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Computational modelling of nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet

using Koo–Kleinstreuer and Li (KKL) correlation and modified Fourier heat
flux model

Article  in  Chaos Solitons & Fractals · April 2021

DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.110774

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 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Computational modelling of nanofluid flow over a curved stretching

sheet using Koo–Kleinstreuer and Li (KKL) correlation and modified
Fourier heat flux model
R.J. Punith Gowda a, Fahad S. Al-Mubaddel b,c,∗, R. Naveen Kumar a, B.C. Prasannakumara a,∗,
Alibek Issakhov d, Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji e, Yusuf A. Al-Turki f
a
Department of Studies and Research in Mathematics, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
c
Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy, Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
d
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
e
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
f
Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The objective of the current paper is to study the two-dimensional, incompressible nanofluid flow over a
Received 9 January 2021 curved stretching sheet coiled in a circle. Further, the impact of dispersion of nanoparticle CuO in base
Revised 3 February 2021
liquid water on the performance of flow, thermal conductivity and mass transfer using KKL model in
Accepted 5 February 2021
the presence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux and activation energy is deliberated. A curvilinear coordinate
Available online 2 March 2021
system is used to develop the mathematical model describing the flow phenomena in the form of par-
Keywords: tial differential equations. Further, by means of apt similarity transformations the governing boundary
Curved stretching sheet value problems are reduced to ordinary differential equations. Mathematical computations are simplified
Cattaneo-Christov heat flux using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-45(RKF-45) process by adopting shooting method. Graphical illustrations of
Activation energy velocity, temperature, concentration gradients for various pertinent parameters are presented. The result
Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model reveals that, the heightening of porosity parameter heightens the thermal gradient but converse trend
is depicted in velocity gradient. The enhancing values of Schmidt number and chemical reaction rate
parameter declines concentration gradient whereas converse trend is depicted for upsurge in activation
energy parameter.
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction face is a curved jaw that is present in simple extending assembling

The investigation of boundary-layer stream with stretching sur-
faces has expanded beyond the scope of many practical uses in the
manufacturing, industrial, metallurgical and engineering methods.
The use of such types includes paper production, glass blowing,
crystal growing, annealing and tinning of copper wire. Recently,
much research has been done on various fluid streams over the
curved stretching sheets. An investigation of the flow of fluid in
relation to the extension of the curved surface was initiated by
Sajid et al. [1]. The effective use of liquid flow over a curved sur-
∗
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: falmubaddel@KSU.EDU.SA (F.S. Al-Mubaddel),
dr.bcprasanna@gmail.com (B.C. Prasannakumara), mohammad.rahimigorji@ugent.be,
m69.rahimi@yahoo.com (M. Rahimi-Gorji), yaturki@kau.edu.sa (Y.A. Al-Turki).
machineries. The heat transfer characteristics and fluid flow at the
boundary region in structures containing porous medium has be-
ing established substantial consideration because of its widespread
engineering applications like crude oil extraction, geothermal en-
gineering, nuclear reactors, solar collectors, electronic and transpi-
ration cooling. Inspired from these applications, several investiga-
tors scrutinized the diverse fluid flow streams through curved ex-
tending sheets on taking account of porous medium. Hayat et al.
[2] inspected the consequences of diffusive heat flux on liquid
stream past a curved stretchy sheet with porous medium. Saif et al.
[3] deliberated the liquid stream past a curved extending sheet
with porous medium. Ahmed et al. [4] explored the interface layer
stream past a porous medium embedded curved surface. Salahud-
din et al. [5] inspected the impact of mixed convection on viscous
nanoliquid stream through a curved stretchy sheet with porous

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2021.110774
0960-0779/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

