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currently
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•3–1. A concrete
•8–1.  concrete cylinder
cylinderhaving
havinga adiameter
diameter of of
6.00 in.mm
150 and
Load
Load (kip) Contraction
(kN) Contraction(mm)
(in.)
gauge
and length
gauge of 12of
length in.300
is tested
mm isin tested
compression. The results
in compression. of
The
the testof
results arethe
reported
test areinreported
the tableinasthe
loadtable
versus
as contraction.
load versus 00 00
Draw the stress–strain
contraction. Draw thediagram using scales
stress-strain diagram in. = 0.5
of 1 using ksi
scales 25.05.0 0.0150
0.0006
and101mm
of 2 MPa-3and
in. == 0.2110 2 in.>in. From
10 mm = 0.1(10 –3
the diagram,
) mm/mm.determine
From 47.59.5 0.0012
0.0300
approximately
the the modulusapproximately
diagram, determine of elasticity. the modulus of 82.516.5 0.0020
0.0500
elasticity. 20.5 0.0026
102.5 0.0650
25.5 0.0034
Stress and Strain: 127.530.0 0.0850
0.0040
Stress and Strain: 150.034.5 0.1000
0.0045
P dL 172.538.5 0.1125
0.0050
s5 = P  (MPa) 
(ksi) ee=5 dL(in./in.)
s A L  (mm/mm) 192.546.5 0.0062
0.1250
A L 50.0 0.0070
232.5 0.1750
0 0 53.0 0.0075
0 0 250.0 0.1850
0.177 0.00005 265.0
1.41 0.00005
0.336
2.69 0.00010
0.00010
0.584
4.67 0.000167
0.000167
5.80
0.725 0.000217
0.000217
7.22
0.902 0.000283
0.000283
8.49 0.000333
1.061 0.000333
9.76 0.000375
1.220 0.000375
10.89 0.000417
1.362 0.000417
13.16 0.000517
1.645
14.15 0.000517
0.000583
1.768
15.00 0.000583
0.000625
1.874 0.000625

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram

8.0 – -
1.31 0 0
=
Eapprox 5 = 3.275 A310
= 26.67(10 3
) MPaB ksi= 26.67 GPa Ans.
0.0003 –-0 0
0.0004

s (MPa)
16

12

(mm/mm)

92
507

SM_CH08.indd 507 4/11/11 9:54:20 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
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AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

3–2. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are

8–2.
S(MPa)
(ksi) eP (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin and
the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine the modulus 00 0 0
of elasticity and the modulus of resilience. 232.4
33.2 0.0006
0.0006
45.5
318.5 0.0010
0.0010
Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram 49.4
345.8 0.0014
0.0014
51.5 0.0018
360.5 0.0018
53.4 0.0022
33.2 –-00
232.4 373.8 0.0022
=
E5 55.3 A 103)3 BMPa
5 =387.3(10 ksi = 387.3 GPa Ans.
0.0006 –-0 0
0.0006
Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the
420
linear portion of the stress–strain diagram (shown shaded).

1 N1 mmlb in. #
3 in lb
ut =  (232.4)a b a0.0006 
ut = 2(33.2) A 103 B ¢ 2b≤=¢0.0697
0.0006 N · ≤mm/mm
= 9.96 = 0.0697 MJ/m3 Ans. 350
2 mm2 mm in in. in3

280

232.4
210

140

70

e (mm/mm)

8–3.
3–3. Data taken from a stress–strain test for a ceramic are
(MPa)
S (ksi) e P(mm/mm)
(in./in.)
given in the table. The curve is linear between the origin
and the first point. Plot the diagram, and determine 00 0 0
approximately the modulus of toughness. The rupture stress 232.4
33.2 0.0006
0.0006
is sr = 53.4
373.8ksi.
MPa 318.5
45.5 0.0010
0.0010
49.4
345.8 0.0014
0.0014
51.5
360.5 0.0018
0.0018
Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the
53.4 0.0022
stress–strain diagram (shown shaded). 373.8 0.0022

11 N lb mm in.
(33.2) A 103 B 2¢b(0.0004
(ut)approx ==  (232.4)a 2 ≤ (0.0004 + 0.0010) ¢b ≤
+ 0.0010)a
22 mm in mm in. s (MPa)
420
N lb mmin.
+ 45.5 A 103 B ¢2 b(0.0012)a
+ 318.5 a ≤ (0.0012) ¢ b ≤ 373.8
mm in2 mmin.
350

11 N lb mm in. 318.5
(7.90) A 103 B2¢b(0.0012)a
+  (55.3)a
+ ≤ (0.0012) ¢b ≤
22 mm in2 mm in. 280

232.4
11 N lb mm in.
+ (12.3) A 103 B2¢b(0.0004)a
+  (86.1)a ≤ (0.0004) ¢b ≤ 210
22 mm in2 mm in.

N #·lb
= 0.595in mm/mm3 140
= 85.0 3
Ans.
in
= 0.595 MJ/m3
70

e (mm/mm)

93
508

SM_CH08.indd 508 4/11/11 9:54:20 AM

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reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
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withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

*8–4. A tension test was performed on a specimen having

*3–4. Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
an original diameter of 12.5 mm and a gauge length of
50 mm. The data are listed in the table. Plot the stress–strain 0 0
diagram, and determine approximately the modulus of 11.1 0.0175
elasticity, the ultimate stress, and the fracture stress. Use a 31.9 0.0600
37.8 0.1020
scale of 20 mm = 50 MPa and 20 mm = 0.05 mm>mm. 40.9 0.1650
Redraw the linear-elastic region, using the same stress scale 43.6 0.2490
but a strain scale of 20 mm = 0.001 mm>mm. 53.4 1.0160
62.3 3.0480
64.5 6.3500
Stress and Strain:
62.3 8.8900
58.8 11.9380
P dL
s = (MPa) e = (mm/mm)
A L
0 0

90.45 0.00035

259.9 0.00120

308.0 0.00204

333.3 0.00330

355.3 0.00498

435.1 0.02032

507.7 0.06096

525.6 0.12700

507.7 0.17780

479.1 0.23876

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram

228.75(106) - 0
(E)approx = = 229 GPa Ans.
0.001 - 0

Ultimate and Fracture Stress: From the stress–strain diagram

(sm)approx = 528 MPa Ans.

(sf)approx = 479 MPa Ans.

