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IIFT Sample Paper 2022


by Hitbullseye
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

Directions of Test

Test Name Diagnostic Test - IIFT Total Questions 110 Total Time 120 Mins

Section Name No. of Questions Marks per Question Negative Marking


GK 20 1.5 1/3
Verbal Usage & Reading Comprehension 35 3 1/3
DI & Reasoning 30 3 1/3
Quantitative Ability 25 3 1/3

0
Section : GK

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

36
Question No. : 1

Which of the following is a space mission by ISRO?

A) SROSS-C2 B) QuikSeat C) SAMPEX

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:


D) Stardust
S
R
Question No. : 2
E

Identify the correct match for the Personality with what he /she is known for:

Personality Known for


E

a. Bhagwan Dass i. Bharat Ratna


ii. Theosophical
b. Annie Besant
R

Society
c. Bharat Muni iii. Natya Shastra
d. Bhavabhuti iv. Malatimadhava
A
C

A) a-i; b-ii; c-iii; d-iv B) a-ii; b-i; c-iv; d-iii C) a-ii; b-i; c-iii; d-iv D) a-i; b-ii; c-iv; d-iii
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 3

In the table below, match the correct Trade Name of medicine with its Generic Name and the name of the pharmaceutical
company that manufactures it:
 
Trade
Generic Name Manufacturer
Name
a. Viagra i. Acetaminophen 1. Roche
b. Tylenol ii. Ibuprofen 2. Pfizer
c. Tamiflu iii. Sildenafil Citrate 3. Johnson & Johnson
d. Brufen iv. Oseltamivir 4. Abbott Laboratories

0
 
 

36
A) a-i-4; b-ii-3; c-iii-2; d-iv-1 B) a-iii-2; b-i-3; c-iv-1; d-ii-4 C) a-iii-1; b-i-2; c-iv-3; d-ii-4 D) a-i-4; b-iv-3; c-iii-2; d-ii-1

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 4

B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak


S
Who declared, "The only hope for India is from the masses. The upper classes are physically and morally dead"?

A) Gopalkrishna Gokhale C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Swami Vivekananda


R
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:
E

Question No. : 5

What was the picture shown on the first stamp of independent India?
E

A) The new Indian flag B) Ashoka Lion Capital C) A portrait of Mahatma Gandhi D) A Douglas DC-4 aircraft
R

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 6
A

Which of the following venues has hosted the Summer Olympic Games the maximum number of times?

A) Athens B) Paris C) London D) Los Angeles


C

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 7

In ecology, what name is given to the measure of diversity that is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat, by taking
into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species?

A) Simpson Index B) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index C) Flintstone Index D) Bio-volatility Index

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 8

Who, among the following, has not been a Vice President of India before becoming the President of India?

A) S. Radhakrishnan B) R. Venkatraman C) Shankar Dayal Sharaia D) GianiZail Singh


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 9

Match the description given in Column 1 with the name of the film in Column 2:
 
Column 1 Column 2
1. First Hindi Film a. Mother India
2. First Hindi Colour Film b. Alam Ara
3. First Hindi film nominated for
c. Kisan Kanya
Oscars
d. Raja
4. First Hindi film with sound
Harishchandra

0
 

A) l-d;2-c;3-a;4-b B) l-b;2-a;3-d;4-c C) 1-b; 2-d; 3-a; 4-c D) l-d;2-a;3-c;4-b

36
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 10

Which year is known as the year of the great divide in the demographic history of India?
S
A) 1857 B) 1947 C) 1921 D) 1951
R
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 11
E

Arrange the following Indian rivers from North to South


 
E

1. Narmada
2. Kaveri
3. Jhelum
R

4. Godavari

A) 3-1-2-4 B) 1-4-3-2 C) 1-3:4-2 D) 3-1-4-2


A

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:


C

Question No. : 12

The nomenclature of which of the following schemes is incorrect?

A) Rajiv Gram Samridhi Yojana B) Jawahar Rozgar Yojana C) Rajiv Awas Yojana D) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 13

Arrange the following Indian port cities beginning from East to West,
 
i. Jamnagar      ii. Kochi           iii. Chennai      iv. Visakhapatnam

A) i-ii-iii-iv B) iv-iii-ii-i C) ii-iv-i-iii D) iii-i-iv-ii


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 14

Which of the following is headquartered in USA?

A) Goldman Sachs Group B) Barclays C) HSBC Holdings D) Standard Chartered PLC

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 15

Which of the following is not headquartered in China?

A) Weibo B) WeChat C) Alibaba D) Jabong

0
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

36
Question No. : 16

Which day is being observed by the United Nations every year as “International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its
Abolition”?

A) 26 August B) 25 August C) 24 August D) 23 August

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:


S
R
Question No. : 17

Name the private sector bank which has launched a new initiative named ‘Gig-a-Opportunities’ to attract skilled talent that can
E

work with the bank remotely, from anywhere in the country.

A) Axis Bank B) Yes Bank C) ICICI Bank D) Kotak Mahindra Bank


E

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:


R

Question No. : 18

Name the person who has been appointed by the Government of India as the managing director (MD) of the State Bank of
A

India (SBI).

A) Karnam Sekar B) Padmaja Chunduru C) Ashwani Bhatia D) Aditya Puri


C

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 19

The government recently unveiled a production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme to encourage domestic manufacturing
investments in ten champion sectors, with an estimated outlay of about ______ over the next five years.

A) Rs. 1.26-lakh-crore B) Rs. 1.46-lakh-crore C) Rs. 1.66-lakh-crore D) Rs. 1.86-lakh-crore


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:

Question No. : 20

Name Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi’s ruling party which recently won a clear majority in Myanmar’s general
elections.

A) National League for Democracy B) National Democratic Alliance C) National Democratic Front
D) National People’s Party

Section : Verbal Usage & Reading Comprehension

DIRECTIONS for the question: The sentence below has four underlined words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D. Identify the
underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct.

0
Question No. : 21

Being/ (A) a short holiday / (B) we had to return / (C) without visiting  many of the places / (D).

36
A) Being B) holiday C) had to return D) many of the places

DIRECTIONS for the question: Pick the best option which completes the sentence in the most meaningful manner.

Question No. : 22
S
_____________ made after English settlers came to Jamestown was a map of Virginia by John Smith, the famous adventurer.
R
A) It was the first map B) The first map C) There was a first map D) That the first map

DIRECTIONS for the question: Pick the best option which completes the sentence in the most meaningful manner.
E

Question No. : 23
E

The concert this weekend promises to attract _____________ than attended the last one.

A) a number of people even larger B) an even larger amount of people C) a group of people even greater
R

D) an even greater number of people

DIRECTIONS for the question: In the question below, there are two sentences containing underlined homonyms, which may
A

either be mis-spelt or inappropriately toed in the context of the sentence. Select the appropriate answer from the options given
below:
C

Question No. : 24

I. A vote of censur was passed against the Chairman.


II. Before release, every film is passed by the Censor Board.
 

A) only sentence I is correct B) only sentence II is correct C) both sentences I and II are correct
D) both sentences I and II are incorrect
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: In the question below, there are two sentences containing underlined homonyms, which may
either be mis-spelt or inappropriately toed in the context of the sentence. Select the appropriate answer from the options given
below:

Question No. : 25

I. This behaviour does not compliment his position.


II. He thanked his boss for the complement
 

A) only sentence I is correct B) only sentence II is correct C) both sentences I and II are correct
D) both sentences I and II are incorrect

DIRECTIONS for the question: For the following sentence, choose the most appropriate "one word" for the given expressions

0
Question No. : 26

The art of cutting trees and bushes into ornamental shapes:

36
A) Horticulture B) Bonsai C) Pruning D) Topiary

DIRECTIONS for the question: Match the words in column I with their appropriate meanings in column 2.

