MACHANICAL

HANDLING
SYSTEM
AAP2244A

PREPARED BY
Nurul Izzuddin Ni’matullah Bin Affendi (2020453124)
Muhammad Arif Bin Zulkifli (2020869558)
Siti Syakirah Bt Mohd Nasir (2020898902)
Wan Nuramira Sofea Binti Wan Zulfikri (2020452532)
Mohamad Loqman Nul Hakim Bin d Jailani
(2020465098)
Muhamad Azim Mubaraq Bin Mhd Azhari (2020618776)

PREPARED FOR
Dr. Syed Ahmad Qusoiri Bin Syed Abdul Karim
BERJAYA TIMES SQUARE

NURUL IZZUDDIN
NI’MATULLAH BIN AFFENDI
2020453124

MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN

ZULKIFLI
2020869558

MUHAMAD AZIM
MUBARAQ BIN MHD
AZHARI
2020618776
BERJAYA TIMES SQUARE

MOHAMAD LOQMAN NUL

HAKIM BIN MOHD JAILANI
2020465098

SITI SYAKIRAH BT MOHD

NASIR
2020898902

WAN NURAMIRA SOFEA

BINTI WAN ZULFIKRI
2020452532
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION . PG 1

2.0 BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY PG 2

3.0 INSTALLATION PROCESS PG 3

4.0 BENEFITS / ADVANTAGES PG 5

5.0 PROBLEMS / DISADVANTAGES PG 8

6.0 FUNCTION PG 9

7.0 CONNECTION PG 10

8.0 POSITION IN THE BUILDING PG 11

9.0 SPACE IMPLICATIONS PG 12

10.0 BUILDING REGULATIONS PG 13

11.0 CONCLUSION PG 14

REFERENCES PG 15
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INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the installation of mechanical facilities in
a building has become a necessity. The regulation
from the authority, also one of the key factors that
contribute to the mass installation of the building
services. For example, any building that builds more
than 5-storey height must have an elevator, But not
until in the early 20th century, and this service is not
more than social status. We have taken this privilege
for granted. The introduction of mechanization in
the late 19th century to 20th century has brought a
major adjustment towards the building
construction industry. We see the urbanization
trend putting more people in smaller space,
evolving into vertical space. For millennia, people
dream of building tall, scrap the sky. When steel and
concrete came on the scene, the dream is no longer
impossible. But at that time, they're still missing a
key point. The machine that we take for granted
today. Which are elevators. In this report, we will
present the machine that once known as dangerous
and lethal. We take Berjaya Times Square Hotel
elevators as the case study for our report. As for our
report, we choose electric lift as our subject. We will
explain the components, installation, advantages
and problems regarding this machine. But before
we go into the detail, lets we revise the history of
Otis Elevator. Elevator has been part of human
history as far back as the Pyramid of ancient Egypt
carrying the materials up & down. However, it still far
from sane to use the elevator to carry passengers.
PAGE 1
But not until 1853 when Elisha Otis turn the tides by
introducing the safety brake. At that time, everyone
loses their mind. He demonstrates by elevating the
himself up to the 4th storey and command his
assistant to cut the rope with an axe. Everyone freak
out when the lift fell few inches before it stopped
completely when the brake jammed into the teeth
along guide rails. The safety brake quickly
transformed an unreliable, little-used industrial tool
into a viable means of transporting cargo and
people. Not long after that, in 1857, a department
store in Manhattan named E.V. Haghwout became
the first-ever building that installs a safe passenger
lift. However, Elisha Otis did not live long enough to
see his invention went into business after he died at
age 49 due to diphtheria. We saw the change from
the most desirable space being at the bottom of the
building to now the floors at the top of the building
above the noise and the smell. And with the ability
to have a view and more lateral light. The invention
of the elevator is undeniably one of the critical
factors that lead the urbanisation development.
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BACKGROUND OF
CASE STUDY
Berjaya Times Square Hotel is located at the
capital city of Malaysia which is Kuala Lumpur.
The hotel is owned by Berjaya Group. The hotel is
situated at Jalan Imbi, Bukit Bintang in Wilayah
Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. The KL monorail
station is located along the hotel. It is constructed
in the year of 1997 and completed on 2003 and
leave the remarkable the 38th tallest building in
Malaysia. (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat, n.d) It is also known as tenth largest
building in the world by floor area which is
700,000 m² and also had been mentioned as the
world’s largest building ever built in a single
phase (Berjaya Times Square Hotel, 2021)

