19th Century

Philippines as Rizal’s
Context
19th CENTURY
Flowering of imperialism
Spread of liberalism

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World during Rizal’s Time
◈ There were many revolts
happening all over the world
◆ Russia
- On Feb. 19, 1861, Czar
Alexander II issued
proclamation emancipating
22, 500, 000 serfs. 3
World during Rizal’s Time
◆ America
- On April 12, 1861, there were civil
war because of Negro Slavery
- Emancipation Proclamation on
Sep.22,1862 freeing the Negro
Slaves.
◆ Mexico
- On June 1, 1861, a full blooded
Zapotec Indian was elected. 4
Philippines in
Rizal’s Time
5
19th Century Philippines Economically

◈ End of Galleon Trade

◈ Opening of Suez Canal
◈ Rise of the Export of Crop Economy
◈ Monopolies

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 Indirect Rule of Spain to the Philippines

Spain Mexico Philippines

End of Galleon Trade 7

 Direct rule of Spain in the Philippines after the end
of the Galleon trade

End of Galleon Trade 8

SPAIN TO PHILIPPINES

Spain

Philippines

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 SPAIN TO PHILIPPINES Suez Canal buit by
Ferdinand de
Lesseps

Spain
Opening of Suez Canal on Nov.
17, 1869 paved way to easier
access of the Spaniards to the Philippines

Philippines.

10
Suez Canal
Artificial sea- level
waterway in Egypt.

Britanica.com

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Rise of the Export of Crop Economy

After the end of the Galleon trade many products

of the Philippines were produced for foreign
markets.
It intensify the trading industries of the Chinese in
the Philippines

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Monopolies

Monopolies resulted to raise the revenue

of the country but also resulted to food
shortages
This resulted to the desire of the Filipinos
to liberate from the Spaniards

13
Instability of Colonial Administration
- The Spanish government underwent
frequent change owing to bitter struggles
between the forces of despotism and
liberalism and of Carlist Wars.
- From 1834-1862, Spain had adopted 4
constitutions.
- There were subsequent years of party strife,
revolutions and political upheavals. 14
Corrupt Colonial Officials
- They were highly corrupt,
incompetent. Cruel or venal.
- They were arrogant, profligate
and ignorant.

15
Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
- On 1810- 1837, Philippines have a
right to represent in the legislative chamber.
- First Rep. Ventura Delos Reyes.
- On 1837, the representation of the
overseas colonies in the Spanish Cortes was
abolished
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Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
- On the Spanish Constitution of
1812, people of Spain enjoyed
freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of association and
other human rights but it is all denied
to the Filipinos.
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No equality before the Law
- The Spanish Penal Code which was
enforced in the Philippines, imposed
heavier penalties on native Filipinos
or mestizos and lighter penalties on
white-complexioned Spaniards.

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Maladministration of Justice
- Spanish judges, fiscals and other
officials inept, venal and oftentimes
ignorant.
- Justice was costly, partial and slow.
- Wealth, social prestige and color of skin
were preponderant factors in winning a
case in court.
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Racial Discrimination
- Racial prejudice was prevalent
everywhere- in government offices, in
the court of justice, in the armed forces,
in the social circles and even in the
educational institutions and in the
ecclesiastical hierarchy.

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Peninsulares were the Spaniards born in Spain.
Peninsulares

Insulares were the Spaniards born in the

Philippines, both parents are Spaniards. Insulares

Pricipalia were the illustrados, or the Filipinos with

power, prestige, can be a mestizo also but with Principalia
money.

Mestizo ay half or with foreign blood Mestizo

Indio ay pure Filipinos without wealth and

prestige. Indio
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Frailocracy
- A government by
friars.

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Force labor
- Polo y serbisyo.
- Filipino males from 16- 60
yrs.old were obliged to render
force labor 40 days a year.

23
Haciendas owned by the friars

◈ Dominican Order or Dominican friars

were the wealthiest and most
powerful during the 19th century.

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The Guardia Civil

◈ Symbol of peace in Spain but gives terror in

the Philippines. Many Guardia Civil abused
their power.

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References :
◈ Jose Rizal: Social Reformer and Patriot “A study of His
Life and Times”. Augusto V. De Vianna et. al.
◈ Gregorio F. Zaide & Sonia M. Zaide. Jose Rizal: Life,
Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and
National Hero. (2014). Centennial Edition

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