uid past a stretchy surface with suspended nanoparticles. Christo-

Nomenclature pher et al. [13] examined the chemical reactions and non-Fourier
heat flux effects on hybrid nanoliquid stream over an extending
R Distance cylinder.
a Stretching constant The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy which
u, v Velocity components is required to start the reaction and was first introduced by Svante
f Dimensionless velocity Arrhenius. Arrhenius equation is alluded as a condition which de-
δ Temperature difference parameter picts the relationship with the activation energy and the reaction
χ Non-dimensional concentration rate. A response that happens in two stages which is natural in
D Diffusion coefficient both vapour and fluid deposition procedures is called as dyadic
Bi Biot number chemical reaction which has wide range of applications like man-
r, s Coordinates ufacturing of electronic tools and varnishing of metallic objects. In
v Kinematic viscosity view of this, several researchers explored the consequence of ac-
Cf Skin friction coefficient tivation energy on diverse fluid flows through different surfaces.
T Temperature Initially, Bestman [14] exposed dyadic chemical reaction in a liquid
θ Dimensionless temperature stream. Jayadevamurthy et al. [15] examined the encouragement of
λ1 Relaxation time of heat flux. activation energy on the liquid stream with the suspension of dual
K∗ Porous medium permeability nanoparticles through an upward/downward moving rotating disk
k Thermal conductivity with chemical reaction effect. Kotresh et al. [16] discussed the char-
(ρ C p ) Specific heat capacity acteristics of activation energy on nanofluid stream over a spinning
C Concentration disk with chemical reaction effect. Muhammad et al. [17] pondered
n Fitted rate constant the impact of activation energy on convective stream of liquid past
Sh Sherwood number a curved extending surface with porous medium and Ohmic heat-
μ Dynamic viscosity of a liquid ing. Asma et al. [18] examined the encouragement of activation
E Activation energy parameter energy on nanoliquid stream past a stretching disk with porous
p Pressure medium. Reddy et al. [19] examined the activation energy impact
P Dimensionless pressure on hybrid nanoliquid stream past a stretching disk with magnetic
Sc Schmidt number effect.
Pr Prandtl number The nanoliquids has being broadly used by several scientists
ρ Density of liquid because of the increasing applications in numerous fields in-
σ Chemical reaction rate parameter cluding nano-drug delivery and advanced nuclear systems. Also,
Re Local Reynolds number these fluids are used for refrigeration purpose in several heat
Ea Activation energy transference devices like electronic freezing systems and heat
K Boltzmann constant exchangers. The initial study on nanofluid was pioneered by
2
kr Reaction rate choi [20]. Later different mathematical models were developed
κ Curvature parameter by several researchers [21–26], in which Koo and Kleinstreuer
γ Thermal relaxation parameter [27] examined the thermal efficiency associated with the Brow-
K∗∗ Porosity parameter nian movement formation and nanoparticle conduction. In addi-
tion, Li [28] modified the Koo-Kleinstreuer model to develop an-
Subscript
other model called the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model (KKL-model). By
f Fluid
using this model several researchers deliberated the thermal char-
nf Nanofluid
acteristics of nanofluids in different surfaces. Alsagri and Moradi
∞ Ambient
[29] scrutinized the nanoliquid heat transference between dual
w Wall/surface
rotary tubes by using KKL-model. Mohammadein et al. [30] ex-
s Solid particles
plored the impact of suction/injection and radiation effect on MHD
stream of CuO-nanoliquid over an extending sheet. Gowda et al.
medium. Nadeem et al. [6] examined the flow of water-based fluid [31] examined the particle deposition effect on hybrid nanoliq-
with suspension of dual diverse nanoparticles over a curved sur- uid stream past a moving rotating disk. Ali et al. [32] examined
face. Ali et al. [7] examined the aspects of Lorentz force on Sisko the behavior of contracting/expanding cylinder for cross nanoliquid
liquid stream in a curved surface. stream.
Heat transference phenomenon is an excellent happening in na- The fluid flow over curved stretching surfaces has substan-
ture which arises because of thermal variance among dual bod- tial applications in several industrial and manufacturing processes
ies and lasts till mutually at thermal equilibrium. The core tem- like glass fibers production, polymer sheet, plastic sheets manu-
perature conduction was initially discussed by Fourier. Nearly af- facturing, food manufacturing and wire coating. In view of the
ter 120 years many scientists begin to study with this concept. above literature survey, it is obvious to the best of writer’s knowl-
By using the relaxation time Catteno [8] changed the Fourier rule, edge, no doubt there is a lot of study or modelling present in
in which the paradox of heat conduction is one of the major the literature about nanofluid flow through diverse surfaces. But
drawbacks of this rule. To overwhelmed the limitation of this, no efforts/results have far been initiated with respect to two-
Christov [9] advanced the Fourier model by introducing relax- dimensional stream of a nanoliquid over a curved stretching sheet
ation time with heat flux and called it as the Cattaneo -Christov on taking account of KKL- model. Hence, in this investigation we
heat flux model. Hayat et al. [10] inspected the encouragement of scrutinized correlation of KKL model on nanoliquid stream over
modified Fourier heat flux on Jeffrey liquid stream past a curved a curved stretching sheet on taking account of activation energy.
stretchy sheet. Rasool and Zhang [11] explored the impact of mod- Here, we used Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg’s fourth-fifth order technique
ified Fourier heat flux on nanoliquid stream past an extending (RKF-45) by adopting shooting method to solve reduced ODEs. Fur-
sheet. Ahmed et al. [12] explored the encouragement of modified ther, fluctuations in thermal, concentration and velocity gradients
Fourier heat flux on stagnation point stream of micropolar liq- are deliberated graphically.

