity distributions.
3. Results and discussion
To identify the impact of different flows parameters on blood
flow velocity u(r,t) and magnetic velocity v(r,t), we have imple-
mented a Mathcad code to post-process the analytical solutions
in (31) and (33). The effects of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional flow pa-
rameters on the velocity distributions are presented graphically.
Figs. (2)–(7) show the effects of several non-dimensional param-
eters, i.e. Reynolds number Re, Casson fluid parameterβ , and Hart-
mann number Ha on blood and particle velocities at time t.
The following parameters are fixed for the numerical
computations:A0 = 0.5, A1 = 0.6, G = 0.8, R = 0.5, Re = 3, ω =
π /4, Ha = 2, andβ = 0.4 [51,57]. All velocity profiles are plotted
for different values of fractional parameters α and radial axis r.
It should be noted that the parameterα plays a significant role in
controlling the fluid velocity [51]. Here, we have used α = 0.4, 0.6,
0.8, 1. The fractional derivatives describe the memory effects;
hence, the fractional models are able to provide supplemental
information about the fluid behaviour with complex rheology as
compared to the ordinary models. The numerical results have been
compared with those of Shah et al. [51] as shown in Fig. 2. In our
study, we have focused on the behaviours of Casson fluids with
magnetic particles that flow through an inclined stenosed artery
and a cylindrical channel under the action of magnetic field and
fluctuating pressure gradient. For comparison purpose, we have
set:
A0 = 0.5, A1 = 0.1, G = 0.8, R = 0.5, Re = 5, ω = π /4, Ha = 2, z =
1andβ = 0.25 [51] so that both problems are identical.
Fig. 3. Axial velocity profiles u(r,t) and v(r,t) at different values of z.
5
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044
Blood flow resistance is a key factor that controls the blood flow
rate. Fig. 3 presents the velocity distributions in the z direction for
the stenotic (starting from z=4 to z=6.6) and non-stenotic regions.
It can be found that the blood moves slower in the stenotic re-
gion. From both figures, it can be observed that the flow resistance
is in its increasing trend. It is interesting to note that increased
stenotic height would augment the flow resistance as the diam-
eter of blood vessel becomes smaller (radius of 0.5). Besides, the
flow resistance is lesser in normal artery. It is important to note
that the change in fractional parameter α would alter the velocity
profiles completely as shown in Fig. 4. Here, the ordinary fluid is
represented by setting α = 1. At small time level t, fractional Cas-
son fluid flows slower than the ordinary fluid. This investigation
shows the usefulness of fractional models. By tuning the fractional
parameter α , a particular flow problem can be modelled.
Fig. 5 depicts the velocity profiles of fluid and magnetic par-
ticle for different Reynolds number Re. Based on the results, the
blood and particle velocity would increase gradually with respect
to Reynolds number. Physically, lower viscosity would enhance Re
(increased velocity). The Casson fluid parameter is representing the
non-Newtonian aspect of the fluid flow. The effects of Casson fluid
parameterβ on both blood and magnetic particle motions are de-
picted in Fig. 6. Asβ increases, both fluid and particle velocities in-
crease as well. This observation agrees well with that of Ali et al.
[57] presented for a horizontal cylinder. A similar pattern with the
other graph shown here for different values of Casson parameter
β , the ordinary fluid is faster than the fluid modelled by the frac-
tional derivatives. It is speculated that as β increases, the yield
stress drops and the boundary layer thickness decreases. So, the
distinct value of the Casson fluid parameter characterizes a vital
influence of velocity.
The magnetic field is used to control the blood flow in human
circulatory system. The effects of magnetic parameter on both fluid
and magnetic particle velocities are depicted in Fig. 7. Generally,
the fluid moves faster at small Hartmann number. It is apparent
that magnetic field would decrease the axial velocities of blood
and magnetic particles appreciably. Meanwhile, the charged par-
ticles would undergo a rotational motion under the influence of
magnetic field. The action of magnetic orientation would cause the
red blood cells and magnetic particles to be more suspended. Also,
an increase in magnetic particle concentration would increase the
internal blood viscosity, thus reducing the axial flow velocity. The
usefulness of magnetic field in the fluid flow model would enhance
the Lorentz force and lower the normal blood flow velocity. It is
interesting to point out that regarding the particle velocity v(r, t),
it should be noted that particles show the same trend as blood,
but their velocity is lower than blood due to drag force and other
retardant forces.
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

Fig. 4. Axial velocity profiles u(r,t) and v(r,t) at different fractional parameters α and time levels t.

6
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

Fig. 5. Axial velocity profiles u(r,t) and v(r,t) for different Reynolds numbers, Re.

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D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

Fig. 6. Axial velocity profiles u(r,t) and v(r,t) for different Casson parameters β .

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D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 203 (2021) 106044

Fig. 7. Axial velocity profiles u(r,t) and v(r,t) for different Hartmann numbers, Ha.

9
D.F. Jamil, S. Saleem, R. Roslan et al.
4. Conclusions
This paper presents the analysis of blood flow in an inclined
stenosed artery subjected to magnetic field. The blood is modelled
as non-Newtonian Casson fluid and the governing equations have
been casted in the Caputo Fabrizio time fractional derivative form.
The analytical solutions of the governing equations have been ob-
tained using the Laplace and finite Hankel transforms of order
zero. The velocities of blood and magnetic particles are highly in-
fluenced by the fractional order parameter. Typically, an additional
mathematical solution is needed to extract the ordinary model;
however, the ordinary model (α = 1) for the velocity equation can
be obtained directly by using the current method since the equa-
tion is completely compatible. In general, the particle velocity is
lower than the blood velocity. The blood and particle velocities in-
crease with respect to Reynold number and Casson fluid parame-
ters. On the other hand, the blood velocity decreases with respect
to Hartmann number. These findings are beneficial for studying
atherosclerosis therapy.
Declaration of Competing Interest
There is not any conflict of interest for all authors of this
manuscript.
Acknowledgement
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Sci-
entific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work
through research groups program under Grant No. RGP.2/38/42.
Also, this research was funded by grants from Research Manage-
ment Centre University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia under grant
GPPS/H420.
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