CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PRESENTED BY :LORRAINE NGWENYA

:MERCILINE SIMBANEGAVI
:BARBINGTON MACHIRI

SUPERVISOR : ENGINEER A JANGA 1

SWITCH MODE AND UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY

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CONTENTS

 What is SMPS?
 Block diagram of SMPS.
 Types of SMPS
 What is UPS?
 Block diagram of UPS
 Main types of UPS
 Applications of SMPS and UPS
 simulation

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 What is smps
SMPS stands for switched mode power supply. It incorporates a switching regulator to
convert electrical power efficiently. It is mainly used for obtaining a controlled dc
power supply as output. It is used to convert power (voltage) using switching devices
that are turned on and off alternatively at high frequencies.

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Design and working of smps
block diagram

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 Explanation of each block

Input Stage

The AC input supply of frequency (50-60) Hz feds directly to the rectifier and filter circuit. Its output contains
many variations and the capacitance value of the capacitor should be higher enough to handle the input
fluctuations. Finally, the unregulated dc is given to the central switching section of SMPS in order to regulate it.
This section does not contain any transformer for the step down in input voltage supply

Switching Section

It consists of fast switching devices like a Power transistor or a MOSFET, which switches ON and OFF
according to the variations in the voltage. The output obtained is given to the primary of the transformer which is
present in this section. The transformer used here is a much smaller, lighter, and highly effective one that steps
down voltage. These are much efficient compared to other step-down methods. Hence, the power conversion
ratio is higher.
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Output Stage

 The output that is derived from the switching section is again rectified and filtered. It uses a rectification and
filter circuit to get the desired DC voltage. The obtained regulated output voltage is then given to the control
circuit.

Control Unit

This unit is all about feedback, which has many sections contain in it. Lets see the brief information about this
section. The final voltage level is controlled by comparing the inputs given to the error amplifier, whose output
helps to decide whether to increase or to decrease the chopping frequency. The oscillator produces a standard
PWM wave with a fixed frequency. 7
Types of smps

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Non-isolated
Non-isolated converters are mostly used when the change in the voltage is comparatively small. The non-

isolated SMPS are the ones whose input and output circuitry are not isolated from each other. The major

disadvantage is that it cannot provide protection from high electrical voltages and it poses more noise. They are

of 3 types.

I: Buck In a typical non-isolated step-down (buck) converter the output voltage VOUT depends on the input

voltage VIN and the switching duty cycle of the power switch.

II: Boost It is used to boost voltage and it uses the same number of passive components but arranged to step up

the input voltage so that the output is higher than that of the input.

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 III: Buck-Boost

This converter allows the input voltage to be either stepped-up or stepped-down,

depending on the duty cycle. The output voltage is given by the relation VOUT = -VIN
*D/ (1-D)

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 Isolated

Isolated SMPS are the ones where there is isolation maintained between the input and
output circuitry. The supplies make use of a transformer to separate the switching from the
output. The secondary winding of the transformer acts as the energy storing element.

I: Fly-back Converter: The working of this converter is similar to the buck-boost converter
of the non-isolating category. The only difference is that it uses a transformer to store
energy instead of an inductor in the circuit.

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II: Forward Converter The working of this converter makes use of the transformer to send
the energy, between the input and output in a single step

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 What is UPS

A UPS is a device that:

1. Provides backup power when utility power fails, either long enough for critical
equipment to shut down gracefully so that no data is lost, or long enough to keep required
loads operational until a generator comes online.

2. Conditions incoming power so that all-too-common sags and surges don’t damage
sensitive electronic gear.

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Block diagram of ups

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Explanation of each block
Rectifier

It takes ac power from the mains and convert it to dc power, which is required to charge the battery. The charger directs the

power supply to the battery to maintain the charge

Battery

It works as the energy storage unit and provides the stored energy for sufficient amount of time during main poor failure.

Inverter

It converts dc power from rectifier/battery back to ac power to supply the load.

Switch

Mostly it’s a semiconductor device e.g thyristor which transfers the load from utility to inverter without any interruption in the

power supply to load. 15

 Main types of ups

OFF-LINE

When the mains supply is on, the output is identical to the input. The UPS attends only
when there is no input voltage and powers the load using the inverter, which in turn is
powered by the batteries

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 LINE-INTERACTIVE
When the mains supply is on, the input and output are separated by a filtering and stabilization
circuit (AVR: Automatic Voltage Regulator), but some of the disturbances and waveform variations
that may be at the input may be found at the output. As in Off-line systems, when there is a power
failure, the output is connected to the inverter, which in turn is powered by the batteries.

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 ON-LINE DOUBLE CONVERSION

The input is first rectified and then re-converted into alternating current with an inverter. This way the
output voltage waveform is totally independent from the input. All potential mains disturbances are
eliminated and there is no transient time switching from the mains to the battery, as the output is
always powered by the inverter. In the event of overloads or other eventual problems, this type of UPS
has an automatic Bypass that ensures the load is powered by switching it directly at the input.

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Applications of SMPS and UPS

Applications of smps Applications of ups

 • It is used in servers, power stations, and personal

 • Medical equipment, medical
computers.
facilities are packed with critical point
 • It is used in vehicles for charging batteries.  • Data storage and computers, IT
systems also use a wide range of
 • It is used in factories and industries for power. sensitive and expensive electronics
 • Emergency management and
 • It is used in the railway system, security system. law enforcement
 • It is also used in mobile and also as lighting  • Financial institutions
 • Secure communication centers
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Simulation

up next..

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