Question No. : 27

Column 1 Column 2
S
R
a. Predilection i. Vanish
b. Evanescence ii. A gentle, mild breeze
c. Zephyr iii. Inane
E

iv. Completely transparent and


d. Diaphanous
translucent
E

e. Fatuous v. Partiality

A) a-v; b-iv; c-i; d-ii; e-iii B) a-ii; b-i; c-iii; d-v; e-iv C) a-v, b-i; c-ii; d-iv; e-iii D) a-iii; b-iv; c-i; d-v; e-ii
R

DIRECTIONS for the question: Match the words in column I with their appropriate meanings in column 2.
A

Question No. : 28

Column 1 Column 2
C

a. Perspicacity i. Doting upon wife


ii. Insignificant, ineffective
b. Uxorious
person
c. Nebbish iii. Undeveloped, immature
iv. Keenness of mental
d. Chicanery
perception
e. Inchoate v. to trick, to deceive
 

A) a-ii; b-i; c-iv; d-iii; e-v B) a-iv; b-i; c-ii; d-v; e-iii C) a-iv; b-ii; c-i; d-v; e-iii D) a-ii; b-iv; c-i; d-iii; e-v
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Choose the word from the options which is Opposite in meaning to the given word.

Question No. : 29

Risible:

A) serious B) amusing C) ludicrous D) ridiculous

DIRECTIONS for the question: Choose the word from the options which is Opposite in meaning to the given word.

Question No. : 30

Tenebrous:

A) dark B) truthful C) bright D) quarrelsome

0
DIRECTIONS for the question: A partially completed paragraph is placed below, followed by fillers a, b, c. From options A, B, C
and D, identify the right combination and order of fillers a, b or c that will best complete the paragraph.

36
Question No. : 31

In cultivating team spirit, one should not forget the importance of discipline. (________________) It is the duty of all the members
of the team to observe discipline in its proper perspective.
  S
a. A proper team spirit can seldom be based on discipline.
b. It is a well known fact that team spirit and discipline can never go hand in hand
c. Discipline in its right perspective would mean sacrificing self to some extent.
R
 

A) a and b only B) b and c only C) Either a or b only D) c only
E

DIRECTIONS for the question: A partially completed paragraph is placed below, followed by fillers a, b, c. From options A, B, C
and D, identify the right combination and order of fillers a, b or c that will best complete the paragraph.
E

Question No. : 32
R

Forests are gifts of nature. (_______________). Yet, with the spread of civilisation, man has not only spurned the forests, but has
been ruthlessly destroying them.
 
A

a. It is on historical record that the vast Sahara desert of today once used to be full of thick forests.
b. A large part of humanity still lives deep inside forests, particularly in the tropical regions of the earth.
c. Human evolution itself has taken place in the forests.
C

A) Only a and b B) Only c and a C) Only c and b D) c and a or b

DIRECTIONS for the question: Given below are the first and last parts of a sentence, and the remaining sentence is broken into
four parts p, q, r and s. From A, B, C and D, choose the arrangement of these parts that forms a complete, meaningful sentence.

Question No. : 33

A number of measures ____________ of the Municipal Corporations.


 
p. the financial conditions
q. for mobilisation of resources
r. in order to improve
s. are being taken by the State Governments
 

A) psqr B) qrsp C) rsqp D) sqrp


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the question and answer accordingly.

Question No. : 34

Which of the following cannot be termed as an 'oxymoron'?

A) a living death B) conspicuous by one's absence C) the sound of music D) deafening silence

DIRECTIONS for the question: In the following question, the options A, B, C and D have a word written in four different ways, of
which only one is correct Identify the correctly spelt word.

Question No. : 35

A) Scptaganarian B) Septagenarian C) Septagenurian D) Septuagenarian

0
DIRECTIONS for the question: Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent
paragraph.

36
Question No. : 36

(1) food supply


(2) storage, distribution and handling
(3) pastoral industry and fishing,
(4) besides increasing
(5) by preventing wastage in
(6) the productivity from agriculture
S
R
(7) can be increased
 

A) 1,7,5,2,3,4 6 B) 4,1,6,7,5,3,2 C) 4,6,3,1.7,5,2 D) 6,3,5,7,4,1,2


E

DIRECTIONS for the question: Select the right combination of numbers given in A, B, C and D so that letters arranged
accordingly form a meaningful word.
E

Question No. : 37
R

D V E O R E A H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A

A) 1 3 5 2 4 6 8 7 B) 8 6 7 1 4 2 3 5 C) 4 2 3 5 8 6 7 1 D) 5 3 7 1 8 4 2 6


C

DIRECTIONS for the question: Select the right combination of numbers given in A, B, C and D so that letters arranged
accordingly form a meaningful word.

Question No. : 38

P M O I R C T E T O
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 

A) 1 5 10 7 8 6 9 4 3 2    B) 6 3 2 1 8 7 4 9 10 5 C) 9 8 5 10 2 4 3 1 7 6 D) 10 6 7 3 1 8 5 4 2 9


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: A sentence has been given in Direct Speech. Out of the four altenatives suggested select the one
which best expresses the same sentence in Indirect Speech.

Question No. : 39

He said to her, "Are you coming to the party?"

A) He asked her whether she was coming to the party B) He enquired with her if he was coming to the party
C) He asked her if she was coming to the party D) He asked her if she will be coming to the party

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 40
Before the internet, one of the most rapid changes to the global economy and trade was wrought by something so blatantly

0
useful that it is hard to imagine a struggle to get it adopted: die shipping container. In the early 1960s, before the standard
container became ubiquitous, freight costs were 10 per cent of the value of US imports, about the same barrier to trade as the
average official government import tariff. Yet in a journey that went halfway round the world, half of those costs could be

36
incurred in two ten-mile movements through the ports at either end. The predominant 'break-bulk' method, where each
shipment was individually split up into loads that could be handled by a team of dockers, was vastly complex and labour-
intensive. Ships could take weeks or months to load, as a huge variety of cargoes of different weights, shapes and sizes had to
be stacked together by hand. Indeed, one of the most unreliable aspects of such a labour-intensive process was the labour.
Ports, like mines, were frequently seething pits of industrial unrest. Irregular work on one side combined with what was often a
tight-knit, well-organized labour community on the other. S
 
In 1956, loading break-bulk cargo cost $5.83 per ton. The entrepreneurial genius who saw the possibilities for standardized
container shipping, Malcolm McLean, floated his first containerized ship in that year and claimed to be able to shift cargo for
R
15.8 cents a ton. Boxes of the same size that could be loaded by crane and neatly stacked were much faster to load. Moreover,
carrying cargo in a standard container would allow it to be shifted between truck, train and ship without having to be repacked
each time.
E

 
But between McLean's container and the standardization of the global market were an array of formidable obstacles. They
began at home in the US with the official Interstate Commerce Commission, which could prevent price competition by setting
E

rates for freight haulage by route and commodity, and the powerful International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) labour
union. More broadly, the biggest hurdle was achieving what economists call 'network effects': the benefit of a standard
technology rises exponentially as more people use it To dominate world trade, containers had to be easily interchangeable
R

between different shipping lines, ports, trucks and railcars. And to maximize efficiency, they all needed to be the same size. The
adoption of a network technology often involves overcoming the resistance of those who are heavily invested in the old
system. And while the efficiency gains are clear to see, there are very obvious losers as well as winners. For containerization,
perhaps the most spectacular example was the demise of New York City as a port.
A

 
In the early 1950s, New York handled a third of US seaborne trade in manufactured goods. But it was woefully inefficient, even
with existing break-bulk technology: 283 piers, 98 of which were able to handle ocean-going ships, jutted out into the river
C

from Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trucks bound for the docks had to fight through the crowded, narrow streets of Manhattan, wait
for an hour or two before even entering a pier, and then undergo a laborious two-stage process in which the goods were first
unloaded into a transit shed and then loaded onto a ship. 'Public loader" work gangs held exclusive rights to load and unload
on a particular pier, a power in effect granted by the OLA, which enforced its monopoly with sabotage and violence against
competitors. The ILA fought ferociously against containerization, correctly foreseeing that it would destroy their privileged
position as bandits controlling the mountain pass. On this occasion, bypassing them simply involved going across the river. A
container port was built in New Jersey, where a 1500-foot wharf allowed ships to dock parallel to shore and containers to be
lifted on and off by crane. Between 1963-4 and 1975-6, die number of days worked by longshoremen m Manhattan went from
1.4 million to 127,041.
 
