©©2011

2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialisisprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
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thismaterial
materialmay
maybe
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formor
orby
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anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
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writingfrom
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publisher.

3–5. A tension test was performed on a steel specimen

Load (kN) Elongation (mm)
having an original diameter of 12.5 mm and gauge length
of 50 mm. Using the data listed in the table, plot the 0 0
stress–strain diagram, and determine approximately the 11.1 0.0175
modulus of toughness. Use a scale of 20 mm = 50 MPa and 31.9 0.0600
37.8 0.1020
20 mm = 0.05 mm>mm.
40.9 0.1650
43.6 0.2490
Stress and Strain: 53.4 1.0160
62.3 3.0480
P dL 64.5 6.3500
s = (MPa) e = (mm/mm) 62.3 8.8900
A L 58.8 11.9380
0 0

90.45 0.00035

259.9 0.00120

308.0 0.00204

333.3 0.00330

355.3 0.00498
435.1 0.02032

507.7 0.06096

525.6 0.12700

507.7 0.17780

479.1 0.23876

Modulus of Toughness: The modulus of toughness is equal to the

total area under the stress–strain diagram and can be
approximated by counting the number of squares. The total
number of squares is 187.

N m
(ut)approx = 187(25) A 106 B ¢ 2≤
a 0.025 b = 117 MJ>m3 Ans.
m m

9595

CH 03.indd 95 1/18/11 2:08:17 PM

 ©© 2011
2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAllrights
rightsreserved.
reserved. Thismaterial
This materialisisprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion ofof this
this material
material may
may bebe reproduced,
reproduced, inin any
any formformoror
byby any
any means,
means, without
without permission
permission inin writing
writing from
from the
the publisher.
publisher.

3–6. A specimen
3–6.  specimen isisoriginally
originally3001 ftmm
long, hashas
long, a diameter
a diameterof
0.5 12
of in.,mm,
and isandsubjected to a force
is subjected to aofforce
500 lb.
ofWhen
2.5 kN.theWhen
force
is increased
the from 500 lb
force is increased to 1800
from lb, the
2.5 kN to 9specimen
kN,, the elongates
specimen
0.009 in. 0.225
elongates Determine the modulus
mm. Determine of elasticity
the modulus for the
of elasticity for
material
the if it if
material remains linear
it remains elastic.
linear elastic.

P dL
Normal Stress and Strain: Applying s = and e = .
A L

0.5003)
2.5(10
=
s1 5 pp = 2.546 ksi
2 5 22.10 MPa
44(0.5
(12)2)

1.80
9(10 3
)
= pp
s2 5 5=79.58
9.167MPa
ksi
(0.522))
44(12

0.009
¢e = 0.225 5
∆e 5 = 0.000750
0.000750 mm/mm
in.>in.
12
300

Modulus of Elasticity:

¢s 9.167 –-22.10
79.58 2.546
E = = 8.83 A 1033) BMPa
5=76.64(10 ksi = 76.64 GPa Ans.
¢e 0.000750
0.000750

3–7. A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a

zirconium alloy. If an
an axial
axial load
load ofof20 kN is to be supported
4 kip
by the member, determine its required cross-sectional area.
Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to yielding. What is the
load on the
the member
member ifif itit is
is 13 m
ft long and its elongation is
3
0.02mm?
0.5 Ezrzr = 14(10
in.? E ) ksi,sYsY= =400
100 GPa, 57.5 ksi.The
MPa. The material
material has
elastic behavior.

Allowable Normal Stress:

sy
F.S. =
sallow

57.5
400
3 =
sallow

sallow = 19.17
133.33ksi
MPa

P
sallow =
A

4
20(103
)
=
19.17 5
133.33
AA
2 2
A == 150
0.2087
mmin = 0.209 in2 Ans.