94
509

SM_CH08.indd 509 4/11/11 9:54:21 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

•8–5.
3–5. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen
Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
having an original diameter of 12.5 mm and gauge length
of 50 mm. Using the data listed in the table, plot the 0 0
stress–strain diagram, and determine approximately the 11.1 0.0175
modulus of toughness. Use a scale of 20 mm = 50 MPa and 31.9 0.0600
37.8 0.1020
20 mm = 0.05 mm>mm.
40.9 0.1650
43.6 0.2490
Stress and Strain: 53.4 1.0160
62.3 3.0480
P dL 64.5 6.3500
s = (MPa) e = (mm/mm) 62.3 8.8900
A L 58.8 11.9380
0 0

90.45 0.00035

259.9 0.00120

308.0 0.00204

333.3 0.00330

355.3 0.00498
435.1 0.02032

507.7 0.06096

525.6 0.12700

507.7 0.17780

479.1 0.23876

Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the

total area under the stress–strain diagram and can be
approximated by counting the number of squares. The total
number of squares is 187.

N m
(ut)approx = 187(25) A 106 B ¢ 2≤
a 0.025 b = 117 MJ>m3 Ans.
m m

95
510

SM_CH08.indd 510 4/11/11 9:54:21 AM

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Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

3–6. A specimen
8–6.  specimen isisoriginally
originally3001 ftmm
long, hashas
long, a diameter
a diameterof
0.5 12
of in.,mm,
and isandsubjected to a force
is subjected to aofforce
500 lb.
ofWhen
2.5 kN.theWhen
force
is increased
the from 500 lb
force is increased to 1800
from lb, the
2.5 kN to 9specimen
kN,, the elongates
specimen
0.009 in. 0.225
elongates Determine the modulus
mm. Determine of elasticity
the modulus for the
of elasticity for
material
the if it if
material remains linear
it remains elastic.
linear elastic.

P dL
Normal Stress and Strain: Applying s = and e = .
A L

0.5003)
2.5(10
=
s1 5 pp = 2.546 ksi
2 5 22.10 MPa
44(0.5
(12)2)

1.80
9(10 3
)
= pp
s2 5 5=79.58
9.167MPa
ksi
(0.522))
44(12

0.009
¢e = 0.225 5
∆e 5 = 0.000750
0.000750 mm/mm
in.>in.
12
300

Modulus of Elasticity:

¢s 9.167 –-22.10
79.58 2.546
E = = 8.83 A 1033) BMPa
5=76.64(10 ksi = 76.64 GPa Ans.
¢e 0.000750
0.000750

8–7.
3–7. A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a
zirconium alloy. If an
an axial
axial load
load ofof20 kN is to be supported
4 kip
by the member, determine its required cross-sectional area.
Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to yielding. What is the
load on the
the member
member ifif itit is
is 13 m
ft long and its elongation is
3
0.02mm?
0.5 Ezrzr = 14(10
in.? E ) ksi,sYsY= =400
100 GPa, 57.5 ksi.The
MPa. The material
material has
elastic behavior.

Allowable Normal Stress:

sy
F.S. =
sallow

57.5
400
3 =
sallow

sallow = 19.17
133.33ksi
MPa

P
sallow =
A

4
20(10 3
)
=
19.17 5
133.33
AA
2 2
A == 150
0.2087
mmin = 0.209 in2 Ans.

Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with

d 0.02
0.5
e = = 3
== 0.0005 mm/mm
0.000555 in.>in.
L 3 (12)
1(10 )

s == Ee 14 A 10
Ee==100(10 33
B (0.000555)
)(0.0005) = 50 MPa
= 7.778 ksi

P
Normal Force: Applying equation s = .
A

P ==sA
P sA= =50(150) = 7500 N== 1.62
7.778 (0.2087) kip
7.5 kN Ans.

96
511

SM_CH08.indd 511 4/11/11 9:54:21 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

*3–8.
*8–8. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36
the wire
AB. If the
steel guy wire AB. wire has
has aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.2
5 mm,
in.,
determine how much it stretches when the distributed load A
acts on the strut.

60�
60
200 lb/ft
3.4 kN/m

B
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire AB. C
9 ftm
2.7
11
a + ©MC = 0; AB cos
FAB 60°(9) -–  (3.4)(2.7)(0.9)
cos 60°(2.7) (200)(9)(3) = 0= 0  F AB ==3.06
FAB 600kN
lb
22
The normal stress the wire is

FAB 600 3)
3.06(10 3
sAB = = p p 22 ==19.10(10 ) psi = 19.10 ksi
155.84 MPa
4 (0.2
4 (5 ))
AAB

Since sAB 6 sy = 36
250ksi
MPa, Hooke’s
, Hooke’s Lawcan
Law canbe
beapplied
applied to determine
determine the
thestrain
strain
in wire.

sAB = EPAB; 155.84 =

19.10 200(1033)e
= 29.0(10 )PAB
AB

PeAB = 0.7792(10–3
- 3) mm/mm
AB = 0.6586(10 ) in>in

9(12)3)
2.7(10
The unstretched length of the wire is LAB = == 124.71 inThus,
3117.69. . Thus,
thethe wire
wire
sin
sin 60°
60°
stretches

dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10 -3

0.7792(10–3)(3117.69)
)(124.71)

2.429 mm
= 0.0821 in. Ans.

1
 (3.4)(2.7) kN
2

0.9 m 1.8 m

97
512

SM_CH08.indd 512 4/11/11 9:54:22 AM

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currently
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exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
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formororbybyany
anymeans,
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withoutpermission
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thepublisher.
publisher.

•3–9. The s– P diagram for a collagen fiber bundle from

•8–9. ss(MPa)
(ksi)
which a human tendon is composed is shown. If a segment
31.50
4.50
of the Achilles
Achilles tendon
tendon at
atAAhas
hasaalength
lengthofof165
6.5mm
in. and an A
approximate cross-sectional area of 145 mm
0.229 in2, determine its 26.25
3.75
elongation if the foot supports a load of 125
625 lb,
N, which causes 21.00
3.00
a tension in the tendon of 1718.75 N.
343.75 lb. 15.75
2.25
10.50
1.50
343.75
PP 1718.75 625
=
s5 == 5= 11.85 MPa
1.50 ksi 5.25
0.75 125 N
lb
AA 0.229
145
P (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
0.05 0.10
From the graph e == 0.035
0.035mm/mm
in.>in.

d = eL = 0.035(6.5)
0.035(165) = 5.775
0.228 mm
in. Ans.