2
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

2. Mathematical formulation Table 1

Coefficient values for CuO –H2 O nanoliquid [28–30].

The sheet is stretched along a semicircle of radius R by two Coefficient values CuO –H2 O
equal and opposite forces applied along the s-direction by keep- e1 −26.593310846
ing the origin fixed and r-direction is normal to it. Let uw (s ) = as e2 −0.403818333
be the stretching velocity of the sheet, where a is the stretching e3 −33.3516805
constant. Due to curved stretching sheet the governing equations e4 −1.915825591
e5 0.0642185846658
are modeled by curvilinear coordinates (r, s ).
e6 48.40336955
e7 −9.787756683
2.1. Assumptions and conditions of the model e8 190.245610 0 09
e9 10.9285386565
Under the following assumptions and conditions, the mathe- e10 −0.72009983664

matical model is considered:

Table 2
• Two-dimensional steady flow. Thermo physical properties of base fluid and nanoparticles.
• Boundary layer approximation.
• Koo–Kleinstreuer and Li model. Physical properties Cp (J/kgK) k(W/mK) p(kg/m3 ) dp
• Modified Fourier heat flux. CuO 540 18 6500 29
• Viscous Dissipation. H2 O 4179 0.613 997.1 -
• Activation energy.
• Chemical reaction.
• Curved strecthing sheet. 2.4. Thermophysical features of the nanofluid by using the KKL model

2.2. Geometry of fluid flow The correlations for effective density and heat capac-
ity of nanofluid are ρn f = (1 − φ )ρ f + φ ρs , and (ρC p )n f =
We depict the geometry of the flow model as: (1 − φ )(ρC p ) f + φ (ρC p )s , respectively. Further, Dn f = (1 − φ )2.5 D f .
The effective viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the nano-
2.3. Model equations liquid by using the KKL model are defined below ([29,30]):

Under the above assumptions the governing equations for μn f = μstatic + μBrownian , kn f = kstatic + kBrownian ,
present mathematical model are as follow (see reference [33,34]):
Where,
∂ ∂u μf μ f kBrownian
{(r + R)v} + R = 0, (1) μstatic = , μBrownian = ,
∂r ∂s 2. 5
(1 − φ ) Pr k f
1 1 ∂p ⎡   ⎤
u2 = , (2) 3 kks − 1 φ
r+R ρn f ∂r kstatic
= 1 + ⎣    ⎦,
f

kf
∂u R ∂u uv 1 R ∂p
ks
kf
+ 2 − φ kks − 1
f
v + u + =−
∂r r + R ∂s r + R ρn f r + R ∂ s
 2  and
∂ u 1 ∂u 1 νn f 
+ νn f + − u − ∗ u, (3) kB T
∂ r2 r + R ∂ r (r + R)2 K kBrownian = 5 × 10 4
βφρ f (Cp ) f f (T , φ ).
ρs d s
 