Berjaya Times Square is comprise of two tower which are

Tower A and Tower B. At the bottom level of the tower is
the mall area and the well-known amusement theme park
on the 5th to 8th floors of the building. The hotel is
located at the tower A of the Berjaya Times Square. The
hotel height is 203.1m or 666 ft and have 48 floors. The
hotel has various type of room which are family room,
superior room, premier room, premier twin towers view
room, club premier, 2-bedroom deluxe, suite and
penthouse. The hotel also provide café, broadways lounge,
restaurant, poolside gazebo and club lounge. Besides, the
hotel also has various facility for meeting and event hall.
(Berjaya Times Square Hotel, 2021)

For this case study, we choose to analyse the elevator that

exist in the Berjaya Times Square Hotel. There are 6
numbers of elevator in Tower A which are the hotel. The
hotel had 6 number of elevator that is located in the
middle of the tower which is the most suitable and
convenience position in the building for the occupants to
used.
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INSTALLATION PROCESS

Installation is the process of making raw

product to ready for use product. Obviously,
different systems require different types of
installations. While certain installations are
simple and straightforward and can be
performed by non-professionals, others are
more complex and time-consuming and may
require the involvement of specialists. In this
case, Specialists service are needed to install
the elevator.

01 SITE PREPARATION

First, the technician will make sure that the place you would like the lift
installed is a good option. There should be enough space to work safely
without impacting your workflow. The floors on both levels need to be
sturdy enough to support the lift system when loaded.

02 SETTING THE COLUMNS IN PLACE

They will bolt the columns and guide columns into place. The column will
play the role of accommodating the load that will be channeled from the
elevator component such as cariage and door. A strong column can
provide balance to the movement of the elevator and can withstand
heavy loads.

03 ADDING THE CARRIAGE

Outlines will be drawn on the floor and walls to ensure that the carriage is
placed in the correct location to travel up the columns evenly and level.
The carriage is placed inside the columns in the exact position indicated
by the markings.
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INSTALLATION PROCESS

04 INSTALLING THE COUNTERWEIGHT

The counterweight reduces the amount of braking the elevator

needs to use. Imagine if there were no counterweight: a heavily
loaded elevator car would be really hard to pull upwards but, on
the return journey, would tend to race to the ground all by itself if
there weren't some sort of sturdy brake to stop it. The
counterweight makes it much easier to control the elevator car.

05 ADDING ELEVATOR MACHINE AT THE TOP

PLATFORM
A traction machine is used on all traction elevator equipment
types. A standard traction machine consists of a motor, drive
sheave, brake and machine bed plate. The traction machine
motor turns the drive sheave shaft to turn the drive sheave. As the
sheave turns the hoist ropes pass over the drive sheave and pull
the car through the hoist way.

06 RAISING THE DRIVE BASE FOR MECHANICAL

LIFT INSTALLATION
If installing a mechanical lift, the drive base will be lifted into
place on top of the columns. When the motordrive is fitted
correctly, the drivebase will be bolted in place and later, welded
to the supports.

07 WIRING THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

The technician will take care of all the wiring that makes your lift
go up and down. This will ensure that the lift is easily operated at
the flick of a switch. They will also make sure that the lift is
working properly and that it can be operated safely by any one of
your employees.
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ADVANTAGES
OF USING
ELEVATOR
ENHANCED SECURITY FOR ALL FLOORS
Nowadays, installation of security system for
the high-rise building is important and
necessary especially for hotel building to
maintain the safety of occupants in the
building. In this case, the installation of
elevators at the hotels and commercial
building is exceedingly important and can
be function as a security for buildings.
Elevator is one of the security systems that
can be provide to the occupants of the
building. Some of the hotels usually give the
access cards to their hotel guest to enter into
their rooms and also can be used for the lift
access card where the lift is only open to
people who owned the card.
PAGE 5
Thus, elevators can assist in restricting
access to certain floors by using electronic
devices like access card. (Al- Kodmany, 2015)
This will avoid from non-guests from
entering into the hotel and also can avoid
from harassment, thievery and vandalisms
occur to guests. This is because the elevators
that have security system will connect with
the key cards from the guest which can
cause the guest only can access the floors
where their room is located.
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ADVANTAGES
INCREASE IN HIGH
EFFICIENCY OF PEOPLE