8–10 The
3–10. The stress-strain
stress–strain diagram
diagram forfor aa metal alloy having
metal alloy having an
an s (ksi)
original diameter of 0.5 in. and a gauge length of 2 in. is givenis
original diameter of 12 mm and a gauge length of 50 mm
given 105
in theinfigure.
the figure. Determine
Determine approximately
approximately the the modulus
modulus of
of elasticity for the material, the load on the specimen that
elasticity for the material, the load on the specimen that causes 90
causes yielding,
yielding, and theload
and the ultimate ultimate load the
the specimen willspecimen
support. will 75
support.
60
From the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,
45
E 290 MPa- –00
60 ksi
== ; ;    EE== 30.0(10
290 GPa3
) ksi Ans. 30
1 0.001 -
0.002 – 00
15
sy ==290 MPa  su>t
60 ksi su/t==100
550ksi
GPa 0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
Thus,

604C(12
p 2 2
)] )=D 32.80(10
= 11.783kip
p
PYY ==ss
YA
YA 290[
== 4 (0.5 ) N == 32.80 kN
11.8 kip Ans.

u>t ==ss
Pu/t AA
u/tu>t = 500[
p p2
= 100
4 (12 C
4 (0.5 D
)] =262.20(103
) = 19.63 )N
kip
= = 19.6kN
62.20 kip Ans.

 (MPa)

500
A
400

300
y = 290

200
E
100
1
B
0  (mm/m)
0 0.05/ 0.08/ 0.15/ 0.20/ 0.25/ 0.30/ 0.35/
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Elastic Recovery
p
(a)

98
513

SM_CH08.indd 513 4/11/11 9:54:23 AM

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Education, Inc.,
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Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
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AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

8–11.
3–11. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an s (ksi)
original diameter of 12 0.5mm and aa gauge
in. and gauge length of 50 mm
2 in. is
105
is given
given in inthe
thefigure.
figure.If Ifthe
thespecimen
specimenisisloaded
loaded until
until itit is
stressed to
to 500 MPa,determine
90 ksi, determinethe theapproximate
approximate amount
amount of 90
elastic recovery and the increase in the gauge length after it 75
is unloaded.
60
45
30
15
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

From the stress–strain diagram Fig. a, the modulus of elasticity for the steel alloy is

E 290 MPa- –00

60 ksi
== ;    EE =
= 290 GPa3) ksi
30.0(10
1 0.001 -
0.002 – 00

when the specimen is unloaded, its normal strain recovered along line AB, Fig. a,
which has a gradient of E. Thus

50090 500 90
MPa ksi
Elastic Recovery = = =
Elastic Recovery 3 3
= 0.001724 mm/mm
= 0.003 in>in Ans.
30.0(10
E E 290(10 ) MPa) ksi

Amount ofset
Thus, the permanent Elastic
is Recovery = 0.001724(50 mm) = 0.0862 mm Ans.

PP = 0.05 -
Thus, the permanent set0.003
is = 0.047 in>in

Then, the increase in gauge length is – 0.001724 = 0.078276 mm/mm

eP = 0.08

Then, the ¢L = PPL

increase = 0.047(2)
in gauge length= is0.094 in Ans.

∆L = ePL = 0.078276(50 mm) = 3.91379 mm Ans.

 (MPa)

500
A
400

300

200
E
100
1
B
0  (mm/mm)
0 0.05/ 0.08/ 0.15/ 0.20/ 0.25/ 0.30/ 0.35/
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Elastic Recovery
p
(a)

99
514

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materialis isprotected
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copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
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reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
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withoutpermission
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thepublisher.
publisher.

*8–12. The stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy having an

*3–12.
original diameter
diameter ofof 12
0.5mm
in. and
and aagauge
gaugelength
lengthofof502mm
in.
is given in the figure. Determine approximately the modulus
of resilience and the modulus of toughness for the material.

The Modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the stress–strain diagram up to
the proportional limit.

sPL == 290 MPa  PPL

60 ksi ePL= =0.002
0.001in>in.
mm/mm

Thus,

1 1 in # lb
(ui)r = C 60(103) D (0.002)
s P = [(290)](0.001) = 0.145 MPa 3
= 60.0 Ans.
2 PL PL 2 in

The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the entire stress–strain
diagram. This area can be approximated by counting the number of squares. The
total number is 33.
38. Thus.
Thus,

lb in mm in # lb
C (ui)t D approx[(u
= i)38
t]approx
3
= 33[100
c 15(10 ) 2 d MPa]a0.04
a 0.05 b = 28.5(103
b = 132 ) MPa3 Ans.
in in mm in

s (ksi)  (MPa)

105 500
90 A
400
75
60 300
PL = 290
45
200
30
E
15 100
1
B
0 P (in./in.)
0 0.050 00.100.05/ 0.200.15/
0.150.08/ 0.250.20/ 0.350.30/ 0.35/  (mm/m)
0.300.25/
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007
(a)

100
515

SM_CH08.indd 515 4/11/11 9:54:24 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
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Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

•8–13.  A bar having a length

•3–13. A bar having a length of of
5 in.125
andmm and cross-
cross-sectional
2
sectional
area of 0.7area ofsubjected
in2 is 437.5 mmto isan
subjected
axial forceto an axial lb.
of 8000 force of
If the 8000
40 kNlb 8000
40 kNlb
40 kN. If the bar stretches 0.05 mm, determine the modulus
bar stretches 0.002 in., determine the modulus of elasticity 5 in.
125 mm
of elasticity
of the of the
material. Thematerial.
material The material has behavior.
has linear-elastic linear-elastic
behavior.

Normal Stress and Strain:

8.003)
P 40(10
P
=
s5 == =511.43
95.81ksi
MPa
0.7
A 437.5
A

dL 0.05
dL 0.002
=
e5 == = 0.000400
5 0.000400 in.>in.
mm/mm
L
L 1255

Modulus of Elasticity:

s
s 11.43
95.81 3 3
=
E5 == 5=239.525 ) ksi
28.6(10(10 ) MPa = 239.5 GPa Ans.
0.000400
ee 0.000400

3–14.
8–14. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an
A-36 steel guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of B
60.25
mm,in.,determine
determinehow howmuch
muchitit stretches
stretches when
when aa load
load of
P ==3600
kN acts onon
lb acts thethe
pipe.
pipe.

Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring 1.2
4 ftm P
to the FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–600(6)
3(1.8) == 0  
0 FFBD= =
BD 7.51500
kN lb A D
C
The normal stress developed in the wire is
0.9
3 ftm 0.9
3 ftm
3
FBD 7.5(10
1500 )
sBD = = p p 2 2 5=265.3 MPa3) psi = 30.56 ksi
30.56(10
4 (6 ) )
(0.25
ABD 4

Since sBD 6 sy = 36
250ksi , Hooke’s
MPa, Law
Hooke’s cancan
Law bebe
applied totodetermine
applied determinethe
thestrain
straininin
the wire.

sBD = EPBD; 265.3 =

30.56 29.0(103)e
= 200(10 3
)PAB
BD

- 3–3
eBD= =1.054(10
PBD 1.3265(10 ) )in.>in.
mm/mm

0.922 ++ 14.222==5ft
The unstretched length of the wire is LBD = 23 1.5=m.60
Thus, the the
in. Thus,
wire stretches

1.054(10 -–3
dBD = PBD LBD = 1.3265(10 3
)(1.5)(103)
)(60)

= 1.98975
0.0632 inmm Ans.

3 kN

0.9 m 0.9 m

101
516

SM_CH08.indd 516 4/11/11 9:54:25 AM

 ©©2011
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NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

8–15. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

3–15.
A-36 guy wire BD. If the
BD. If the wire
wire has
hasaadiameter
diameterofof0.25
6 mm,
in., B
determine the load
load PP ifif the
the end
end CCisisdisplaced
displaced1.875
0.075mmin.
downward.

4 ftm
1.2 P

A D
C

3 ftm
0.9 3 ftm
0.9

Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–P(6)
P(1.8)= =0 0 FBD = 2.50 P

The unstretched length for wire BD is LBD = 23 0.922 ++ 14.222==51.5 = 60

ft m. in. From
From the the
geometry shown in Fig. b, the stretched length of wire BD is

15002 2++ 0.075

LBD¿ = 260 1.87522 -− 22(60)(0.075)
(1500)(1.875)cos 143.13°==60.060017
cos143.13° 1501.500 mm

Thus, the normal strain is

LBD¿ - LBD 1501.500 – -

60.060017 1500
60
PBD = = 1.0003(10–3- )3)mm/mm
= 1.0000(10
5 in.>in.
LBD 1500
60

Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.

29(103)3C)[1.0000(10
sBD = EPBD = 200(10 1.0003(10 -–3
3
))]D = 200 MPa
29.01 ksi

Since sBD 6 sy = 250 MPa,

36 ksi , thethe result
result is valid.
is valid.

FBD 2.50P 2.50 P

sBD = ; 200 5 p 3) 2 = p
29.01(10 2
ABD 4 (6 ) 4 (0.25 )

P ==2261.9
569.57Nlb= =2.26
570kN
lb Ans.

LBD = 1.5 m

0.9 m 0.9 m

1.875 mm

102
517

SM_CH08.indd 517 4/11/11 9:54:26 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

*3–16. Determine the elongation of the square hollow bar

*8–16. s (MPa)
when it is subjected to the axial force P = 100 kN. If this 500
axial force is increased to P = 360 kN and released, find
the permanent elongation of the bar. The bar is made of a 600 mm
metal alloy having a stress–strain diagram which can be P
250 50 mm
approximated as shown.
5 mm
P (mm/mm)
0.00125 0.05 P
50 mm 5 mm

Normal Stress and Strain: The cross-sectional area of the hollow bar is
A = 0.052 - 0.042 = 0.9(10 - 3)m2. When P = 100 kN,

P 100(103)
s1 = = = 111.11 MPa
A 0.9(10 - 3)

From the stress–strain diagram shown in Fig. a, the slope of the straight line OA
which represents the modulus of elasticity of the metal alloy is

250(106) - 0
E = = 200 GPa
0.00125 - 0

Since s1 6 250 MPa, Hooke’s Law can be applied. Thus

s1 = Ee1; 111.11(106) = 200(109)e1

e1 = 0.5556(10 - 3) mm>mm

Thus, the elongation of the bar is

d1 = e1L = 0.5556(10 - 3)(600) = 0.333 mm Ans.

When P = 360 kN,

P 360(103)
s2 = = = 400 MPa
A 0.9(10 - 3)

From the geometry of the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,

e2 - 0.00125 0.05 - 0.00125

= e2 = 0.0305 mm>mm
400 - 250 500 - 250

When P = 360 kN is removed, the strain recovers linearly along line BC, Fig. a,
parallel to OA. Thus, the elastic recovery of strain is given by

s2 = Eer; 400(106) = 200(109)er

er = 0.002 mm>mm

The permanent set is

eP = e2 - er = 0.0305 - 0.002 = 0.0285 mm>mm

Thus, the permanent elongation of the bar is

dP = ePL = 0.0285(600) = 17.1 mm Ans.

103
518

SM_CH08.indd 518 4/11/11 9:54:26 AM

 ©©2011
2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
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UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
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withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

8–16.
3–16. Continued

104
519

SM_CH08.indd 519 4/11/11 9:54:26 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
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writing from
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publisher.

•8–17.
3–17. A tension test was performed on an aluminum s (ksi)
(MPa)
2014-T6 alloy specimen. The resulting stress–strain diagram
is shown in the figure. Estimate (a) the proportional limit, 70
490
(b) the modulus of elasticity, and (c) the yield strength
60
420
based on a 0.2% strain offset method.
50
350
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70

00 PP (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
0.02
0.02 0.04
0.04 0.06
0.06 0.08
0.08 0.10
0.10
0.002
0.002 0.004
0.004 0.006
0.006 0.008
0.008 0.010
0.010

Proportional Limit and Yield Strength: From the stress–strain diagram, Fig. a,

spl ==308
44 ksi
MPa Ans.

sYY ==420
60 ksi
MPa Ans.

Modulus of Elasticity: From the stress–strain diagram, the corresponding strain for
sPL == 308
44 ksi
MPa eplepl= =0.004
is is 0.004in.>in.
mm/mm. Thus,
Thus,

44 –- 00
308 33
=
E5 5=77.0(10
11.0(10) )MPa
ksi = 77.0 GPa Ans.
0.004 –-00
0.004

Modulus of Resilience: The modulus of resilience is equal to the area under the

s (MPa)

490

420

350

280

210

140

70

e (mm/mm)

105
520

SM_CH08.indd 520 4/11/11 9:54:27 AM

 ©©2011
2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

3–18.
8–18. A tension test was performed on an aluminum (ksi)
ss(MPa)
2014-T6 alloy specimen. The resulting stress–strain
diagram is shown in the figure. Estimate (a) the modulus of 70
490
resilience; and (b) modulus of toughness.
60
420
50
350
40
280
30
210
20
140
10
70

0 PP(mm/mm)
(in./in.)
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

stress–strain diagram up to the proportional limit. From the stress–strain diagram,

spl ==308
44 ksi
MPa e pl == 0.004
0.004mm/mm
in.>in.