Containers rapidly captured die transatlantic market, and then the growing trade with Asia. The effect of containerization is
hard to see immediately in freight rates, since the oil price hikes of the 1970s kept them high, but the speed with which
shippers adopted containerization made it dear it brought big benefits of efficiency and cost The extraordinary growth of the
Asian tiger economies of Singapore, Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong, which based their development strategy on exports, was
greatly helped by the container trade that quickly built up between the US and east Asia. Ocean-borne exports from South
Korea were 2.9 million tons in 1969 and 6 million in 1973, and its exports to the US tripled.
 
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
But the new technology did not get adopted all on its own. It needed a couple of pushes from government - both, as it
happens, largely to do with the military. As far as the ships were concerned, the same link between the merchant and military
navy that had inspired the Navigation Acts in seventeenth-century England endured into twentieth-century America. The
government's first helping hand was to give a spur to the system by adopting it to transport military cargo. The US armed
forces, seeing the efficiency of the system, started contracting McLean's company Pan-Atlantic, later renamed Sea-land, to carry
equipment to the quarter of a million American soldiers stationed in Western Europe. One of the few benefits of America's
misadventure in Vietnam was a rapid expansion of containerization. Because war involves massive movements of men and
material, it is often armies that pioneer new techniques m supply chains.
 
The government's other role was in banging heads together sufficiently to get all companies to accept the same size container.
Standard sizes were essential to deliver the economies of scale that came from interchangeability - which, as far as the military
was concerned, was vital if the ships had to be commandeered in case war broke out This was a significant problem to
overcome, not least because all the companies that had started using the container had settled on different sizes. Pan-Atlantic
used 35-foot containers, because that was the maximum size allowed on the highways in its home base in New Jersey. Another
of the big shipping companies, Matson Navigation, used a 24-foot container since its biggest trade was in canned pineapple
from Hawaii, and a container bigger than that would have been too heavy for a crane to lift. Grace Line, which largely traded

0
with Latin America, used a 17-foot container that was easier to truck around winding mountain roads.
 
Establishing a US standard and then getting it adopted internationally took more than a decade. Indeed, not only did the US

36
Maritime Administration have to mediate in these rivalries but also to fight its own turf battles with the American Standards
Association, an agency set up by the private sector. The matter was settled by using the power of federal money: the Federal
Maritime Board (FMB), which handed out public subsidies for shipbuilding, decreed that only the 8 x 8-foot containers in
lengths of 10,20,30 or 40 feet would be eligible for handouts.
 

Identify the correct statement


S
A) The freight costs accounted for around 10 per cent of the value of imports in general during early 1960s, given the
R
labour-intensive 'break-bulk' cargo handling
B) As a result of growing adoption of containerized trade during 1969-73, while the ocean-borne exports from South Korea
in general more than doubled, the same to the US tripled
C) The outbreak of the Vietnam war functioned as a major positive force towards rapid expansion of containerization, as
E

American imports from the country increased heavily


D) In the early days of container trade development, a major shipping firm Matson Navigation used a 24-foot container since
a bigger container was not suitable for its trucks
E

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
R

Question No. : 41
Before the internet, one of the most rapid changes to the global economy and trade was wrought by something so blatantly
A

useful that it is hard to imagine a struggle to get it adopted: die shipping container. In the early 1960s, before the standard
container became ubiquitous, freight costs were 10 per cent of the value of US imports, about the same barrier to trade as the
average official government import tariff. Yet in a journey that went halfway round the world, half of those costs could be
C

incurred in two ten-mile movements through the ports at either end. The predominant 'break-bulk' method, where each
shipment was individually split up into loads that could be handled by a team of dockers, was vastly complex and labour-
intensive. Ships could take weeks or months to load, as a huge variety of cargoes of different weights, shapes and sizes had to
be stacked together by hand. Indeed, one of the most unreliable aspects of such a labour-intensive process was the labour.
Ports, like mines, were frequently seething pits of industrial unrest. Irregular work on one side combined with what was often a
tight-knit, well-organized labour community on the other.
 
In 1956, loading break-bulk cargo cost $5.83 per ton. The entrepreneurial genius who saw the possibilities for standardized
container shipping, Malcolm McLean, floated his first containerized ship in that year and claimed to be able to shift cargo for
15.8 cents a ton. Boxes of the same size that could be loaded by crane and neatly stacked were much faster to load. Moreover,
carrying cargo in a standard container would allow it to be shifted between truck, train and ship without having to be repacked
each time.
 
But between McLean's container and the standardization of the global market were an array of formidable obstacles. They
began at home in the US with the official Interstate Commerce Commission, which could prevent price competition by setting
rates for freight haulage by route and commodity, and the powerful International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) labour
union. More broadly, the biggest hurdle was achieving what economists call 'network effects': the benefit of a standard
technology rises exponentially as more people use it To dominate world trade, containers had to be easily interchangeable
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
between different shipping lines, ports, trucks and railcars. And to maximize efficiency, they all needed to be the same size. The
adoption of a network technology often involves overcoming the resistance of those who are heavily invested in the old
system. And while the efficiency gains are clear to see, there are very obvious losers as well as winners. For containerization,
perhaps the most spectacular example was the demise of New York City as a port.
 
In the early 1950s, New York handled a third of US seaborne trade in manufactured goods. But it was woefully inefficient, even
with existing break-bulk technology: 283 piers, 98 of which were able to handle ocean-going ships, jutted out into the river
from Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trucks bound for the docks had to fight through the crowded, narrow streets of Manhattan, wait
for an hour or two before even entering a pier, and then undergo a laborious two-stage process in which the goods were first
unloaded into a transit shed and then loaded onto a ship. 'Public loader" work gangs held exclusive rights to load and unload
on a particular pier, a power in effect granted by the OLA, which enforced its monopoly with sabotage and violence against
competitors. The ILA fought ferociously against containerization, correctly foreseeing that it would destroy their privileged
position as bandits controlling the mountain pass. On this occasion, bypassing them simply involved going across the river. A
container port was built in New Jersey, where a 1500-foot wharf allowed ships to dock parallel to shore and containers to be
lifted on and off by crane. Between 1963-4 and 1975-6, die number of days worked by longshoremen m Manhattan went from
1.4 million to 127,041.

0
 
Containers rapidly captured die transatlantic market, and then the growing trade with Asia. The effect of containerization is
hard to see immediately in freight rates, since the oil price hikes of the 1970s kept them high, but the speed with which

36
shippers adopted containerization made it dear it brought big benefits of efficiency and cost The extraordinary growth of die
Asian tiger economies of Singapore, Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong, which based their development strategy on exports, was
greatly helped by the container trade that quickly built up between the US and east Asia. Ocean-borne exports from South
Korea were 2.9 million tons in 1969 and 6 million in 1973, and its exports to the US tripled.
 
