Importance of Power Supply

in
Control & Instrumentation System
UPS
Why UPS?
 Why UPS ?
• Uninterrupted Power Supply Or UPS is normally regarded as the
ultimate solution to power problems. It protects the load from AC
Utility supply interruptions:-
⇒Voltage & Frequency variations
⇒ Superimposed Noise
⇒ Black-outs (Long-Term Interruption)
⇒Brown-outs (Momentary Interruption)
⇒ Spikes
⇒ Sags or Under-Voltage
⇒Swell or Over-voltage
⇒ Harmonic Distortions

Ensure continuous Regulated & Quality power to the load.

 CONTENT
• UPS Topology
• Nature of Load &
Harmonics
• Redundancy
• Communication
Protocols
• Type of Batteries
• Protections in UPS &
Load
 UPS Topology

• Offline UPS

• Online UPS
 UPS Topology
• Basic elements of Static UPS
• OFF line UPS

OUTPUT

Mains I/P

Battery
 UPS Topology
• OFF Line UPS

The OFF-Line UPS provides smaller and lighter UPS which is also more economical.
The OFF-Line UPS has the utility power line as the priority power source where
the inverter is only an off-line standby power. This means that the load will receive
power from utility directly at all times except when power failure occurs. The
inverter will then supply power to the load. The main difference between ON Line
UPS and OFF Line UPS is that the inverter in an OFF Line UPS does not supply to
the load most of the times and load gets the raw utility power in the OFF-Line UPS
unlike ON Line UPS wherein the stabilized power is fed to load at all times.

The OFF Line UPS has advantage of smaller size, lighter weight & economical price.
• Line Interactive UPS

AVR OUTPUT

Mains I/P

Battery
 UPS Topologies
• Line Interactive UPS :
• The line interactive UPS is basically very much like the Off-
Line UPS where the utility power supplies the load directly
during the normal operation. In Line Interactive UPS, the
utility power will go through 1 to 2 stages of filter aimed at
trying to filter off some unwanted noise.
The voltage regulator (AVR) is incorporated to regulate the
output voltage during normal operation. This also results in a
much wider input operating window of voltage, typically
-30% to +10% of the nominal voltage making the Line
-Interactive UPS more suitable for locations where power
voltage problem is persistent.
 Double Conversion
UPS Topologies
• ON Line UPS :
• On Line UPS is also sometimes called Double Conversion
UPS. AC power from the utility supply is fed into the rectifier /
charger to be converted in to DC.
This DC will maintain the charge on the battery and at the
same time supply DC power to the inverter. The inverter will
then invert the DC source to become an AC supply for the
load.
During power failure, the DC power will be drawn from the
battery bank for uninterruptible supply to load. When AC
power is restored, the rectifier will then charge the battery
and continue to supply energy for the load through the
inverter which powers the load.
 Double Conversion

• ON Line UPS :
Mains I/P OUTPUT

Battery
 UPS Topology
• Double Conversion :
 Double Conversion
• ON Line UPS with Bypass :

Mains I/P

OUTPUT

Battery
Bypass
TYPES OF REDUNDANCY
&
UPS CONFIGURATION
 SIGNLE LINE DIAGRAM OF UPS
• UPS is available in following
configuration:
1) Stand alone system
2) Hot Standby Redundant system
3) Parallel Redundant system
4) Split redundant system
5) N + 1 Redundancy
Stand Alone UPS
Hot Standby Redundant UPS System
 Hot Standby Redundant UPS System
•A design of the single module UPS enables facility to
implement Cascaded Redundant UPS Systems. Often
hailed for their simplicity, these systems use the back-
up UPS modules as the alternate line of the default
UPS module. These systems function with minimal
changes to the individual UPS modules.
•Both modules are constantly operational, however, at
any give instant in time, only one module supplies
power to the load.
•The back-up module is synchronized to the utility line,
which is the alternate line of the hot stand-by module
 Parallel Redundant UPS System