Thus,

1 1 in # lb
A Ui B r = splepl = (308)(0.004)
(44)(103)(0.004) MJ/m33
= 88
= 0.616 Ans.
2 2 in

Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the area under the
entire stress–strain diagram. This area can be approximated by counting the number
of squares. The total number of squares is 65. Thus,

lb mm in. in # lb
C A Ui B t D approx = 65[70
65 B 10(103
MPa] 2R
) c 0.01 c 0.01 d = MJ/m
d = 45.5 3 3
6.50(10 ) Ans.
in mm in. in3
The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown, and can be described by the equation

3–19.
8–19. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown, and P
can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s �
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the yield s
strength assuming a 0.3% offset.

P � 0.45(10�6)s + 0.36(10�12)s3

P P

e = 0.45(10-6)s + 0.36(10-12)s3,

dP = A 0.45(10-6) + 1.08(10-12) s2 B ds
ds 1
E = 2 = = 2.22 MPa Ans.
dP 0.45(10 - 6)
s=0

106
521

SM_CH08.indd 521 4/11/11 9:54:27 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

*3–20.
*8–20. The stress–strain diagram for a bone is shown and P
can be described by the equation P = 0.45110-62 s �
0.36110-122 s3, where s is in kPa. Determine the modulus s
of toughness and the amount of elongation of a 200-mm-
long region just before it fractures if failure occurs at
P = 0.12 mm>mm .

P � 0.45(10�6)s + 0.36(10�12)s3

P P

When e = 0.12

120(103) = 0.45 s + 0.36(10-6)s3

Solving for the real root:

s = 6873.52 kPa
6873.52

LA L0
ut = dA = (0.12 - e)ds

6873.52

L0
ut = (0.12 - 0.45(10-6)s - 0.36(10-12)s3)ds

6873.52
= 0.12 s - 0.225(10-6)s2 - 0.09(10-12)s4|0

= 613 kJ>m3 Ans.

d = eL = 0.12(200) = 24 mm Ans.

107
522

SM_CH08.indd 522 4/11/11 9:54:27 AM

 n = 2.73 Ans.
-6
k = 4.23(10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper ) NJ. All rights reserved. This materialAns.
Saddle River, is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

•3–25. The acrylic plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in

•8–21.
diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine 300 N 300 N
the change in its length and the change in its diameter.
200 mm
Ep = 2.70 GPa, np = 0.4.

P 300
s = = p 2
= 1.697 MPa
4 (0.015)
A

s 1.697(106)
elong = = = 0.0006288
E 2.70(109)

d = elong L = 0.0006288 (200) = 0.126 mm Ans.

elat = -Velong = - 0.4(0.0006288) = - 0.0002515

¢d = elatd = - 0.0002515 (15) = - 0.00377 mm Ans.

110

523

SM_CH08.indd 523 4/11/11 9:54:28 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
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3–26. The short cylindrical block of 2014-T6 aluminum,

8–22. 800 lb
4 kN 800 lb
4 kN
having an
anoriginal
originaldiameter
diameterofof120.5
mm in.and
anda alength ofof
length 37.5
1.5mm,
in.,
is placed in the smooth jaws of a vise and squeezed until the
axial load applied is
is 800
4 kN.
lb.Determine
Determine(a) (a) the
the decrease
decrease in its
length and (b) its new diameter.

a)
3
PP 4(10 800 )
=
s5 == pp 2 2 5= 35.3678
4074.37MPa
psi
AA 44(12 )
(0.5)

- 4074.37
ss –35.3678
=
elong 5 == = - 0.0003844
6 5 –0.00004838
10.6(10)6)
E 73.1(10
E

= eelong
d5 L 5= –0.0004838(37.5)
long L - 0.0003844 (1.5)5=–0.0181 (10 - 3) in.
- 0.577mm Ans.

b)

-elat
y =
V = 0.35
elong

elat = -0.35 (–0.0004838)

( - 0.0003844)==0.00016933
0.00013453

¢d = elat d = 0.00013453 (0.5)= =0.002032

0.00016933(12) 0.00006727
mm

d¿ = d + ¢d = 12.002032
0.5000673 mm
in. Ans.

8–23.
3–27. The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for a s(MPa)
steel alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen from which
it was obtained had an original diameter of 13 mm and a 400
gauge length of 50 mm. When the applied load on the
specimen is 50 kN, the diameter is 12.99265 mm. Determine
Poisson’s ratio for the material.

Normal Stress:

P 50(103)
s = = = 376.70 Mpa
A p
(0.0132) P(mm/mm)
4 0.002

Normal Strain: From the stress–strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity

400(106)
E = = 200 GPa. Applying Hooke’s law
0.002

s 376.70(106)
elong = = = 1.8835 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm
E 200(104)

d - d0 12.99265 - 13
elat = = = - 0.56538 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm
d0 13

Poisson’s Ratio: The lateral and longitudinal strain can be related using Poisson’s
ratio.

elat - 0.56538(10 - 3)
V = - = - = 0.300 Ans.
elong 1.8835(10 - 3)

111
524

SM_CH08.indd 524 4/11/11 9:54:29 AM

 ©©2011
2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

*8–24. The elastic portion of the stress–strain diagram for

*3–28. s(MPa)
a steel alloy is shown in the figure. The specimen from
which it was obtained had an original diameter of 13 mm 400
and a gauge length of 50 mm. If a load of P = 20 kN is
applied to the specimen, determine its diameter and gauge
length. Take n = 0.4.

Normal Stress:

P 20(103)
s = = = 150.68Mpa P(mm/mm)
A p
4 (0.0132) 0.002

Normal Strain: From the Stress–Strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity

400(106)
E = = 200 GPa. Applying Hooke’s Law
0.002

s 150.68(106)
elong = = = 0.7534 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm
E 200(109)

Thus,

dL = elong L0 = 0.7534 A 10 - 3 B (50) = 0.03767 mm

L = L0 + dL = 50 + 0.03767 = 50.0377 mm Ans.

Poisson’s Ratio: The lateral and longitudinal can be related using poisson’s ratio.

elat = - velong = - 0.4(0.7534) A 10 - 3 B

= - 0.3014 A 10 - 3 B mm>mm

dd = elat d = - 0.3014 A 10 - 3 B (13) = - 0.003918 mm

d = d0 + dd = 13 + ( -0.003918) = 12.99608 mm Ans.