But the new technology did not get adopted all on its own. It needed a couple of pushes from government - both, as it
S
happens, largely to do with the military. As far as the ships were concerned, the same link between the merchant and military
navy that had inspired the Navigation Acts in seventeenth-century England endured into twentieth-century America. The
government's first helping hand was to give a spur to the system by adopting it to transport military cargo. The US armed
R
forces, seeing the efficiency of the system, started contracting McLean's company Pan-Atlantic, later renamed Sea-land, to carry
equipment to the quarter of a million American soldiers stationed in Western Europe. One of the few benefits of America's
misadventure in Vietnam was a rapid expansion of containerization. Because war involves massive movements of men and
E

material, it is often armies that pioneer new techniques m supply chains.


 
The government's other role was in banging heads together sufficiently to get all companies to accept the same size container.
E

Standard sizes were essential to deliver the economies of scale that came from interchangeability - which, as far as the military
was concerned, was vital if the ships had to be commandeered in case war broke out This was a significant problem to
overcome, not least because all the companies that had started using the container had settled on different sizes. Pan-Atlantic
R

used 35-foot containers, because that was the maximum size allowed on the highways in its home base in New Jersey. Another
of the big shipping companies, Matson Navigation, used a 24-foot container since its biggest trade was in canned pineapple
from Hawaii, and a container bigger than that would have been too heavy for a crane to lift. Grace Line, which largely traded
with Latin America, used a 17-foot container that was easier to truck around winding mountain roads.
A

 
Establishing a US standard and then getting it adopted internationally took more than a decade. Indeed, not only did the US
Maritime Administration have to mediate in these rivalries but also to fight its own turf battles with the American Standards
C

Association, an agency set up by the private sector. The matter was settled by using the power of federal money: the Federal
Maritime Board (FMB), which handed out public subsidies for shipbuilding, decreed that only the 8 x 8-foot containers in
lengths of 10,20,30 or 40 feet would be eligible for handouts.
 

Identify the false statement:

A) In the pre-containerization days, trucks bound for the New York docks had to pass through the narrow streets, wait for an
hour or two before even entering a pier, and then undergo a laborious three-stage process for loading onto a ship
B) Once satisfied with the effectiveness of containerized trade, the US military engaged the company of Malcolm McLean to
transport equipments for their soldiers stationed in Western Europe
C) Cargo loading during 1960s usually took a long period, as it involved manual handling of huge variety of cargoes of
different weights, shapes and sizes
D) The issue of standardization of the containers created led to a debate between the US government and American
Standards Association, but the question was finally sorted through public subsidy programme by Federal Maritime Board

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
Question No. : 42
Before the internet, one of the most rapid changes to the global economy and trade was wrought by something so blatantly
useful that it is hard to imagine a struggle to get it adopted: die shipping container. In the early 1960s, before the standard
container became ubiquitous, freight costs were 10 per cent of the value of US imports, about the same barrier to trade as the
average official government import tariff. Yet in a journey that went halfway round the world, half of those costs could be
incurred in two ten-mile movements through the ports at either end. The predominant 'break-bulk' method, where each
shipment was individually split up into loads that could be handled by a team of dockers, was vastly complex and labour-
intensive. Ships could take weeks or months to load, as a huge variety of cargoes of different weights, shapes and sizes had to
be stacked together by hand. Indeed, one of the most unreliable aspects of such a labour-intensive process was the labour.
Ports, like mines, were frequently seething pits of industrial unrest. Irregular work on one side combined with what was often a
tight-knit, well-organized labour community on the other.
 
In 1956, loading break-bulk cargo cost $5.83 per ton. The entrepreneurial genius who saw the possibilities for standardized
container shipping, Malcolm McLean, floated his first containerized ship in that year and claimed to be able to shift cargo for
15.8 cents a ton. Boxes of the same size that could be loaded by crane and neatly stacked were much faster to load. Moreover,
carrying cargo in a standard container would allow it to be shifted between truck, train and ship without having to be repacked

0
each time.
 
But between McLean's container and the standardization of the global market were an array of formidable obstacles. They

36
began at home in the US with the official Interstate Commerce Commission, which could prevent price competition by setting
rates for freight haulage by route and commodity, and the powerful International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) labour
union. More broadly, the biggest hurdle was achieving what economists call 'network effects': the benefit of a standard
technology rises exponentially as more people use it To dominate world trade, containers had to be easily interchangeable
between different shipping lines, ports, trucks and railcars. And to maximize efficiency, they all needed to be the same size. The
S
adoption of a network technology often involves overcoming the resistance of those who are heavily invested in the old
system. And while the efficiency gains are clear to see, there are very obvious losers as well as winners. For containerization,
perhaps the most spectacular example was the demise of New York City as a port.
R
 
In the early 1950s, New York handled a third of US seaborne trade in manufactured goods. But it was woefully inefficient, even
with existing break-bulk technology: 283 piers, 98 of which were able to handle ocean-going ships, jutted out into the river
from Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trucks bound for the docks had to fight through the crowded, narrow streets of Manhattan, wait
E

for an hour or two before even entering a pier, and then undergo a laborious two-stage process in which the goods were first
unloaded into a transit shed and then loaded onto a ship. 'Public loader" work gangs held exclusive rights to load and unload
on a particular pier, a power in effect granted by the OLA, which enforced its monopoly with sabotage and violence against
E

competitors. The ILA fought ferociously against containerization, correctly foreseeing that it would destroy their privileged
position as bandits controlling the mountain pass. On this occasion, bypassing them simply involved going across the river. A
container port was built in New Jersey, where a 1500-foot wharf allowed ships to dock parallel to shore and containers to be
R

lifted on and off by crane. Between 1963-4 and 1975-6, die number of days worked by longshoremen m Manhattan went from
1.4 million to 127,041.
 
A

Containers rapidly captured die transatlantic market, and then the growing trade with Asia. The effect of containerization is
hard to see immediately in freight rates, since the oil price hikes of the 1970s kept them high, but the speed with which
shippers adopted containerization made it dear it brought big benefits of efficiency and cost The extraordinary growth of die
C

Asian tiger economies of Singapore, Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong, which based their development strategy on exports, was
greatly helped by the container trade that quickly built up between the US and east Asia. Ocean-borne exports from South
Korea were 2.9 million tons in 1969 and 6 million in 1973, and its exports to the US tripled.
 
But the new technology did not get adopted all on its own. It needed a couple of pushes from government - both, as it
happens, largely to do with the military. As far as the ships were concerned, the same link between the merchant and military
navy that had inspired the Navigation Acts in seventeenth-century England endured into twentieth-century America. The
government's first helping hand was to give a spur to the system by adopting it to transport military cargo. The US armed
forces, seeing the efficiency of the system, started contracting McLean's company Pan-Atlantic, later renamed Sea-land, to carry
equipment to the quarter of a million American soldiers stationed in Western Europe. One of the few benefits of America's
misadventure in Vietnam was a rapid expansion of containerization. Because war involves massive movements of men and
material, it is often armies that pioneer new techniques m supply chains.
 
The government's other role was in banging heads together sufficiently to get all companies to accept the same size container.
Standard sizes were essential to deliver the economies of scale that came from interchangeability - which, as far as the military
was concerned, was vital if the ships had to be commandeered in case war broke out This was a significant problem to
overcome, not least because all the companies that had started using the container had settled on different sizes. Pan-Atlantic
used 35-foot containers, because that was the maximum size allowed on the highways in its home base in New Jersey. Another
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
of the big shipping companies, Matson Navigation, used a 24-foot container since its biggest trade was in canned pineapple
from Hawaii, and a container bigger than that would have been too heavy for a crane to lift. Grace Line, which largely traded
with Latin America, used a 17-foot container that was easier to truck around winding mountain roads.
 