According to the Vintelev, (2018), the elevators

system is built to accommodate the high traffic
demands of people to move to the next floor of
buildings. This is because by having the
elevator technology can help people move
rapidly to the next floor without need to
waiting for long time. Hence, it also can
minimize the crowded at the lobby area and
hallways. (Al- Kodmany, 2015) A research by
Vintelev, (2018) said that, the smart energy
modes of elevators help to increase the
transport capacity and also increase the
efficiency of people in elevators. Kodmany,
(2015) mentioned that by using elevators the
average travelling time from one place to
another can be decreased by thirty percent
than using stairs. Furthermore, elevator gave a
lot of benefit to the people due to the average
waiting time for instance 16 floor building will
only take about 138 second. It will save the time
for the people to reach other level thus reduce
the traffic in the hotel.
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ADVANTAGES
The elevators technology also can give the greater
comfort to the people that want to travel to another
level. It is also can avoid the people from tiredness to
travel to next level. The elevator will provide a
comfortable movement due to its innovative and
flexible design. The mechanical technology will
decrease the vibrations and noise of the movement and
able to give a silent rapid ride for the people in the
hotel. (Vintelev, 2015) People will enjoy the
accommodation since it is comfortable and
convenience to be use. Hence, elevator will enable the

PROVIDE people to have a relax and comfort movement. Besides,

elevator provide convenience for people in the hotel
GREATER because it can accommodate high weight. The capacity
COMFORT TO of a standard and general elevator use is in average of

THE PEOPLE 454kg to 2722 kg that equal to 5-20 people. (Elevator,

2021) Thus, it shows that the elevator can bear the high
load capacity. In the hotel, elevator will facilitate the
hotel guest to bring heavy things such as their bags
easily without any burden and tiredness. Furthermore,
these facilities will also provide ease for maintenance
people who bring heavy tools and equipment to bring
to higher level.
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PROBLEMS

The elevator is undeniably one of the best choices elevator to be installed in the
proposed building. But everything came with a cost. The following are the
disadvantages or problems that need to be considered during the installation.

01 PASSENGER WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

In Malaysia, the numbers of special needs people represent 3% of Malaysian
population with 897,639 people (DOSM, 2018). Although the figure seems small,
we can`t deny their right to use the facilities that provided in public. This
including elevator. In some places we would see the disability people have
difficulty in using elevator. According to Aliyu, et al (2015), 15% of special needs
people: including physical challenge people or illiterates that been interviewed,
found that elevator is difficult to operate due to their disability or illiteracy. Most
of them rely on other people to help them operate the elevator in order to reach
their desired destination.
Apart from that, some disable people find that the unavailability of handrail in
elevator cab is not convenient and not disability friendly. People that suffer with
balance issues having harsh experience when using the facility. They prone to fall
during the operation because there is nothing that they can grab and hold on to
help their balance during using the elevator.
Next is the risk and danger towards special needs people in using elevator during
emergency situations. Aliyu, et al (2015) state that this is the crucial issues that
face by disability people. As we mention above, some of the disability people can
not operate the lift on their own. However, during emergency situations the
condition will be worsen as less people available to help the operate the elevator.
So, the probability for them to stuck in the building during accident break will
increase and it will endangered their life.
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PROBLEMS

02 MAINTENANCE

If we look at the life-cost of the lift, the cost keen to be high and expensive.
Long wait times and frequent breakdowns are inconvenient and a sign of wear.
Overheating, high energy use, and low power factor may not be obvious
problems, but they incur hidden costs. According to Hussey (2019) client
annually spend RM 16,000 to RM 45,000 to maintain the elevator and keep it in
services. The exact numbers are depended on the number of elevators and the
type that they used in the buildings.

Worn sheaves, power failure, contamination on the seal, noisy bearing or

bearing malfunction and misaligned motor drive are the common problems
that will occur after a certain period of time. As we know, the elevator consists
numbers of moving component and after these components after been used
for a period of time, the tear and wear components need to replace. So, the
financial burden does not stop during the initial phase, it is continuous through
the whole life of the elevator.