Parallel Redundancy refers to the simultaneous

operation of two or more UPS systems operating in
parallel. In a two-UPS parallel redundant system,
each UPS module is capable of supplying power to
the entire load, in the absence of the other module.
However, when both modules are operational i.e. in
the normal mode of operation, each of the two UPS
modules supplies only 50% of the load power.
 Parallel Redundant UPS System

•Parallel Redundant UPS configurations require

additional control layers, over and above that of a
single UPS module, of complicated supervisory
sensing and controls in order to ensure that there is no
net power flow between the parallel UPS modules.
Parallel Redundant UPS System
 Split Redundant UPS System

•In a Split redundant configuration, two UPSs are

online and available to supply power to connected
loads. Both UPSs are independent of each other
and fully capable of protecting all downstream
loads.
•With the increasing concept of dual power packs,
split redundancy is getting wider acceptance.
 Redundancy...
Split Redundancy
 Redundancy...
Single
Hot Stand-by Point of
Failure
 Redundancy...
NO Single
Parallel Redundancy Point of
Failure
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS.

The UPS consists of four major sections:

1.Rectifier / Charger
2.Inverter
3.Static- Switch
4.Battery
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS
•1.Rectifier / Charger section: Incoming AC
supply is converted to DC through phase controlled
rectifier. The rectifier operates according to the
constant voltage, current limiting principle and shall
incorporate a "Soft Start" feature to gradually accept
load on initial energizing.

•The rectifier section of the UPS system is capable

of precise regulation to prevent damage to the
battery.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS.

•The rectifier / charger is designed to completely

charge the battery. Facility for the initial battery rapid
charge operation is provided by Manual & Automatic
means.

•The DC rectifier senses the battery charging current

and adjust the DC bus voltage to maintain the charging
current limit to a preset level. A separate current
sensing circuit provides for adjustment of battery
current.
 +ve DC

Load

I/p AC

-ve DC
For Positive cycle of input AC
 +ve DC

Load

I/p AC

-ve DC
For Negative cycle of input AC
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS
2. Inverter:
•This section converts the D.C. power to a
regulated A.C. The inverter employed is of the
PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) type.
•IGBTS are used to switch the DC supply at
frequency 6 KHz to 12 KHz depending upon
the rating. By switching a train of pulses
through one IGBT bridge circuit and
alternatively through second IGBT circuit at
the required output frequency, the output sine
wave builds-up.
 INVERTER
• The function of INVERTER is to convert DC power in
to AC. The inverter usually employed is of PWM
(Pluse width Modulation) type. Power transistors or
MOSFETs or IGBTs are used to switch the DC supply
at a frequency decided by the control card. By
switching a train of pluses through one transistor
bridge circuit and alternatively through second
transistor circuit, the required output AC is developed.
• To understand how Inverter converts DC in to AC let
us see following example of single phase inverter
having 4 switches:
 +ve DC

T1 T4 Load

T3 T2

-ve DC
FIG1. When T1, T2 ON and T3,T4 OFF
 +ve DC

T1 T4 Load

T3 T2

-ve DC
FIG2. When T3, T4 ON and T1,T2 OFF
 V

T1,T2 ON
100V
10ms

t
T3,T4 ON

10ms 100V

FIG3.
 IGBT
• The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) combines the
positive attributes of BJTs and MOSFETs.
• BJTs have lower conduction losses in the on-state,
especially in devices with larger blocking voltages, but
have longer switching times, especially at turn-off while
MOSFETs can be turned on and off much faster, but their
on-state conduction losses are larger, especially in
devices rated for higher blocking voltages.
• Hence, IGBTs have lower on-state voltage drop with high
blocking voltage capabilities in addition to fast switching
speeds.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS

3) Static-switch
•The static bypass switch is provided to ensure that
even in the event of an inverter failure, the supply of
power to the load will maintained automatically, and
without break by connecting it to the incoming Bypass
supply.

•The static switch employs a pair of back-to back

thyristors. One set is in series with the inverter output
and another in series with Bypass supply
 Static Switch

Inverter Phase

Output

Bypass Phase
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS.