Establishing a US standard and then getting it adopted internationally took more than a decade. Indeed, not only did the US
Maritime Administration have to mediate in these rivalries but also to fight its own turf battles with the American Standards
Association, an agency set up by the private sector. The matter was settled by using the power of federal money: the Federal
Maritime Board (FMB), which handed out public subsidies for shipbuilding, decreed that only the 8 x 8-foot containers in
lengths of 10,20,30 or 40 feet would be eligible for handouts.
 

The emergence of containerization technology in early seventies resulted in:

A) Immediate adoption of the containerized export route by private companies, in their own accord
B) An instant sharp reduction in freight costs expressed as a percentage of imports across countries
C) Spectacular growth in exports from the East Asian tiger economies, which were reliant on an export-oriented growth
strategy

0
D) All of the above

DIRECTIONS for the question : Read the passage and answer the question based on it. 

36
Question No. : 43
Before the internet, one of the most rapid changes to the global economy and trade was wrought by something so blatantly
useful that it is hard to imagine a struggle to get it adopted: die shipping container. In the early 1960s, before the standard
S
container became ubiquitous, freight costs were 10 per cent of the value of US imports, about the same barrier to trade as the
average official government import tariff. Yet in a journey that went halfway round the world, half of those costs could be
incurred in two ten-mile movements through the ports at either end. The predominant 'break-bulk' method, where each
R
shipment was individually split up into loads that could be handled by a team of dockers, was vastly complex and labour-
intensive. Ships could take weeks or months to load, as a huge variety of cargoes of different weights, shapes and sizes had to
be stacked together by hand. Indeed, one of the most unreliable aspects of such a labour-intensive process was the labour.
E

Ports, like mines, were frequently seething pits of industrial unrest. Irregular work on one side combined with what was often a
tight-knit, well-organized labour community on the other.
 
In 1956, loading break-bulk cargo cost $5.83 per ton. The entrepreneurial genius who saw the possibilities for standardized
E

container shipping, Malcolm McLean, floated his first containerized ship in that year and claimed to be able to shift cargo for
15.8 cents a ton. Boxes of the same size that could be loaded by crane and neatly stacked were much faster to load. Moreover,
carrying cargo in a standard container would allow it to be shifted between truck, train and ship without having to be repacked
R

each time.
 
But between McLean's container and the standardization of the global market were an array of formidable obstacles. They
A

began at home in the US with the official Interstate Commerce Commission, which could prevent price competition by setting
rates for freight haulage by route and commodity, and the powerful International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) labour
union. More broadly, the biggest hurdle was achieving what economists call 'network effects': the benefit of a standard
C

technology rises exponentially as more people use it To dominate world trade, containers had to be easily interchangeable
between different shipping lines, ports, trucks and railcars. And to maximize efficiency, they all needed to be the same size. The
adoption of a network technology often involves overcoming the resistance of those who are heavily invested in the old
system. And while the efficiency gains are clear to see, there are very obvious losers as well as winners. For containerization,
perhaps the most spectacular example was the demise of New York City as a port.
 
In the early 1950s, New York handled a third of US seaborne trade in manufactured goods. But it was woefully inefficient, even
with existing break-bulk technology: 283 piers, 98 of which were able to handle ocean-going ships, jutted out into the river
from Brooklyn and Manhattan. Trucks bound for the docks had to fight through the crowded, narrow streets of Manhattan, wait
for an hour or two before even entering a pier, and then undergo a laborious two-stage process in which the goods were first
unloaded into a transit shed and then loaded onto a ship. 'Public loader" work gangs held exclusive rights to load and unload
on a particular pier, a power in effect granted by the OLA, which enforced its monopoly with sabotage and violence against
competitors. The ILA fought ferociously against containerization, correctly foreseeing that it would destroy their privileged
position as bandits controlling the mountain pass. On this occasion, bypassing them simply involved going across the river. A
container port was built in New Jersey, where a 1500-foot wharf allowed ships to dock parallel to shore and containers to be
lifted on and off by crane. Between 1963-4 and 1975-6, die number of days worked by longshoremen m Manhattan went from
1.4 million to 127,041.
 
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
Containers rapidly captured die transatlantic market, and then the growing trade with Asia. The effect of containerization is
hard to see immediately in freight rates, since the oil price hikes of the 1970s kept them high, but the speed with which
shippers adopted containerization made it dear it brought big benefits of efficiency and cost The extraordinary growth of die
Asian tiger economies of Singapore, Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong, which based their development strategy on exports, was
greatly helped by the container trade that quickly built up between the US and east Asia. Ocean-borne exports from South
Korea were 2.9 million tons in 1969 and 6 million in 1973, and its exports to the US tripled.
 
But the new technology did not get adopted all on its own. It needed a couple of pushes from government - both, as it
happens, largely to do with the military. As far as the ships were concerned, the same link between the merchant and military
navy that had inspired the Navigation Acts in seventeenth-century England endured into twentieth-century America. The
government's first helping hand was to give a spur to the system by adopting it to transport military cargo. The US armed
forces, seeing the efficiency of the system, started contracting McLean's company Pan-Atlantic, later renamed Sea-land, to carry
equipment to the quarter of a million American soldiers stationed in Western Europe. One of the few benefits of America's
misadventure in Vietnam was a rapid expansion of containerization. Because war involves massive movements of men and
material, it is often armies that pioneer new techniques m supply chains.
 

0
The government's other role was in banging heads together sufficiently to get all companies to accept the same size container.
Standard sizes were essential to deliver the economies of scale that came from interchangeability - which, as far as the military
was concerned, was vital if the ships had to be commandeered in case war broke out This was a significant problem to

36
overcome, not least because all the companies that had started using the container had settled on different sizes. Pan-Atlantic
used 35-foot containers, because that was the maximum size allowed on the highways in its home base in New Jersey. Another
of the big shipping companies, Matson Navigation, used a 24-foot container since its biggest trade was in canned pineapple
from Hawaii, and a container bigger than that would have been too heavy for a crane to lift. Grace Line, which largely traded
with Latin America, used a 17-foot container that was easier to truck around winding mountain roads.
  S
Establishing a US standard and then getting it adopted internationally took more than a decade. Indeed, not only did the US
Maritime Administration have to mediate in these rivalries but also to fight its own turf battles with the American Standards
Association, an agency set up by the private sector. The matter was settled by using the power of federal money: the Federal
R
Maritime Board (FMB), which handed out public subsidies for shipbuilding, decreed that only the 8 x 8-foot containers in
lengths of 10,20,30 or 40 feet would be eligible for handouts.
 
E

Match the following set of words:


 
E

Set A Set B
a. ILA i. New Jersey
b. FMB ii. Mountain roads
R

c. Grace Line iii. Dockers


d. McLean iv. Standardization
A

A) a-i; b-iv; c-ii; d-iii B) a-iii; b-i; c-iv; d-ii C) a-iv; b-i; c-ii; d-iii D) a-iii; b-iv; c-ii; d-i
C

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 44
I have tried to introduce into the discussion a number of attributes of consumer behaviour and motivations, which I believe are
important inputs into devising a strategy for commercially viable financial inclusion. These related broadly to the (i) the sources
of livelihood of the potential consumer segment for financial inclusion (ii) how they spend their money, particularly on non-
regular items (iii) their choices and motivations with respect to saving and (iv) their motivations for borrowing and their ability
to access institutional sources of finance for their basic requirements. In discussing each of these sets of issues, I spent some
time drawing implications for business strategies by financial service providers. In this section, I wilt briefly highlight, at the risk
of some repetition, what I consider to be the key messages of the lecture.
 