Apart from that, the maintenance work also can be considered risky and
dangerous. According to The Centre of Construction Research and Training
(2018), from 2003 to 2016, the total number of deaths during maintenance
works had reach 1800 cases. The cause of deaths usually due to falling from a
height, caught between cab and shaft, struck by object and electrocution.
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PROBLEMS

03 COST

The initial cost for elevator installation during the construction phase is higher
compared to construct stairs. The elevator is one of the services that required a
huge amount of money to be install. For high rise building, the number of
elevators is depending on the storey that plan to be constructed. The taller the
building, the more numbers of elevator need to be installed. So, this indirectly
increases the cost of building services that the client needs to provide.

For the purpose of building, the intended type of elevator that will be used is
the commercial elevators. The characteristic of the commercial elevator is it
bigger and more durable for heavy use. The approximate cost for installation of
a commercial elevator is RM 200,000 to RM 300,000 depend on the size and
height that the elevator needs to travel. This cost covers all the component from
the cab, hoist, motor to the intercom system and controller system.

Furthermore, the client needs to consider another aspect apart from the cost of
the elevator itself. The structure of the building needs capable to withstand the
dead load that will impose by the component of the elevator. So, the structure
such as frame, wall, and slab that the motor will be sitting on need to be taken
into consideration. Usually, the wall that contains the cab is thicker than another
wall. The same goes towards the frame and slab that hold the elevator. Apart
from that, the foundation of the building structure within the elevator area also
needs to strengthen. All of this will incur additional cost to the client hence
increase the total construction cost.
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FUNCTION OF ELEVATOR
FUNCTION AS VERTICAL TRANSPORT
Elevator is a machine that can assist to transport people or things to another level
of the building which is by moving vertically between the floor of other structure.
(Elevator, 2021) It serves the building a vertical transportation that move fast to
upper floor with comfort platform. The transport is self-ascending and descending
by using electric in this particular project. It will move automatically after
passengers push the button in the elevator. It does not need human power to lift
the platform due to the electric supply. Furthermore, a modern building often
equipped with an electric power elevator due to the electric that are universally
available. (How Products Are Made, n.d) Britannica, (2019) stated that elevator will
moves in a vertical way to transport people or heavy goods in a multi-storey
building to ease the users of the building. This technology helps people to
transport to another opening at higher buildings. Thus, it will create a role for
urban modern design to the building.

CORE SERVICES FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING

High rise building needs a machine that will enable them to move vertically
without any danger and have a comfortable while riding it. Technology nowadays
had created a safer way to travel from a lower level to another level floor of
building. Thus, the elevator had created an essential service that sometimes
become a mandatory to be install in a high-rise building. It had become a core
services for a high-rise building that facilitate the movement of people in the
building. A modern commercial building usually had a multiple elevator for the
services in the building due to it is a core services for multi-storey commercial
building. This is because an elevator with a control system can minimize the
average time to travel from a floor to upper floor by the passengers. (How Products
Are Made, n.d) A fast transportation of the elevator will produce a convenient place
for the passenger in the building.
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CONNECTION

There are three element of elevator

connection. It consists of a controller, Controller
reader, and module.

Controller is a manual or automated system for

controlling elevators. It is used to check and match
Reader the credentials scanned on the reader with the
access groups, as well as regulate the slave device's
Reader is used to scan the credentials and it is relay (Suprema, 2021). The controller normally
mounted within access control system of the lowers the voltage to the regulating system to
elevator as described by Suprema (2021). between 12 volt to 24 volt as per Fandom (n.d.). The
According to Kintronics (n.d.), by relying on the elevator's controlling component and fixtures are
door access control credential, the access control powered by a low-voltage power source except for
system determines which levels can be accessible. the motor as it require 3-phase power supply.
Certain people can be granted access to specific
floors on specified days and times using access
control software.