∂T R ∂T kn f ∂ 2T 1 ∂T Here,β and f (T , φ ) are combined to form a new function g, and
v + u = +
∂ r r + R ∂ s (ρCp )n f ∂ r2 r + R ∂ r it is given by
⎛ 2  R 2 ∂ 2 T ⎞ g( T , φ , ds )
2∂ T 2  
v + u + = e1 + e2 ln(ds ) + e3 ln(φ ) + e4 ln(φ ) ln(ds ) + e5 ln(ds2 ) ln(T )
⎜ ∂ r2 r + R ∂ s2 ⎟
⎜
⎟  
⎜ ⎟ + e6 + e7 ln(ds ) + e8 ln(φ ) + e9 ln(φ ) ln(ds ) + e10 ln(ds2 ) .
⎜ ∂v R ∂v ∂ T ⎟
⎜ v + u + ⎟
⎜ ∂r r + R ∂s ∂r ⎟ The diameter of the CuO NP (ds ) is taken as 29 and the coeffi-
− λ1 ⎜
 R 2 ∂ u
∂ T ⎟
, (4)
⎜ R ∂u ⎟ cients e1 − e10 are tabulated in Table 1.
⎜ ⎟
⎜ r + R v ∂ r + u r + R ∂ s ∂ s +⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 2.5. Nanoparticles and base fluid features
R ∂ T
2
2 uv
r + R ∂ r∂ s The material features of the base fluid and nanoparticle being
 2  utilized in this work are demonstrated in Table 2 (refer [30]),
∂C R ∂C ∂ C 1 ∂C
v + u = Dn f +
∂r r + R ∂s ∂ r2 r + R ∂ r 3. The solution for the problem
 T n E
e− KT (C − C∞ ).
a
− k2r (5) The following similarity transformation is applied to governing
T∞
equations:
Related Boundary conditions are:
  

u = as f  (η ), v= −R
aν f f (η ), η= a
r = 0 : u = uw (s ) = as, v = 0, T = Tw , C = Cw , r+R ν f r,
(6) (7)
r → ∞ : u → 0, ∂∂ur → 0, T → T∞ , C → C∞ . p = ρ f a2 s2 P (η ), θ (η ) = T −T∞
Tw −T∞
, χ (η ) = C−C∞
Cw −C∞
.

3
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

Eq (1) is trivially satisfied and reduced governing equations are Table 3

Comparison values of −[ f  (0 ) − 1/κ f  (0 )] in the absence of heat and mass transfer
as follow:
when ε1 = ε2 = {1/(1 − φ )2.5 + kBrownian / Pr k f } = 1, K ∗∗ = 0.
f 2
ε1 P  − = 0, (8) κ Sajid et .al [1] Abbas et .al [35] Present results
η+κ 20 0.93561 1.03561 1.0032
30 0.95686 1.02353 1.0052
   2 ⎫
40 0.96759 1.01759 1.0075

ε1 η2+κκ P = ε1 ε2 f  + κ f f  − κ +⎬
50 0.97405 1.01405 1.0094
1
η +κ f  − 1
f  + η+ κ η +κ f

( η + κ )2 100 0.98704 1.00704 1.0099
,
κ f f  − ε1 ε2 K ∗∗ f  ⎭ 200 0.99356 1.00356 1.0125
( η + κ )2 1000 0.99880 1.00079 1.0152

(9)
Table 4
Comparison values of −θ  (0 ) with exact solution obtained for stretching sheet in

kn f 1
 1
 κ  κ 2 the absence of mass transfer when γ = 0.
ε3 θ  + θ + fθ − γ
k f Pr η+κ η+κ η+κ Pr Grubka and Bobba [36] Present results

 1
 0.01 0.0099 0.00978
f 2 θ  + f f  θ  − f 2 θ  = 0, (10) 0.72 0.4631 0.46273
η+κ 1 0.5820 0.58193
3 1.1652 1.16481