The first message emerges from the preliminary discussion on the current scenario on financial inclusion, both at the aggregate
level and across income categories. The data suggest that even savings accounts, the most basic financial service, have low
penetration amongst the lowest income households. I want to emphasize that we are not talking about Below Poverty Line
households only; Rs. 50,000 per year in 2007, while perhaps not quite middle class, was certainly quite far above the official
poverty line. The same concerns about lack of penetration amongst the lowest income group for loans also arise. To reiterate
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
the question that arises from these data patterns: is this because people can't access banks or other service providers or
because they don't see value in doing so? This question needs to be addressed if an effective inclusion strategy is to be
developed.
 
The second message is that the process of financial inclusion is going to be incomplete and inadequate if it is measured only in
terms of new accounts being opened and operated. From the employment and earning patterns, there emerged a sense that
better access to various kinds of financial services would help to increase the livelihood potential of a number of occupational
categories, which in turn would help reduce the income differentials between these and more regular, salaried jobs. The fact
that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual labour segment suggests the need for
products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for risk mitigation and consumption
smoothing to the latter.
 
The third message emerges from the analysis of expenditure patterns is the significance of infrequent, but quantitatively
significant expenditures like ceremonies and medical costs. Essentially, dealing with these kinds of expenditures requires either
low-cost insurance options, supported by a correspondingly low-cost health care system or a low level systematic investment
plan, which allows even poor households to create enough of a buffer to deal with these demands as and when they arise. As

0
has already been pointed out, it is not as though such products are not being offered by domestic financial service providers. It
is really a matter of extending them to make them accessible to a very large number of lower income households, with a low
and possibly uncertain ability to maintain regular contributions.

36
 
The fourth message comes strongly from the motivations to both save and borrow, which, as one might reasonably expect,
significantly overlap with each other. It is striking that the need to deal with emergencies, both financial and medical, plays such
an important role in both sets of motivations. The latter is, as has been said, amenable to a low-coat mass insurance scheme,
with the attendant service provision. However, the former, which is a theme that recurs through the entire discussion on
consumer characteristics, certainly suggests that the need for some kind of income and consumption smoothing product is a
S
significant one in an effective financial inclusion agenda. This, of course, raises broader questions about the role of social safety
nets, which offer at least some minimum income security and consumption smoothing. How extensive these mechanisms
should be, how much security they should offer and for how long and how they should be financed are fundamental policy
R
questions that go beyond the realm of the financial sector. However, to the extent that risk mitigation is a significant financial
need, it must receive due attention of any meaningful financial inclusion strategy, in a way which provides practical answers to
all these three questions.
E

 
The fifth and final message is actually the point I began the lecture with. It is the critical importance of the principle of
commercial viability. Every aspect of a financial inclusion strategy - whether it is the design of products and services or the
E

delivery mechanism -needs to be viewed in terms of the business opportunity that it offers and not as a deliverable that has
been imposed on the service provider. However, it is also important to emphasize that commercial viability need not necessarily
be viewed in terms of immediate cost and profitability calculations. Like in many other products, financial services also offer the
R

prospect of a life-cycle model of marketing. Establishing a relationship with first-time consumers of financial products and
services offers the opportunity to leverage this relationship into a wider set of financial transactions as at least some of these
consumers move steadily up the income ladder. In fact, in a high growth scenario, a high proportion of such households are
likely to move quite quickly from very basic financial services to more and more sophisticated ones. In other words, the
A

commercial viability and profitability of a financial inclusion strategy need not be viewed only from the perspective of
immediacy. There is a viable investment dimension to it as well.
 
C

Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

A) In order to succeed, financial inclusion has to be commercially viable


B) Savings account is one of the basic vehicles for financial inclusion
C) Savings accounts have low penetration amongst "Below Poverty Line" households only
D) There is lack of penetration for loans amongst the lowest income group

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 45
I have tried to introduce into the discussion a number of attributes of consumer behaviour and motivations, which I believe are
important inputs into devising a strategy for commercially viable financial inclusion. These related broadly to the (i) the sources
of livelihood of the potential consumer segment for financial inclusion (ii) how they spend their money, particularly on non-
regular items (iii) their choices and motivations with respect to saving and (iv) their motivations for borrowing and their ability
to access institutional sources of finance for their basic requirements. In discussing each of these sets of issues, I spent some
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
time drawing implications for business strategies by financial service providers. In this section, I wilt briefly highlight, at the risk
of some repetition, what I consider to be the key messages of the lecture.
 
The first message emerges from the preliminary discussion on the current scenario on financial inclusion, both at the aggregate
level and across income categories. The data suggest that even savings accounts, the most basic financial service, have low
penetration amongst the lowest income households. I want to emphasize that we are not talking about Below Poverty Line
households only; Rs. 50,000 per year in 2007, while perhaps not quite middle class, was certainly quite far above the official
poverty line. The same concerns about lack of penetration amongst the lowest income group for loans also arise. To reiterate
the question that arises from these data patterns: is this because people can't access banks or other service providers or
because they don't see value in doing so? This question needs to be addressed if an effective inclusion strategy is to be
developed.
 
The second message is that the process of financial inclusion is going to be incomplete and inadequate if it is measured only in
terms of new accounts being opened and operated. From the employment and earning patterns, there emerged a sense that
better access to various kinds of financial services would help to increase the livelihood potential of a number of occupational
categories, which in turn would help reduce the income differentials between these and more regular, salaried jobs. The fact

0
that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual labour segment suggests the need for
products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for risk mitigation and consumption
smoothing to the latter.

36
 
The third message emerges from the analysis of expenditure patterns is the significance of infrequent, but quantitatively
significant expenditures like ceremonies and medical costs. Essentially, dealing with these kinds of expenditures requires either
low-cost insurance options, supported by a correspondingly low-cost health care system or a low level systematic investment
plan, which allows even poor households to create enough of a buffer to deal with these demands as and when they arise. As
has already been pointed out, it is not as though such products are not being offered by domestic financial service providers. It
S
is really a matter of extending them to make them accessible to a very large number of lower income households, with a low
and possibly uncertain ability to maintain regular contributions.
 
R
The fourth message comes strongly from the motivations to both save and borrow, which, as one might reasonably expect,
significantly overlap with each other. It is striking that the need to deal with emergencies, both financial and medical, plays such
an important role in both sets of motivations. The latter is, as has been said, amenable to a low-coat mass insurance scheme,
E

with the attendant service provision. However, the former, which is a theme that recurs through the entire discussion on
consumer characteristics, certainly suggests that the need for some kind of income and consumption smoothing product is a
significant one in an effective financial inclusion agenda. This, of course, raises broader questions about the role of social safety
E

nets, which offer at least some minimum income security and consumption smoothing. How extensive these mechanisms
should be, how much security they should offer and for how long and how they should be financed are fundamental policy
questions that go beyond the realm of the financial sector. However, to the extent that risk mitigation is a significant financial
R

need, it must receive due attention of any meaningful financial inclusion strategy, in a way which provides practical answers to
all these three questions.
 
The fifth and final message is actually the point I began the lecture with. It is the critical importance of the principle of
A

commercial viability. Every aspect of a financial inclusion strategy - whether it is the design of products and services or the
delivery mechanism -needs to be viewed in terms of the business opportunity that it offers and not as a deliverable that has
been imposed on the service provider. However, it is also important to emphasize that commercial viability need not necessarily
C

be viewed in terms of immediate cost and profitability calculations. Like in many other products, financial services also offer the
prospect of a life-cycle model of marketing. Establishing a relationship with first-time consumers of financial products and
services offers the opportunity to leverage this relationship into a wider set of financial transactions as at least some of these
consumers move steadily up the income ladder. In fact, in a high growth scenario, a high proportion of such households are
likely to move quite quickly from very basic financial services to more and more sophisticated ones. In other words, the
commercial viability and profitability of a financial inclusion strategy need not be viewed only from the perspective of
immediacy. There is a viable investment dimension to it as well.
 