Module
Module will supply all configurations with the
necessary power regulation circuitry and structural
integrity. For instances, it was utilized to send a
control signal to the elevator's buttons as a results
of the controller's authentication result (Suprema,
2021).
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POSITION
IN THE BUILDING
There are four type of position of elevator in the
building which are as a substitute for back stairs
The most suitable position for the hotel building
or kitchen stairs, in or near the main staircase,
is through floor deck position. This is because,
through floor deck, and exterior of the building.
according to Hidro-Con Elevator (2019), through
For the position of as a substitute for back stairs,
floor deck position is the most suitable for office
a back staircase, sometimes known as a kitchen
landscapes, commercial buildings, hotels, and
staircase, may be simply removed and replaced
other similar structures, but not for residential
with an elevator in many older apartment
houses. The advantage of this position is there
buildings (Hidro-Con Elevator, 2019). According
there is no restriction on the position of the
to Hidro-Con Elevator (2019), in or near the main
elevator in connection to the building's
staircase position can be placed next to the
architecture or other requirements of usage, and
staircase as a supplement to the main staircase.
the typical stair requirements remain unchanged
It can also can be placed at the middle of the
as per Hidro-Con Elevator (2019). However, Hidro-
medium-sized main staircase if there any space
Con Elevator (2019) also stated that, there is an
at the middle of it. Next, the position of through
additional cost of needing to shift electrical or
the floor deck is when you do not necessarily
something similar or when putting holes in the
want the elevator as the replacement to the
floor deck.
staircase or in other word, you want the elevator
to be an architectural value to the building s per
Hidro-Con Elevator (2019). As described by
Hidro-Con Elevator (2019), the last position
choice is the building's outer face, where the
elevator can be brought up to a balcony, a
corridor, a private repos, or direct building
access. This Position is use when you want to
maximize the use of space inside of the building.
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SPACE IMPLICATIONS
The first thing to be considered in elevators
installation are the practical requirements of
the building itself, such as the space within
the building. Generally, taller buildings or a
high rise buildings need a greater proportion
of core space to accommodate the elevators.
This core space can be reduced by applying
different strategies and technologies during
the planning of the building. For the low rise
buildings which are not more than 4 floors,
there is normally a single elevator group
which serves every floor in the building.
Besides, in the high rise buildings which are
over 12 floors and above, elevators are often
arranged in several zones (Peters, 2019).

As a building get bigger, the more zones are required

shuttle elevators that can expressing people to sky
for the elevators purpose. Furthermore, if there are
lobbies and offer further savings in core space of the
about 3 to 4 zones required for the elevators in a
building. A planned rope-less lifts solutions promise
building, it might reached the next feasibility hurdle
significantly more handling capacity per shaft, freeing
(De Jong, 2008). Elevators will simply start using too
the high-rise buildings of the limits imposed by roped
much space which making the buildings inefficient. If
lifts.
the building needs to be higher, the next solution is to
A standard elevator requires approximately 25 square
stack two cars on top of each other and sharing the
feet of space in the building. The elevator drive system
same hoist way. This system is known as the double
utilized may impact the floor plan. For instance, if the
deck elevator which can cope with travels of up to 90
model requires a machine room, additional space is
floors besides can accommodate high transport
needed. Most elevators require a pit of approximately
capacity and reduce floor space.
8 inches. The space of elevators in the building is
The double deck elevators that consist of two cabs
decided through the occupant of the building and
serving adjacent floors at the same time, provide
the building requirements. According to Invalifts
greater handling capacity per shaft. Hence, with two
(N.D), these requirements broadly fit into two
independently roped cars per shaft can achieve a
categories, whether the elevator is going to be used
similar handling capacity boost, but with added
by ambulant people or whether it requires the
flexibility to reduce core space in the buildings. Apart
additional space to be used by wheelchair users.
from that, other preferred option that can be
considered for super high-rise buildings are the
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BUILDING The Malaysian Lift Regulations are according on BS2655 that

REGULATIONS
was established under the Factory and Machineries Act 1967.
The regulations for the lift installation were enforced on Feb
1st, 1970 for Passenger and Goods lifts. Since the establishment of the Lift Regulations, the building
services which it is based on has undergone many revisions for a better regulation. The Department
of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is the regulatory authority which enforces the Lift
Regulations and has issued directives to incorporate some important requirements that are in the
latest standards which are not in the Lift Regulations. (Azmi, 2016). One of many DOSH roles is to
issue a permit to operate (PMA) to Elevators and Escalator owners.