Stress–Strain Relationship: Applying Hooke’s law with

d 0.02
0.5
e = = 3
== 0.0005 mm/mm
0.000555 in.>in.
L 3 (12)
1(10 )

s == Ee 14 A 10
Ee==100(10 33
B (0.000555)
)(0.0005) = 50 MPa
= 7.778 ksi

P
Normal Force: Applying equation s = .
A

P ==sA
P sA= =50(150) = 7500 N== 1.62
7.778 (0.2087) kip
7.5 kN Ans.

9696

CH 03.indd 96 1/18/11 2:08:17 PM

 ©©2011
2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialisisprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybe
bereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formor
orby
byany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthethepublisher.
publisher.

*3–8. The strut is supported by a pin at C and an A-36

the wire
AB. If the
steel guy wire AB. wire has
has aa diameter
diameter of
of 0.2
5 mm,
in.,
determine how much it stretches when the distributed load A
acts on the strut.

60�
60
200 lb/ft
3.4 kN/m

B
Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire AB. C
9 ftm
2.7
11
a + ©MC = 0; AB cos
FAB 60°(9) -–  (3.4)(2.7)(0.9)
cos 60°(2.7) (200)(9)(3) = 0= 0  F AB ==3.06
FAB 600kN
lb
22
The normal stress the wire is

FAB 600 3)
3.06(10 3
sAB = = p p 22 ==19.10(10 ) psi = 19.10 ksi
155.84 MPa
4 (0.2
4 (5 ))
AAB

Since sAB 6 sy = 36
250ksi
MPa, Hooke’s
, Hooke’s Lawcan
Law canbe
beapplied
applied to determine
determine the
thestrain
strain
in wire.

sAB = EPAB; 155.84 =

19.10 200(1033)e
= 29.0(10 )PAB
AB

PeAB = 0.7792(10–3
- 3) mm/mm
AB = 0.6586(10 ) in>in

9(12)3)
2.7(10
The unstretched length of the wire is LAB = == 124.71 inThus,
3117.69. . Thus,
thethe wire
wire
sin
sin 60°
60°
stretches

dAB = PAB LAB = 0.6586(10 -3

0.7792(10–3 )(3117.69)
)(124.71)

2.429 mm
= 0.0821 in. Ans.

1
 (3.4)(2.7) kN
2

0.9 m 1.8 m

9797

CH 03.indd 97 1/18/11 2:08:18 PM

 ©©2011
2010Pearson
PearsonEducation,
Education,Inc.,
Inc.,Upper
UpperSaddle
SaddleRiver,
River,NJ.
NJ.All
Allrights
rightsreserved.
reserved.This
Thismaterial
materialisisprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist.No
Noportion
portionofofthis
thismaterial
materialmay
maybe
bereproduced,
reproduced,ininany
anyform
formor
orby
byany
anymeans,
means,without
withoutpermission
permissionininwriting
writingfrom
fromthethepublisher.
publisher.

•3–13.  A bar having a length

•3–13. A bar having a length of of
5 in.125
andmm and cross-
cross-sectional
2
sectional
area of 0.7area ofsubjected
in2 is 437.5 mmto isan
subjected
axial forceto an axial lb.
of 8000 force of
If the 8000
40 kNlb 8000
40 kNlb
40 kN. If the bar stretches 0.05 mm, determine the modulus
bar stretches 0.002 in., determine the modulus of elasticity 5 in.
125 mm
of elasticity
of the of the
material. Thematerial.
material The material has behavior.
has linear-elastic linear-elastic
behavior.

Normal Stress and Strain:

8.003)
P 40(10
P
=
s5 == =511.43
95.81ksi
MPa
0.7
A 437.5
A

dL 0.05
dL 0.002
=
e5 == = 0.000400
5 0.000400 in.>in.
mm/mm
L
L 1255

Modulus of Elasticity:

s
s 11.43
95.81 3 3
=
E5 == 5=239.525 ) ksi
28.6(10(10 ) MPa = 239.5 GPa Ans.
0.000400
ee 0.000400

3–14. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

A-36 steel guy wire BD. If the wire has a diameter of B
60.25
mm,in.,determine
determinehow howmuch
muchitit stretches
stretches when
when aa load
load of
P ==3600
kN acts onon
lb acts thethe
pipe.
pipe.

Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring 1.2
4 ftm P
to the FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–600(6)
3(1.8) == 0  
0 FFBD= =
BD 7.51500
kN lb A D
C
The normal stress developed in the wire is
0.9
3 ftm 0.9
3 ftm
3
FBD 7.5(10
1500 )
sBD = = p p 2 2 5=265.3 MPa3) psi = 30.56 ksi
30.56(10
4 (6 ) )
(0.25
ABD 4

Since sBD 6 sy = 36
250ksi , Hooke’s
MPa, Law
Hooke’s cancan
Law bebe
applied totodetermine
applied determinethe
thestrain
straininin
the wire.

sBD = EPBD; 265.3 =

30.56 29.0(103)e
= 200(10 3
)PAB
BD

- 3–3
eBD= =1.054(10
PBD 1.3265(10 ) )in.>in.
mm/mm

0.922 ++ 14.222==5ft
The unstretched length of the wire is LBD = 23 1.5=m.60
Thus, the the
in. Thus,
wire stretches

1.054(10 -–3
dBD = PBD LBD = 1.3265(10 3
)(1.5)(103)
)(60)

= 1.98975
0.0632 inmm Ans.

3 kN

0.9 m 0.9 m

101
101

CH 03.indd 101 1/18/11 2:08:21 PM

 ©© 2011
2010 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.,
Inc., Upper
Upper Saddle
Saddle River,
River, NJ.NJ.
AllAllrights
rightsreserved.
reserved. Thismaterial
This materialisisprotected
protectedunder
underallallcopyright
copyrightlaws
lawsasasthey
theycurrently
currently
exist.
exist. NoNo portion
portion ofof this
this material
material may
may bebe reproduced,
reproduced, inin any
any formformoror
byby any
any means,
means, without
without permission
permission inin writing
writing from
from the
the publisher.
publisher.

3–15. The rigid pipe is supported by a pin at A and an

A-36 guy wire BD. If the
BD. If the wire
wire has
hasaadiameter
diameterofof0.25
6 mm,
in., B
determine the load
load PP ifif the
the end
end CCisisdisplaced
displaced1.875
0.075mmin.
downward.

4 ftm
1.2 P

A D
C

3 ftm
0.9 3 ftm
0.9

Here, we are only interested in determining the force in wire BD. Referring to the
FBD in Fig. a

a + ©MA = 0; FBD A 45 B (0.9)

(3) -–P(6)
P(1.8)= =0 0 FBD = 2.50 P

The unstretched length for wire BD is LBD = 23 0.922 ++ 14.222==51.5 = 60

ft m. in. From
From the the
geometry shown in Fig. b, the stretched length of wire BD is

15002 2++ 0.075

LBD¿ = 260 1.87522 -− 22(60)(0.075)
(1500)(1.875)cos 143.13°==60.060017
cos143.13° 1501.500 mm

Thus, the normal strain is

LBD¿ - LBD 1501.500 – -

60.060017 1500
60
PBD = = 1.0003(10–3- )3)mm/mm
= 1.0000(10
5 in.>in.
LBD 1500
60

Then, the normal stress can be obtain by applying Hooke’s Law.

29(103)3C)[1.0000(10
sBD = EPBD = 200(10 1.0003(10 -–3
3
))]D = 200 MPa
29.01 ksi

Since sBD 6 sy = 250 MPa,

36 ksi , thethe result
result is valid.
is valid.

FBD 2.50P 2.50 P

sBD = ; 200 5 p 3) 2 = p
29.01(10 2
ABD 4 (6 ) 4 (0.25 )

P ==2261.9
569.57Nlb= =2.26
570kN
lb Ans.

LBD = 1.5 m

0.9 m 0.9 m

1.875 mm

102
102

CH 03.indd 102 1/18/11 2:08:22 PM