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Financial inclusion is exclusively measured in terms of new accounts being opened and operated
B) There is a need felt for better access to credit products for the self-employed
C) It is felt that financial inclusion could be profitable from day one if a commercially viable strategy is devised
D) Financial Institutions must deliver social service through financial inclusion

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
Question No. : 46
I have tried to introduce into the discussion a number of attributes of consumer behaviour and motivations, which I believe are
important inputs into devising a strategy for commercially viable financial inclusion. These related broadly to the (i) the sources
of livelihood of the potential consumer segment for financial inclusion (ii) how they spend their money, particularly on non-
regular items (iii) their choices and motivations with respect to saving and (iv) their motivations for borrowing and their ability
to access institutional sources of finance for their basic requirements. In discussing each of these sets of issues, I spent some
time drawing implications for business strategies by financial service providers. In this section, I wilt briefly highlight, at the risk
of some repetition, what I consider to be the key messages of the lecture.
 
The first message emerges from the preliminary discussion on the current scenario on financial inclusion, both at the aggregate
level and across income categories. The data suggest that even savings accounts, the most basic financial service, have low
penetration amongst the lowest income households. I want to emphasize that we are not talking about Below Poverty Line
households only; Rs. 50,000 per year in 2007, while perhaps not quite middle class, was certainly quite far above the official
poverty line. The same concerns about lack of penetration amongst the lowest income group for loans also arise. To reiterate
the question that arises from these data patterns: is this because people can't access banks or other service providers or
because they don't see value in doing so? This question needs to be addressed if an effective inclusion strategy is to be

0
developed.
 
The second message is that the process of financial inclusion is going to be incomplete and inadequate if it is measured only in

36
terms of new accounts being opened and operated. From the employment and earning patterns, there emerged a sense that
better access to various kinds of financial services would help to increase the livelihood potential of a number of occupational
categories, which in turn would help reduce the income differentials between these and more regular, salaried jobs. The fact
that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual labour segment suggests the need for
products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for risk mitigation and consumption
smoothing to the latter.
 
S
The third message emerges from the analysis of expenditure patterns is the significance of infrequent, but quantitatively
R
significant expenditures like ceremonies and medical costs. Essentially, dealing with these kinds of expenditures requires either
low-cost insurance options, supported by a correspondingly low-cost health care system or a low level systematic investment
plan, which allows even poor households to create enough of a buffer to deal with these demands as and when they arise. As
has already been pointed out, it is not as though such products are not being offered by domestic financial service providers. It
E

is really a matter of extending them to make them accessible to a very large number of lower income households, with a low
and possibly uncertain ability to maintain regular contributions.
 
E

The fourth message comes strongly from the motivations to both save and borrow, which, as one might reasonably expect,
significantly overlap with each other. It is striking that the need to deal with emergencies, both financial and medical, plays such
an important role in both sets of motivations. The latter is, as has been said, amenable to a low-coat mass insurance scheme,
R

with the attendant service provision. However, the former, which is a theme that recurs through the entire discussion on
consumer characteristics, certainly suggests that the need for some kind of income and consumption smoothing product is a
significant one in an effective financial inclusion agenda. This, of course, raises broader questions about the role of social safety
A

nets, which offer at least some minimum income security and consumption smoothing. How extensive these mechanisms
should be, how much security they should offer and for how long and how they should be financed are fundamental policy
questions that go beyond the realm of the financial sector. However, to the extent that risk mitigation is a significant financial
C

need, it must receive due attention of any meaningful financial inclusion strategy, in a way which provides practical answers to
all these three questions.
 
The fifth and final message is actually the point I began the lecture with. It is the critical importance of the principle of
commercial viability. Every aspect of a financial inclusion strategy - whether it is the design of products and services or the
delivery mechanism -needs to be viewed in terms of the business opportunity that it offers and not as a deliverable that has
been imposed on the service provider. However, it is also important to emphasize that commercial viability need not necessarily
be viewed in terms of immediate cost and profitability calculations. Like in many other products, financial services also offer the
prospect of a life-cycle model of marketing. Establishing a relationship with first-time consumers of financial products and
services offers the opportunity to leverage this relationship into a wider set of financial transactions as at least some of these
consumers move steadily up the income ladder. In fact, in a high growth scenario, a high proportion of such households are
likely to move quite quickly from very basic financial services to more and more sophisticated ones. In other words, the
commercial viability and profitability of a financial inclusion strategy need not be viewed only from the perspective of
immediacy. There is a viable investment dimension to it as well.
 

Identify the correct statement from the following:

A) Casual labour segment may not require risk mitigation products like insurance as their expenditures on consumption are
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
high relative to their incomes
B) Income of upto Rs. 60,000 per year is the benchmark for official Poverty Line
C) Financial sector should also look into their role of broadening social safety nets
D) Risk mitigation of casual labour must receive attention in any meaningful financial inclusion strategy

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 47
I have tried to introduce into the discussion a number of attributes of consumer behaviour and motivations, which I believe are
important inputs into devising a strategy for commercially viable financial inclusion. These related broadly to the (i) the sources
of livelihood of the potential consumer segment for financial inclusion (ii) how they spend their money, particularly on non-
regular items (iii) their choices and motivations with respect to saving and (iv) their motivations for borrowing and their ability
to access institutional sources of finance for their basic requirements. In discussing each of these sets of issues, I spent some
time drawing implications for business strategies by financial service providers. In this section, I wilt briefly highlight, at the risk
of some repetition, what I consider to be the key messages of the lecture.

0
 
The first message emerges from the preliminary discussion on the current scenario on financial inclusion, both at the aggregate
level and across income categories. The data suggest that even savings accounts, the most basic financial service, have low

36
penetration amongst the lowest income households. I want to emphasize that we are not talking about Below Poverty Line
households only; Rs. 50,000 per year in 2007, while perhaps not quite middle class, was certainly quite far above the official
poverty line. The same concerns about lack of penetration amongst the lowest income group for loans also arise. To reiterate
the question that arises from these data patterns: is this because people can't access banks or other service providers or
because they don't see value in doing so? This question needs to be addressed if an effective inclusion strategy is to be
developed. S
 
The second message is that the process of financial inclusion is going to be incomplete and inadequate if it is measured only in
terms of new accounts being opened and operated. From the employment and earning patterns, there emerged a sense that
R
better access to various kinds of financial services would help to increase the livelihood potential of a number of occupational
categories, which in turn would help reduce the income differentials between these and more regular, salaried jobs. The fact
that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual labour segment suggests the need for
E

products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for risk mitigation and consumption
smoothing to the latter.
 
E

The third message emerges from the analysis of expenditure patterns is the significance of infrequent, but quantitatively
significant expenditures like ceremonies and medical costs. Essentially, dealing with these kinds of expenditures requires either
low-cost insurance options, supported by a correspondingly low-cost health care system or a low level systematic investment
R

plan, which allows even poor households to create enough of a buffer to deal with these demands as and when they arise. As
has already been pointed out, it is not as though such products are not being offered by domestic financial service providers. It
is really a matter of extending them to make them accessible to a very large number of lower income households, with a low
A

and possibly uncertain ability to maintain regular contributions.


 
The fourth message comes strongly from the motivations to both save and borrow, which, as one might reasonably expect,
significantly overlap with each other. It is striking that the need to deal with emergencies, both financial and medical, plays such
C

an important role in both sets of motivations. The latter is, as has been said, amenable to a low-coat mass insurance scheme,
with the attendant service provision. However, the former, which is a theme that recurs through the entire discussion on
consumer characteristics, certainly suggests that the need for some kind of income and consumption smoothing product is a
significant one in an effective financial inclusion agenda. This, of course, raises broader questions about the role of social safety
nets, which offer at least some minimum income security and consumption smoothing. How extensive these mechanisms
should be, how much security they should offer and for how long and how they should be financed are fundamental policy
questions that go beyond the realm of the financial sector. However, to the extent that risk mitigation is a significant financial
need, it must receive due attention of any meaningful financial inclusion strategy, in a way which provides practical answers to
all these three questions.
 