•3–29. The aluminum block has a rectangular cross

•8–25. 37.51.5
mm in.
section and is subjected to an axial compressive force of 2 in.
408kN
kip 50 mm
840kip.
kN.If
If the 37.5-mm sidechanged
1.5-in. side changeditsitslength
lengthto
to 1.500132
37.5033 mm,
in.,
determine Poisson’s ratioratio and
andthe
thenewnewlength
lengthofof
thethe
502-in.
mm 8 kip
40 kN
3) ksi.
al =
side. Eal �7010(10
GPa.
753mm
in.

P
P 8 3)
40(10
=
s5 == = 21.33 ksi
5 2.667 MPa
A (50)(37.5)
A (2)(1.5)

ss –21.33
- 2.667
=
elong 5 == 3 3 5=–0.00030476
- 0.0002667
EE 70(10
10(10 ))

- 1.5
1.500132– 37.5
37.5033
=
elat 5 5=0.0000880
0.0000880
1.5
37.5

-0.0000880
–0.0000880
=
v5 = 0.289
5 0.330 Ans.
- 0.0002667
–0.00030476

h¿ = 50
h9 5 2 ++ 0.0000880(50) 50.0044 mm
0.0000880(2) =52.000176 in. Ans.

112
525

SM_CH08.indd 525 4/11/11 9:54:34 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

3–30. The block is made of titanium Ti-6A1-4V and is

8–26. y
subjected to a compression of 1.5
0.06mm along the
in. along the y axis, and its
shape is given a tilt of u = 89.7°. Determine Px, Py, and gxy.

Normal Strain:
1004mm
in. u
dLy -0.06
–1.5
ey = = 5 =–0.0150
- 0.0150 in.>in.
mm/mm Ans.
Ly 4
100
x
Poisson’s Ratio: The lateral and longitudinal strain can be related using Poisson’s ratio. 5 in.
125 mm

ex = - vey = - 0.36( - 0.0150)

= 0.00540 in. >in.

mm/mm Ans.

Shear Strain:

b = 180° - 89.7° = 90.3° = 1.576032 rad

p p
gxy = - b = - 1.576032 = - 0.00524 rad Ans.
2 2

3–31. The shear stress–strain diagram for a steel alloy is

8–27.
P P/2
shown in the figure. If a bolt having aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.75
20 mmin. P/2
is made of this material and used in the double lap joint,
determine the modulus of elasticity E and the force P
t(MPa)
t(ksi)
required to cause the material to yield. Take n = 0.3.
420
60
The shear force developed on the shear planes of the bolt can be determined by
considering the equilibrium of the FBD shown in Fig. a
g(rad)
:
+ ©F = 0; P P 0.00545
x V + V - P = 0 V = =
2 2

From the shear stress–strain diagram, the yield stress is ty = 60

420ksi . Thus,
MPa. Thus,
Vy P>2
P/2
ty = ; 60 =5
420
A pp (202)2
A
4 0.75
4 B

P == 263893.8
53.01 kipN== 53.0 kipkN
263.89 Ans.

From the shear stress–strain diagram, the shear modulus is

420
60 ksi
=
G5 5 11.01(1033))ksi
= 77.064(10 MPa 5 77.064 GPa
0.00545
0.00545

Thus, the modulus of elasticity is

E 3 E
G = ; 11.01(10
77.064) =
2(1 + y) 2(1 + 0.3)

5 200.43)GPa
E =E 28.6(10 ksi Ans.

113
526

SM_CH08.indd 526 4/11/11 9:54:38 AM

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Allrights
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reserved.This
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underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
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formororbybyany
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withoutpermission
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writingfrom
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thepublisher.
publisher.

*8–28.
*3–32. A shear spring is made by bonding the rubber P
annulus to a rigid fixed ring and a plug. When an axial load
P is placed on the plug, show that the slope at point y in
the rubber is dy>dr = - tan g = - tan1P>12phGr22. For small
angles we can write dy>dr = - P>12phGr2. Integrate this h
expression and evaluate the constant of integration using
the condition that y = 0 at r = ro. From the result compute
y
the deflection y = d of the plug. d
ro ri
r
y

P
Shear Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with tA = .
2p r h

tA P
g = =
G 2p h G r

dy P
= - tan g = - tan a b (Q.E.D)
dr 2p h G r

If g is small, then tan g = g. Therefore,

dy P
= -
dr 2p h G r

2p h G L r
P dr
y = -

P
y = - ln r + C
2p h G

At r = ro, y = 0

P
0 = - ln ro + C
2p h G

P
C = ln ro
2p h G

P ro
Then, y = ln
2p h G r

At r = ri, y = d

P ro
d = ln Ans.
2p h G ri

114
527

SM_CH08.indd 527 4/11/11 9:54:39 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

•3–33. The support consists of three rigid plates, which

•8–29.
are connected together using two symmetrically placed
rubber pads. If a vertical force of 5 N is applied to plate
A, determine the approximate vertical displacement of C B
this plate due to shear strains in the rubber. Each pad
has cross-sectional dimensions of 30 mm and 20 mm.
Gr = 0.20 MPa. 40 mm 40 mm

V 2.5
tavg = = = 4166.7 Pa 5N
A (0.03)(0.02)

t 4166.7
g = = = 0.02083 rad
G 0.2(106)

d = 40(0.02083) = 0.833 mm Ans.

8–30.
3–34. A shear spring is made from two blocks of rubber, P
each having a height h, width b, and thickness a. The d
A
blocks are bonded to three plates as shown. If the plates
are rigid and the shear modulus of the rubber is G,
determine the displacement of plate A if a vertical load P is
applied to this plate. Assume that the displacement is small
so that d = a tan g L ag. h

P a a
Average Shear Stress: The rubber block is subjected to a shear force of V = .
2
P
V 2 P
t = = =
A bh 2bh

Shear Strain: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

P
t 2bh P
g = = =
G G 2bhG

Thus,

Pa
d = ag = = Ans.
2bhG

115
528

SM_CH08.indd 528 4/11/11 9:54:40 AM

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UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
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NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialis isprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybebereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formororbybyany
anymeans,
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withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthe
thepublisher.
publisher.