1
 1
 10
100
2.3080
7.7657
2.30793
7.76496
( 1 − φ ) 2. 5 χ  + χ
Sc η+κ
κ  E

+ f χ  − σ (1 + δθ )n exp − χ = 0. (11)
η+κ (1 + δθ ) 4. Results and discussions

Where, The principal emphasis of the existing investigation is to ex-

 
plore the features of activation energy on nanoliquid stream over
1 1 kBrownian a curved stretching sheet by using KKL- Model. The specified flow
ε1 = , ε2 = + ,
( 1 − φ ) + φ ρρs f
(1 − φ ) 2. 5 Pr k f patterns are articulated in terms of PDEs. By means of apt similar-
  ity variables, the PDEs are converted to ODEs. The reduced ODEs
1 are highly nonlinear, which originates a challenge to acclaim the
ε3 = ( ρ C p )s
. numerical solution. The chief significant benefit of numerical sim-
(1 − φ ) + φ (ρ C p ) f ulation is the high calculational speed and slight cost. Moreover,
related to the high calculational speed, broad info in more details
The corresponding reduced boundary conditions are as follow:
like fluctuations in thermal, concentration and velocity can be at-
 tained through the contemplated domains. Hence, an efficient nu-
f  ( 0 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = 0, θ ( 0 ) = 1, χ ( 0 ) = 1, merical scheme Runge-Kutta-Fehlbergs-45 with shooting system is
(12)
f  (∞ ) = 0, f  (∞ ) = 0, θ (∞ ) = 0, χ (∞ ) = 0 . used to solve reduced ODEs. Complete graphic analysis was exe-
cuted for various parameters on velocity, thermal and concentra-
Elimination of pressure P (η ) from Eqs. (8) and (9) gives: tion distributions. Moreover, the graphical results for friction fac-
tor and Sherwood number are also deliberated. Here, we study the
    ⎫ friction factor and heat transfer on the interface region are exag-
2 f  f  f
ε1 ε2 f iv + η + κ − ( η + κ )2 + ( η + κ )3
κ
+ η+   
κ f f − (f )f +
⎬ gerated by some non-dimensional parameters with fluctuating a
  2    parameter despite the fact keeping the remaining parameters fixed.
f f  − ε1 ε2 K ∗∗ f  + η+f κ = 0.⎭

κ f f  − f  − κ
( η + κ )2 ( η + κ )3 The current and published results for several values of curvature
parameter is offered in the Table 3. Comparison values of −θ  (0 )
(13)
with exact solution obtained for stretching sheet in the absence of
mass transfer is presented in Table 4. A superb pact among the re-
3.1. Expression of non-dimensional parameters sults is attained for the extraordinary instance of the present prob-
lem.
The non-dimensional parameters are given by:
  Tw −T∞  4.1. Velocity and thermal profiles
k2r
κ= ν f R, γ =
a
λ1 a, σ = a
, δ= T∞
,E = Ea
K T∞
,
νf (ρ C p ) f ν f νf 2
The behavior of k on velocity gradient is illustrated in figure
K ∗∗ = K∗a
, Pr = kf
, Sc = DB
, Re = aνs . [2]. Plotted figure signifies that, improvement in k improves the
f
fluid velocity. In point of fact, the inclination in k reasons for the
bigger radius and liquid travels quicker across the sheet. Subse-
3.2. Quantities for engineering interest quently, augmentation in k results in declination of fluid viscosity
which automatically increases the velocity gradient. The sway of
The non-dimensional forms of physical parameters of interest K ∗∗ on velocity gradient is displayed in figure [3]. The existence of
are given by: a porous space progresses protection from fluid stream related to

! slowing down the speed of the liquid. The porous medium plays a
1 kBrownian f  (0 )
Re 1/2
Cf = + f  (0 ) − , (14) significant role during the flow of fluid. Significantly, the porosity
(1 − φ )2.5 Pr k f κ parameter disrupted the flow of the liquid and the related bound-
ary layer. As a result, it produces resistance to liquid flow which
Re−1/2 Sh = −(1 − φ )
2. 5
χ  (0 ). (15) automatically reduces the speed of the liquid. Hence, we observe

4
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

decay in velocity gradient. The sway of porosity parameter on ther-

mal gradient is displayed in figure [4]. Plotted figure signifies that,
escalation in porosity parameter escalates thermal gradient. Physi-
cally, inclined values of porosity parameter upsurge the viscosity of
the liquid which results in inclination of thermal gradient. Figure
[5] determines the sway of k on thermal gradient. Here, inclina-
tion in k decrease the thermal gradient. The encouragement of γ
on thermal gradient is demonstrated in figure [6]. One can detect
from plotted figure that inclination in γ declines the heat transfer.
From physical point of view, for inclined γ material particles need
extra time to conveyance heat to its contiguous particles. Further,
for inclination in γ material shows a non-conducting action which
is accountable for decay in thermal gradient.

