POWER FACTOR

MEASUREMENT &
CORRECTION
HI-REL ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD.

Prepared By: Guided By:

Shyamal Barot Mr.Rajni Solanki
(Head of testing dept.)
 INTRODUCTION TO UPS
 Most of the people take the mains AC supply for granted and use it
almost casually without giving the slightest through to its Inherent
defects and danger posed to sophisticated and sensitive electronic
instruments. For ordinary household applications such as lamps,
fans, tubes television, the mains AC supply doesn’t make much of
difference, but when used for computers, medical equipment and
telecommunication system, a clean, stable and interruption free
power supply is of outmost importance.
 In order to protect a sensitive system from various power related
problems, an alternative power source is required that can switch in
top operation immediately when disruption occur. An UPS is just as
alternative source.
WHAT IS UPS?

 UPS come in many different sizes and

shapes. The sizes of the UPS us primarily
dictated by the size of the battery; the larger
the battery, the more time your equipment
can run on battery power before shutting
down. Larger units not only can power
equipment for more units, they can also
handle a larger total demand of power.
UPS TOPOLOGY

There are basically 3 types of UPS

topology:

 OFF Line UPS

 Line Interactive UPS
 ON Line
OFFLINE UPS
OFF LINE UPS
 The off-line UPS had been resulted to provide a smaller
and lighter UPS which is also more affordable. The off-line
UPS has the utility power line as the priority power source
where the inverter is only an off-line standby power. This
means that the critical load will receive power from utility
directly all the times except when power failure occurs . The
inverter will then supply the power to load. The main
difference between online UPS and an off line UPS is that
the inverter in an off-line UPS does not supply the load
most of the times and also the existence of the change
over switch in the off-line UPS.
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS

 The line interactive UPS is basically very much like

the Off- Line UPS where the utility power supplies
the critical load directly during the normal operation.
In a line interactive system, the utility power will go
through 1 to 2 stages of filter aimed at trying to filter
off some unwanted noise.
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS

 The voltage booster is incorporated to regulate the

output voltage during normal operation. This also
result in a much wider input operating window of
voltage ,typically -30 % to +10% of the nominal
voltage making the Line -Interactive UPS more
suitable for locations where under-voltage problem
is persistent
ON LINE UPS

 Conversion UPS. AC power from the utility On line

UPS also sometimes called Double supply is fed
into the rectifier /charger to be converted in to DC.
This DC will maintain the charge on the battery and
at the same time supply DC power to the inverter.
The inverter will then invert the DC source to
become an AC supply for the critical load.
ON line UPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF UPS
MAINS DISTRIBUTION MODULE

 It distributes mai9n and/or generates power

to the required facility and also acts as input
supply for the ups. This supply can be either
single phase of three phase depending upon
the type of UPS being used.
AUXILIARY MODULE

 It precise terms an auxiliary module is nothing but a

voltage stabilizer which is connected to alternator
main (mainly generator). It helps in the system
operation when the inverter fails of if some work has
to be carried out on the UPS itself. The installation
of the auxiliary module is to ensure a trouble free AC
supply when during the failure of UPS. The voltage
stabilizer is in the form of a static type of servo type
mechanism.
UPS MODULE

 These are the heart of the UPS system and

consist of the following components.
 Rectifier/charger
 Inverter
 Battery
 Static switch
 Manual bypass switch
1. Rectifier /Charger section:-
Rectifier/charger
 Incoming AC supply is converted to DC through
phase controlled rectifiers. The rectifiers operate
according to the constant voltage current limiting
principle and shall incorporate a "Soft Start" feature
to gradually accept load on initial energizing.
 The rectifier section of the UPS system is
capable of precise regulation to prevent damage
battery.
Inverter

 This section converts the D.C. power to a

regulated A.C.The inverter employed is of the
PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) type.
 IGBTS are used to switch the DC supply at
frequency 6KHz to 12KHz depending upon the
rating. By switching a train of pulse through one
IGBT bridge circuit and alternatively through
second IGBT circuit at the required output
frequency, the output sine wave build-up.
Static-switch


BATTERY

 The battery is connected directly across the output

of the rectifier/charger and is permanently on float
mode. It stores energy while mains supply is
present. It delivers energy to the inverter when
mains supply is absent.
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT &
ITS FUNDAMENTALS
The title of the project is “Power Factor
Measurement and Correction using Microcontroller”

 In HI-REL there are no power factor measurement and correction

circuit. Hence as the requirement of company, they given this project.
 It is modified project as we use very advance technology to calculate
the power factor.
 Our project is very useful in reducing energy losses
 It has very wide application area as it can be used anywhere in the
power electronic estate
 It gives the clear picture of the load of the factory and we can see in the
LCD display
WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?

 The cosine of the phase angle between voltage and

current in an a.c. Circuit is known as power factor.
 It may also be defined as the ratio of active power to
apparent power drawn by the circuit.
 It may also be defined as the ration of circuit
resistance to circuit impedance.
 If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind the
voltage and power factor is referred as lagging.
 However, in a capacitive circuit, current leads the
voltage and power factor said to be leading.
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR

 Normally, the power factor of the whole load on the

supply system is lower than 0.9. The following are
the causes of the low power factor.
 Most of the a.c. motor are of induction type (1-Ø and
3-Ø induction motors) which have low lagging power
factor. These motors work at power factor, which is
extremely small at light load (0.2-0.3) and raised to
(0.9-0.97) at full load.
 Arc lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at
low lagging power factor
DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER
FACTOR
 Large KVA rating of the equipment: The electrical machinery
(i.e. alternators, transformers, switch gears) is always rated in
kVA. Now kVA =KW/COSƏ. At low power factor the kVA rating
of the equipment has to be more, making the equipment larger
and expensive.
 Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount
of power at constant voltage, the conductor has to carry more
current at low power factor..
 Larger copper losses: the large current at low power factor
causes more I²R loses in all the elements of the supply system,
resulting poor efficiency.
 Poor voltage regulation: the large current at low lagging power
factor causes greater voltage drop, resulting in the decreased
voltage available at the supply end,
IMPORTANCE OF POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT:
 For consumers: A consumer has to pay electricity
charges for maximum demand in kVA plus the units
consumed. If the consumer improves the power
factor, then there is a reduction in his maximum kVA
demand and consequently there will be annual
saving.
 For generating stations: The generators in power
stations are rated in kVA but the useful output
depends upon kW output. As station output is in
kW=kVA*COSƏ, therefore number of units supplied
by it depends upon the power factor.
Block diagram
OPERATION

This circuit mainly consists of following

sections
 Power supply circuit
 Phase detector circuit
 Microcontroller circuit
 Displaying the power factor
 Driver circuit with relays
 MAKING THE PROJECT COST EFFECTIVE

 Instead of above method we can use analog

phase detector IC, which will further required
ADC for the controller interface. This analog
multiplier ICs are negligibly expensive and
easily available too.
 The other advantage of out circuit is that it
need no ADC so less hardware, less space
and less cost.
CONCLUSION

 In this training period we learned practically that how

UPS works. And we have completed a project
“Power factor measurement and correction using
Microcontroller”. In this project we have succeeded
to achieve out aim that whenever any phase
different between the voltage & current waveforms
occur, it should be automatically displayed &
corrected too by selecting the appropriate relay and
display the power factor to the LCD screen also
display the relay on.