3–35. The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain

8–31. (MPa)
s (ksi)
diagram for an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The
specimen used for the test test has
has aa gauge
gauge length
lengthof
of50 mm
2 in. and
and a 500
70
a diameterofof0.5
diameter 12.5
in. mm.
When When the applied
the applied loadload is 45the
is 9 kip, kN,new
the
new diameter
diameter of the of specimen
the specimen is 12.48375
is 0.49935 mm. Compute
in. Compute the
the shear
shear modulus
modulus Gal forGtheal for the aluminum.
aluminum.
P (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
From the stress–strain diagram, 0.00614

s
s 500
70
=
Eal 5 =
5 11400.653ksi
5=81.433(10 ) MPa
ee 0.00614
0.00614

When specimen is loaded with a 945-kN

- kip load,

P 45(10
P 9 3)
=
s5 5= pp = 366.69
5 45.84 ksi
MPa
(0.5)2
A 44(12.5)
A

ss 45.84
366.69
=
elong 5 =
5 = 0.0040208 in.>in.
3 5 0.0045030 mm/mm
EE 11400.65
81.433(10 )

d9 0.49935–-12.5
d¿ –-d d 12.48375 0.5
=
elat 5 5= 5= –0.0013
- 0.0013 in.>in.
mm/mm
dd 0.5
12.5

- 0.0013
elatelat –0.0013
= e- 5 = -
V5 = 0.32332
5 0.28870
0.0040208
elong 0.0045030
long

EEatat 11.4(1033))
81.433(10
=
Galal 5 = = 4.31(103 3) ksi Ans.
2(1 ++ v)
2(1 5 0.32332)5 31.60(10 ) MPa 5 31.60 GPa
2(1++0.28870)
v) 2(1

*8–32. The elastic portion of the tension stress–strain

*3–36. (MPa)
s (ksi)
diagram for an aluminum alloy is shown in the figure. The
specimen used forfor the
thetest
testhas
hasaagauge
gaugelength
lengthofof
502mm
in. and a 500
70
diameter of 12.5 mm.
0.5 in. If If
thetheapplied
appliedload
loadisis10
50kip,
kN, determine
the new diameter of the specimen. The shear modulus is
Gal == 28 GPa.32 ksi.
3.8110
P (mm/mm)
(in./in.)
10 3) 0.00614
PP 50(10
= 5= pp
s5 = 407.44
5 50.9296MPa
ksi
A (0.5)22
A 44(12.5)

stress–strain diagram
From the stress-strain diagram

70
500
=
E5 11400.653ksi
5= 81.433(10 ) MPa
0.00614
0.00614

ss 407.44
50.9296
=
elong 5 == =50.0044673
0.0050033in.>in.
mm/mm
E 11400.653)
E 81.433(10
3
EE 11400.65
81.433(10 )
=
G5 ;  ; 28(10 3
)5 3) =
3.8(10 v = 0.500
; v; 5 0.45416
2(1 ++v)v) + v)+ v)
2(12(1

= –ve
elat 5 - ve
long 5=–0.45416(0.0050033)
long - 0.500(0.0044673) 5= –0.002272
- 0.002234 in.>in.

¢d5= eelatlatdd5=–0.002272(12.5)
∆d - 0.002234(0.5)5=–0.0284
- 0.001117
mm in.

d9 = dd++∆d¢d
d¿ 5 5= 0.5– -
12.5 0.001117
0.0284 = 0.4989
5 12.4716 mmin. Ans.

116
529

SM_CH08.indd 529 4/11/11 9:54:41 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

•8–33.
3–37. The s –P diagram for elastic fibers that make up s(psi)
s(MPa)
human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the modulus
of elasticity of the fibers and estimate their modulus of 55
385
toughness and modulus of resilience.

11
77
P(in./in.)
P(mm/mm)
1 2 2.25

77
11
38.5
E al=5 =55.5 psiMPa Ans.
22

11 11
=  (2)(77)
utt 5 (2)(11)++  (385
(55++77)(2.25
11)(2.25– 2)
- 52) 134.75 psi 3
MJ/m
= 19.25 Ans.
22 22

11
=  (2)(77)
utt 5 (2)(11)5= 77 psi 3
11MJ/m Ans.
22

8–34. A short cylindrical block of 6061-T6 aluminum,

3–38.
having an original diameter of 20 mm and a length of
75 mm, is placed in a compression machine and squeezed
until the axial load applied is 5 kN. Determine (a) the
decrease in its length and (b) its new diameter.

P -5(103)
a) s = = p 2
= - 15.915 MPa
4 (0.02)
A

s = E elong ; - 15.915(106) = 68.9(109) elong

elong = - 0.0002310 mm>mm

d = elong L = - 0.0002310(75) = - 0.0173 mm Ans.

elat elat
b) v = - ; 0.35 = -
elong - 0.0002310

elat = 0.00008085 mm>mm

¢d = elat d = 0.00008085(20) = 0.0016 mm

d¿ = d + ¢d = 20 + 0.0016 = 20.0016 mm Ans.

117
530

SM_CH08.indd 530 4/11/11 9:54:42 AM

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Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
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protectedunder
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copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
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formororbybyany
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withoutpermission
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publisher.

3–39. The rigid beam rests in the horizontal position on

8–35. 80 kN
two 2014-T6 aluminum cylinders having the unloaded lengths
x
shown. If each cylinder has a diameter of 30 mm, determine
the placement x of the applied 80-kN load so that the beam
remains horizontal. What is the new diameter of cylinder A A B
after the load is applied? nal = 0.35. 220 mm 210 mm

80x 3m
a + ©MA = 0; FB(3) - 80(x) = 0; FB = (1)
3

80(3 - x)
a + ©MB = 0; - FA(3) + 80(3 - x) = 0; FA = (2)
3

Since the beam is held horizontally, dA = dB

P
P s A
s = ; e = =
A E E
P
A PL
d = eL = a bL =
E AE
80(3 - x) 80x
3 (220) 3 (210)
dA = dB ; =
AE AE

80(3 - x)(220) = 80x(210)

x = 1.53 m Ans.

From Eq. (2),

FA = 39.07 kN

FA 39.07(103)
sA = = p 2
= 55.27 MPa
4 (0.03 )
A

sA 55.27(106)
elong = = - = - 0.000756
E 73.1(109)

elat = -velong = - 0.35( -0.000756) = 0.0002646

œ
dA = dA + d elat = 30 + 30(0.0002646) = 30.008 mm Ans.

*3–40.
*8–36. The head H is connected to the cylinder of a
compressor using six steel bolts. If the clamping force in
each bolt
bolt isis4 800
kN, lb, determine
determine the the
normalnormalstrainstrain
in theinbolts.
the L
C
3
bolts.
Each Each
bolt has bolta has a diameter
diameter of 5 of
mm.16 in.
If s If s
Y Y= =
280 40 ksi
MPa and H
3
Est ==200
29110
GPa, 2 ksi,
whatwhat is strain
is the the strain in each
in each bolt when
bolt when the
the nut is
nut is unscrewed
unscrewed so thatsothe
that the clamping
clamping force isforce is released?
released?