4.2. Concentration profile

Impact of Sc on mass transfer is represented in figure [7]. Up-

surge in Sc declines the mass transfer. Physically, Sc is associ-
ated with Brownian diffusivity and high Sc produces an additional
Brownian diffusivity, which produces low concentration. Further,
advanced values of Sc have a high viscous diffusion which results Fig. 2. Sway of κ on f  .
in improvement of molecular motions. Hence, the concentration
gradient decreases. The sway of curvature parameter on concentra-
tion gradient is displayed in figure [8]. Plotted figure signifies that,
inclined values of curvature parameter improve the mass transfer.
The encouragement of E on concentration gradient is illustrated
in the figure [9]. It is detected from plotted figure that escala-
tion in activation energy parameter improves the mass distribu-
tion. It is detected that low temperature and inclined activation
energy diminish the reaction rate which slow down the mecha-
nisms of chemical reaction. As a result, the concentration gradi-
ent upsurges. Figure [10] elucidates the aspect of chemical reac-
tion parameter on mass transfer. It can be depicted from plotted
figure that mass distribution diminishes for inclined σ . Physically,
for sturdier chemical reaction, a destructive consequence is noted
which decays the reactant species. Thus, the concentration gradient
decreases for augmented chemical reaction rate parameter Figs. 1–
12.

4.3. Physical quantities of engineering interests

The fluctuations in Skin friction versus curvature parameter for

Fig. 3. Sway of K ∗∗ on f  .
augmented values of porosity parameter is demonstrated in figure
[11]. The drag force inclines significantly for inclined values of k.
Further, skin friction coefficient acts as decreasing function of K ∗∗ .
The provocation of σ on Sherwood number versus elevated val-
ues of dimensionless activation energy parameter is presented via

Fig. 1. Geometrical representation of flow. Fig. 4. Sway of K ∗∗ on θ .

5
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774

Fig. 5. Sway of κ on θ . Fig. 8. Sway of κ on χ .

Fig. 6. Sway of γ on θ . Fig. 9. Sway of E on χ .

Fig. 7. Sway of Sc on χ . Fig. 10. Sway of σ on χ .

6
R.J. Punith Gowda, F.S. Al-Mubaddel, R. Naveen Kumar et al.
Fig. 11. Sway of κ on C f Re1/2 versus K ∗∗ .
Fig. 12. Sway of σ on ShRe−1/2 versus E.
figure [12]. It unveils that, the Sherwood number coefficient aug-
ments for improved values of σ . Moreover, Sherwood number acts
as decreasing function of dimensionless activation energy parame-
ter.
5. Conclusion and main findings
In this study, a two-dimensional model for the nanofluid flow,
heat and mass transference of CuO nanoparticles past over a
curved stretching sheet is investigated. In addition, the heat and
mass transport characteristics are examined by using modified
Fourier heat flux and activation energy. Further, the performance
of flow, thermal conductivity and mass transfer using KKL model
is deliberated. The governing transport equations are numerically
tacked by utilizing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg-45(RKF-45) method
by adopting shooting scheme. The impacts of pertinent parameters
on the described flow are deliberated with the assistance of plots.
The main outcomes of the study are as follow:
• The inclination in curvature parameter improves the velocity
and concentration gradients.
7
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 145 (2021) 110774
• The heightening of porosity parameter heightens the thermal
gradient but converse trend is depicted in velocity gradient.
• The enhancing values of Schmidt number and chemical reaction
rate parameter declines concentration gradient. Whereas con-
verse trend is depicted for upsurge in activation energy param-
eter.
• The inclination in thermal relaxation parameter declines the
heat transfer.
• The rate of mass transfer upsurges for inclination in chemical
reaction rate parameter.
Author statement
R. J. Punith Gowda and R. Naveen Kumar conceived of the
presented idea (to study the two-dimensional, incompressible
nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet coiled in a cir-
cle). They developed the theory and mathematical procedure. B. C.
Prasannakumara, Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji and Yusuf A. Al-Turki
helped them to perform and solve the equations. They verified the
procedures and checked it with literature results. During revision,
some comments of the reviewers were very difficult. So, we had to
double check the procedure. Fahad S. Al-Mubaddel and Alibek Is-
sakhov are expert in nanofluids, mathematical methods, fluid me-
chanics and heat transfer. They helped us to make the comments
to the revised manuscript and clarified the procedure as review-
ers suggestions. Also, they wrote some sections of results and dis-
cussions and supervised the findings of this work. All authors dis-
cussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia and King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable En-
ergy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia under grant no. (KCR-KFL-01-20). There-
fore, the authors gratefully acknowledge their technical and finan-
cial support.
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