CHAPTER ONE ANWER H.

MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

2.5. Lines in Space:

1. Lines and Line Segments in Space:
Suppose that L is a line in space passing through a point
and parallel to . The vector
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ parallel to ,where ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , is nonzero scalar .

The parametric equations of the line L are

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

NOTE:
Vector Equation for a Line:
A vector equation for the line L through parallel to
v is:

Where r is the position vector of a point P(x, y, z) on L and is

the position vector of .

If

If

If

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

NOTE:
The parameterizations are not unique. Not only can the
“base point ( ” change, but so can the parameter.

2.The Distance from a Point to a Line in Space:

The Distance from a Point S to a Line in Space line that
passes through a point P parallel to a vector v, is
|⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ |
| |

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

EXAMPLE 3:
Find the distance from the point S(0, 1, 0) to the line
L: x =1+ t , y = 1 - t, z = t.
Sol. The line L passes through the point P(1, 1, 0) parallel to

v = i - j + k With ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑

⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | |

|⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | √ √

| | √ √

|⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | √
| |
√
√

H.W

EXAMPLE 4:
Consider the line passing through the points and
P(3, 2, -6) .
a) Find the vector equation of the line L?
b) Find parametric equation of the line L?
c) Find parametric equation of the line L segment joining
?
d) Find the point of the intersection of the line L and xz-
plane?

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

EXAMPLE 5:
Find parametric equation of the line L through the point
and perpendicular to the vectors

2.6 Plane in Space:

1- An Equation for a Plane
Suppose that plane M passes through a point and
is normal to the nonzero vector . Then M is the
set of all points for which ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ is orthogonal to .

Thus, the dot product ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ . This equation is equivalent to

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

EXAMPLE 9 Find parametric equations for the line which

the planes and intersect.

Solution

From (Example 8) . To find a

point on the line, we can take any point common to the two
planes. Substituting in the plane equations and solving
for x and y simultaneously identifies one of these points as
[ ]x6

……..3

………..1

.Then the line pass

through .

The line is

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

2- The Distance from a Point to a Plane:

If P is a point on a plane with normal n, then the distance from
any point S to the plane is

| | |⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ |
|⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ | |⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ |
| | | |

⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑺𝑷
𝜽

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

Remark: Two planes are perpendicular or (parallel) if their

normal are perpendicular or (parallel).

EXAMPLE 11 show that the two planes

and .

Solution
⃑⃑⃑⃑ normal to the first plane and
⃑⃑⃑⃑ normal to the second plane
⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑

Then ⃑⃑⃑⃑ and ⃑⃑⃑⃑ are parallel vectors The two given planes
are parallel.

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CHAPTER ONE ANWER H. MJILY
PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Petroleum &Gas Engineering Department

3- Angles Between Planes:

The angle between two intersecting planes is defined to be the
acute angle between their normal vectors.

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