Normal Stress:
3
P 4(10
P 800)
=
s5 5= pp 3 2 5=203.72 MPa6< sgg 5
28.97 ksi = 280
40 ksi
MPa
A
A (5)
4 A B2
4 16

Normal Strain: Since s 6 sg, Hooke’s law is still valid.

ss 203.72
28.97
=
e5 5= 33
= 0.0010186
5 mm/mm
0.000999 in.>in. Ans.
EE 200(10)
29(10 )

If the nut is unscrewed, the load is zero. Therefore, the strain e = 0 Ans.

118
531

SM_CH08.indd 531 4/11/11 9:54:42 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
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writing from
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publisher.

•3–41. The stone has a mass of 800 kg and center of gravity

•8–37.
P
at G. It rests on a pad at A and a roller at B. The pad is fixed 0.4 m G 0.3 m
to the ground and has a compressed height of 30 mm, a
width of 140 mm, and a length of 150 mm. If the coefficient
of static friction between the pad and the stone is ms = 0.8, B 1.25 m 1.5 m A
determine the approximate horizontal displacement of the
stone, caused by the shear strains in the pad, before the
stone begins to slip. Assume the normal force at A acts
1.5 m from G as shown. The pad is made from a material
having E = 4 MPa and n = 0.35.

Equations of Equilibrium:

a + ©MB = 0; FA(2.75) - 7848(1.25) - P(0.3) = 0 [1]

:
+ ©F = 0;
x P - F = 0 [2]

Note: The normal force at A does not act exactly at A. It has to shift due to friction.

Friction Equation:

F = ms FA = 0.8 FA [3]

Solving Eqs. [1], [2] and [3] yields:

FA = 3908.37 N F = P = 3126.69 N

Average Shear Stress: The pad is subjected to a shear force of V = F = 3126.69 N.

V 3126.69
t = = = 148.89 kPa
A (0.14)(0.15)

Modulus of Rigidity:

E 4
G = = = 1.481 MPa
2(1 + v) 2(1 + 0.35)

Shear Strain: Applying Hooke’s law for shear

t 148.89(103)
g = = = 0.1005 rad
G 1.481(106)

Thus,

dh = hg = 30(0.1005) = 3.02 mm Ans.

119
532

SM_CH08.indd 532 4/11/11 9:54:43 AM

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Allrights
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Thismaterial
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lawsasasthey
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exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
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8–38.
3–42. The bar DA is rigid and is originally held in the
horizontal position when the weight W is supported from C. E
If the weight causes B to
causes B tobe
bedisplaced
displaceddownward
downward0.625
0.025mm,
in.,
determine the strain in wires DE and BC. Also, if the wires 0.93 m
ft
are made of A-36 steel and have a cross-sectional area of
in22, ,determine
1.25 mm
0.002 determinethe
theweight
weightW.
W. 2 ftm
0.6 3 ftm
0.9

D B A
0.9
3 1.5
5
==
0.025
0.625 dd
4 ftm
1.2
d == 1.04167 mm
0.0417 in

dd 0.0417
1.04167 C
eDE == == ==0.00116
0.0011574 mm/mm
in.>in. Ans.
LL 0.9(1000)
3(12)
W
sDE == Ee
EeDE 29(1033)(0.0011574)
DE==200(10 )(0.00116) ==33.56 ksiMPa
231.48
0.6 m 0.9 m
DE ==ss
FDE DEAA
DE DE= =
DE 33.56 (0.002)
231.48(1.25) = 0.0672
= 289.35 N kip
1.04167
0.625
a + ©MA = 0; –(289.35)(1.5) + 0.9(W)
- (0.0672) (5) + 3(W) == 00

W ==482.25 N = 112 lb
0.112 kip Ans. FDE = 289.35 N

W 482.25
s
sBC = W = 0.112==385.8 MPa
BC = ABC = 1.25 55.94 ksi 0.6 m 0.9 m
ABC 0.002
s BC 385.8
55.94 = 0.00193 mm/mm
eeBC == sBC = Ans.
BC E =200(103)3 = 0.00193 in.>in.
E 29 (10 )

3–43. The 8-mm-diameter bolt is made of an aluminum

8–39.
alloy. It fits through a magnesium sleeve that has an inner
diameter of 12 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm. If the
original lengths of the bolt and sleeve are 80 mm and
50 mm
50 mm, respectively, determine the strains in the sleeve and
the bolt if the nut on the bolt is tightened so that the tension A
in the bolt is 8 kN. Assume the material at A is rigid.
Eal = 70 GPa, Emg = 45 GPa.
30 mm

Normal Stress:

P 8(103)
sb = = p 2
= 159.15 MPa
4 (0.008 )
Ab

P 8(103)
ss = = 2
= 39.79 MPa
As p
4 (0.02 - 0.0122)

Normal Strain: Applying Hooke’s Law

sb 159.15(106)
eb = = = 0.00227 mm>mm Ans.
Eal 70(109)

ss 39.79(106)
es = = = 0.000884 mm>mm Ans.
Emg 45(109)

120
533

SM_CH08.indd 533 4/11/11 9:54:44 AM

 © 2011
© 2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAll rights
rights reserved.
reserved. This
This material
material is is protected
protected under
under allall copyright
copyright laws
laws asas they
they currently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion of of this
this material
material maymay
bebe reproduced,
reproduced, in in
anyany form
form or or
byby
anyany means,
means, without
without permission
permission in in writing
writing from
from thethe publisher.
publisher.

*3–44.
*8–40. The A-36 steel wire AB has a cross-sectional area
of 10 mm2 and is unstretched when u = 45.0°. Determine A
the applied load P needed to cause u = 44.9°.

400 mm

u
400 m
m B

P
¿
LAB 400
=
sin 90.2° sin 44.9°
¿
LAB = 566.67 mm

400
LAB = = 565.69
sin 45°
¿
LAB - LAB 566.67 - 565.69
e = = = 0.001744
LAB 565.69

s = Ee = 200(109) (0.001744) = 348.76 MPa

a + ©MA = 0

P(400 cos 0.2°) - FAB sin 44.9° (400) = 0 (1)

However,

FAB = sA = 348.76(106)(10)(10 - 6) = 3.488 kN

From Eq. (1),

P = 2.46 kN Ans.

121
534

SM_CH08.indd 534 4/11/11 9:54:44 AM