The elevators design shall comply with the In the Building Regulations 2010, part M of
“Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators” of the building regulations deals with the
latest edition ASME A17.1 with amendments accessibility and use of buildings. The
and Uniform Building Code (UBC). Approved Document M (Part M) stated the
Therefore, the Working Group on Lifts and direction on elevators in all types of
Escalators under the authority of the buildings, explain that reasonable provision
Industry Standards Committee on must be made for the people to gain access
Mechanical Engineering has recommended to and use the building's facilities. Whilst in
the adoption of the EN Standard as a the Part B stating the guidance of fire-rating
Malaysian Standard. This Malaysian elevators or the area surrounding them as
Standard is the first revision of MS 2021-1, well as complete details on firefighting and
Safety rules for the construction and evacuation passenger elevators (Stannah,
installation of lifts - Part 1: Electric lifts 2019). The general requirements for
(Lukman, 2015). elevators must be comply such as in
The purposed of the guidelines are to selecting the most suitable lifting device. It
advise the building owners and users of the is need to be taken carefully to ensure it is
elevators and escalators of their fit for purpose considering the relevant
responsibility and the registered competent elevators and Health & Safety Regulations.
firms, create awareness of the safe use of Any building that needs to comply with
the elevators and escalators, and to Part M recommended to have the
minimise or avoid accidents, breakdowns, minimum footprint size as follows:
vandalism and complaints relating to the
elevators and escalators (DOSH, 2010).
 MCDOWELL DIGITAL MEDIA PAGE 14

CONCLUSION

Berjaya Times Square is our case study and it is a building that have many attractions in
Malaysia as it had plethora of functions such as hotel, mall, condominium and also
amusement park. The hotel had 6 number of elevator. the elevator is the most important
services that must be install for high rise building. This is because the elevator function as
a vertical transport that is necessary for a tall building for people to move to upper floor
and can help people to carry heavy things move to another level of the building. The
elevator also can help people to move to the upper floor level without having much time
and also can prevent people from tiredness. Hence, having elevator at the high-rise
building will produce a lot of benefit to people in the building and can be a symbol of
modern building. Although, it has plenty of advantages it also has some disadvantages of
having an elevator in the building which are problems with passenger that have special
needs, high maintenenace cost and cost for installation.
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REFERENCES

Al-Kodmany, K. (2015). Tall buildings and elevators: A review of recent technological advances.
Buildings, 5(3), 1070-1104.

Azmi, R.F. (2016). Lift Regulations and Malaysian Standards. Retrieved from
http://www.myiem.org.my/download/downloadlink.aspx?
fn=9958_METD_Talk%20on%20Lift%20Regulations%20Malaysian%20Standards.pdf&id=9958

Berjaya Times Square. (2021). In Wikipedia. Berjaya Times Square. Retrieved from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berjaya_Times_Square#Facilities_&_Services.

Britannica, T. (2019). Elevator. Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at :

https://www.britannica.com/technology/elevator-vertical-transport.
Elevator (2021). In Wikipedia. Elevator.Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, (n.d). Berjaya Times Square Tower A. Council on
Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

De Jong, J. (2008). Advance in Elevator Technology: Sustainable and Energy Implication. CTBUH
Research paper. Retrieved from https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/461-
advances-in-elevator-technology-sustainable-and-energy-implications.pdf

DOSH. (2010) Guidelines on the Safe Use of Lifts and Escalators 2010. Department of
Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved from
https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guidelines/industrial-safety/1848-02-guidelines-
on-the-safe-use-of-lifts-and-escalators-2010/file

Fandom. (n.d.) In Elevatorpedia. Elevator Control System. Retrieved on 15 June 2021 from
(https://elevation.fandom.com/wiki/Elevator_control_system)
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REFERENCES
Hidro-Con Elevator (2019). Where can an elevator be placed. Retrieved on 13 June 2021 from
(https://www.hydro-con.dk/en/news/placement-of-an-elevator)

How Products Are Made. (n.d). Elevator. Retrieved from : http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

2/Elevator.html

Invalifts. (N.D). Space requirements for a vertical lift. Invalifts. Retrieved from
https://www.invalifts.com/advice-centre/have-i-got-space-for-a-lift.html

Kintronics. (n.d.). The Complete Elevator Access Control System. Retrieved on 16 June 2021 from
(https://kintronics.com/solutions/ip-door-access-control/elevator-access-control-application/)

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