4.BATTERY:
•When mains fails, the battery takes over the DC
supply of the inverter without any interruption. The
voltage of the battery is supervised by the control
card. Right before the battery voltage reaches its end
an alarm (LOW BATT) is generated. When the battery
voltage reaches its end, the UPS is switched-off
automatically, to prevent an abnormal discharging of
the battery. Battery is supporting the charger in case
of transient surge and dip at the inverter.
 Role of Battery In UPS

• To provide reliable emergency DC power

to the inverter when the normal power
fails or degrades.
 Review of Concepts

Which of the following configuration UPS is in use in NTPC

a) Hot Redundant type
b) Stand alone type
c) Parallel Redundant type
d) Split Redundant type
 Review of Concept

How many Power Supply sources are required for complete UPS
a) Two
b) Four
c) Five
d) Three
SERVO CONTROL VOLTAGE STABILISER
SCVS Input is 3 phase 415 V+/-10% AC
Output is 240 v AC
Cooling Type: Oil
 AC DISTRIBUTION BOARD(ACDB)
» AC Distribution Board is distributing the 240 V AC Voltages to
the Designated Panels/Loads with Breaker and Fuse
Protection
Main Components are there in ACDBs are
a) MCCBs for ACDB Inputs
b) MCCBs for Maintenance Bypass
c) Insulated Busbar
d) MCBs for Feeders with Spares
e) HRC Fuses for Feeders with Spares
f) Various Meters( AC Voltmeters & Ammeters)
g) Indication Lamps & PCBs
h) Terminal Blocks
 DO’S AND DON’TS
DO’S
●Always keep the UPS module clean
●Always follow Turn “OFF” and Turn “ON” Sequences
●All operation sequence should be performed by qualified person only
● Always follow the maintenance procedure
● In any abnormal condition , record the meter readings and indication
on front panel and seek support from “Hi-Rel”
DON’TS
● Do not use corrosive chemicals or soap to clean the panels
● Do not open the front door or side covers during cleaning from
outside
● Do not touch metallic parts, wires , PC cards etc. when the front door
is open and system is running
● Do not operate batt. isolator and output isolator in normal running
condition.
● Do not put “OFF” CBI in normal running condition
● Do not touch battery when DC GND fault indication is glowing
 UPS Attributes...
Connectivity
• Requirements:
– Compatibility with various types of
networks & Operating Systems.
• Design Support:
– DSP technology
– Connectivity ports (Hardware
support)
– Protocol (Software Support)
 UPS
Protection..
How UPS should be protected ?
• RFI / EMI filter protection
• Input voltage surge protection
• Input current spikes protection through Line
chokes and Semiconductor fuses
• Input under voltage & over voltage
protection
• Soft start feature for Charger and Inverter
How UPS should be protected ?
• Battery protection through current limit
• Battery reverse polarity protection
• DC over-voltage and under-voltage
protection
• Inverter Short circuit and over
temperature Protection
• di/dt and dv/dt protection for power
devices
 Important Points
• UPS Capacity
• UPS Configuration : Stand Alone/HR/PR
• Bypass requirement : SCVS
• I/P Iso Transformer : Required or not
• I/P & O/P Voltages
• Battery Back-up Period
• Battery type
• Battery sizing factors to be considered
 Battery Health Monitoring System(BHMS)
This feature, supplied by the UPS Supplier for Battery management system
based on monitoring the voltage of individual battery cell and provides the
information about health status to the user( as per Customer requirement). The
information is communicated to User/Customer’s DCS/PLC for monitoring and
analysis using different protocols such as MODBUS.
BHMS is providing information to the enduser in advance, so by pro-active
maintenance damage/BD can be prevented.
Total battery health monitoring system in two stages.
a) system ensures proper charging of batteries as and when it is discharged and
even during float charging condition which is conducted by the controller.
b) Secondly individual battery cells are monitored and abnormalities are
annunciated by controller at BHMS Monitor as well as DCS(to be configured)
 Battery Health Monitoring System(BHMS)

• Battery parameter monitoring (Voltage, Current

and Temperature)
• Auto / Manual Battery Discharge
• Reserve time prediction test
• Energy Management
• Remote control Float cum Boost Mode (Optional
feature)
Ashis Dev
Email: dev3408@gmail.com