The fifth and final message is actually the point I began the lecture with. It is the critical importance of the principle of
commercial viability. Every aspect of a financial inclusion strategy - whether it is the design of products and services or the
delivery mechanism -needs to be viewed in terms of the business opportunity that it offers and not as a deliverable that has
been imposed on the service provider. However, it is also important to emphasize that commercial viability need not necessarily
be viewed in terms of immediate cost and profitability calculations. Like in many other products, financial services also offer the
prospect of a life-cycle model of marketing. Establishing a relationship with first-time consumers of financial products and
services offers the opportunity to leverage this relationship into a wider set of financial transactions as at least some of these
consumers move steadily up the income ladder. In fact, in a high growth scenario, a high proportion of such households are
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
likely to move quite quickly from very basic financial services to more and more sophisticated ones. In other words, the
commercial viability and profitability of a financial inclusion strategy need not be viewed only from the perspective of
immediacy. There is a viable investment dimension to it as well.
 

Identify the wrong statement from the following:

A) High expenditures on ceremonies and medical costs can be met through a low-level Systematic Investment Plan
B) Given the high growth scenario of the country, only few of the consumers are expected to move up the income ladder
C) Financial and medical emergencies motivate one to save and borrow
D) There is an opportunity for banks to cross-sell their products to the bottom of the pyramid

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 48
When Ratan Tata moved the Supreme Court, claiming his right to privacy had been violated, he called Harish Salve. The choice

0
was not surprising. The former solicitor general had been topping the legal charts ever since he scripted a surprising win for
Mukesh Ambani against his brother Anil. That dispute set the gold standard for legal fees. On Mukesh's side were Salve,

36
Rohinton Nariman, and Abhishek Manu Singhvi. The younger brother had an equally formidable line-up led by Ram Jethmalani
and Mukul Rohatgi.
 
The dispute dated back three-and-a-half years to when Anil filed a case against his brother for reneging on an agreement to
supply 28 million cubic metres of gas per day from its Krishna-Godavari basin fields at a rate of $ 2.34 for 17 years. The average
legal fee was Rs. 25 lakh for a full day's appearance, not to mention the overnight stays at Mumbai's five-star suites, business
S
class travel, and on occasion, use of the private jet Little wonder though that Salve agreed to take on Tata's case pro bono. He
could afford philanthropy with one of India's wealthiest tycoons.
 
R
The lawyers' fees alone, at a conservative estimate, must have cost the Ambanis at least Rs. 15 crore each. Both the brothers
had booked their legal teams in the same hotel, first the Oberoi and, after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the Trident. It's not the
essentials as much as the frills that raise eyebrows. The veteran Jethmalani is surprisingly the most modest in his fees since he
E

does not charge rates according to the strength of the client's purse. But as the crises have multiplied, lawyers' fees have
exploded.
 
The 50 court hearings in the Haldia Petrochemicals vs. the West Bengal Government cost the former a total of Rs. 25 crore in
E

lawyer fees and the 20 hearings in the Bombay Mill Case, which dragged on for three years, cost the mill owners almost Rs. 10
crore. Large corporate firms, which engage star counsels on behalf of the client, also need to know their quirks. For instance,
Salve will only accept the first brief. He will never be the second counsel in a case. Some lawyers prefer to be paid partly in cash
R

but the best are content with cheques. Some expect the client not to blink while picking up a dinner tab of Rs. 1.75 lakh at a
Chennai five star. A lawyer is known to carry his home linen and curtains with him while traveling on work. A firm may even
have to pick up a hot Vertu phone of the moment or a Jaeger-LeCoutre watch of the hour to keep a lawyer in good humour.
A

 
Some are even paid to not appear at all for the other side - Aryama Sundaram was retained by Anil Ambani in the gas feud but
he did not fight the case. Or take Raytheon when it was fighting the Jindals. Raytheon had paid seven top lawyers a retainer fee
C

of Rs. 2.5 lakh each just to ensure that the Jindals would not be able to make a proper case on a taxation issue. They
miscalculated when a star lawyer fought the case at the last minute. "I don't take negative retainers", shrugs Rohatgi, former
additional solicitor general. "A lawyer's job is to appear for any client that comes to him. It's not for the lawyers to judge if a
client is good or bad but the court". Indeed. He is, after all, the lawyer who argued so famously in court that B. Ramalinga Raju
did not fudge any account in the Satyam Case. All he did was "window dressing".
 
Some high profile cases have continued for years, providing a steady source of income, from the Scindia succession battle
which dates to 1989, to the JetLite Sahara battle now in taxation arbitration to the BCCI which is currently in litigation with Lalit
Modi, Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab.
 
Think of the large law firms as the big Hollywood studios and the senior counsel as the superstar. There are a few familiar faces
to be found in most of the big ticket cases, whether it is the Ambani gas case, Vodafone taxation or Bombay Mills case. Explains
Salve, 'There is a reason why we have more than one senior advocate on a case. When you're arguing, he's reading the court.
He picks up a point or a vibe that you may have missed." Says Rajan Karanjawala, whose firm has prepared the briefs for cases
ranging from the Tata's recent Right to privacy case to Karisma Kapoor's divorce, "The four jewels in the crown today are Salve,
Rohatgi, Rohinton Nariman and Singhvi. They have replaced the old guard of Fali Nariman, Soli Sorabjee, Ashok Desai and K.K.
Venugopal." He adds, 'The one person who defies the generational gap is Jethmalani who was India's leading criminal lawyer in
the 1960s and is so today."
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
 
The demand for superstar lawyers has far outstripped the supply. So a one-man show by, say, Rohatgi can run up billings of Rs.
40 crore, the same as a mid-sized corporate law firm like Titus and Co that employs 28 juniors. The big law firms such as AZB or
Amarchand & Mangaldas or Luthra & Luthra have to do all the groundwork for the counsel, from humouring the clerk to
ensure the A-lister turns up on the hearing day to sourcing appropriate foreign judgments in emerging areas such as
environmental and patent laws. "We are partners in this. There are so few lawyers and so many matters," points out Diljeet
Titus.
 
As the trust between individuals has broken down, governments have questioned corporates and corporates are questioning
each other, and an array of new issues has come up. The courts have become stronger. "The lawyer," says Sundaram, with the
flourish mat has seen him pick up many Dhurandhares and Senakas at pricey art auctions, "has emerged as the modern day
purohit." Each purohit is head priest of a particular style. Says Karanjawala, "Harish is the closest example in today's bar to Fali
Nariman; Rohinton has the best law library in his brain; Mukul is easily India's busiest lawyer while Manu Singhvi is the greatest
multi-tasker." Salve has managed a fine balancing act where he has represented Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mayawati, Parkash
Singh Badal and Amarinder Singh, Lalit Modi and Subhash Chandra and even the Ambani brothers, of course in different cases.
Jethmalani is the man to call for anyone in trouble. In judicial circles he is known as the first resort for the last resort. Even

0
Jethmalani's junior Satish Maneshinde, who came to Mumbai in 1993 as a penniless law graduate from Karnataka, shot to fame
(and wealth) after he got bail for Sanjay Dutt in 1996. Now he owns a plush office in Worli and has become a one-stop shop for
celebrities in trouble.

36
 

Which of the following is not true about Ram Jethmalani?

A) In judicial circles, he is known as the first resort for the last resort B) He is the most modest in his fees
C) He has been India's leading criminal lawyer since 1960s D) None of his juniors have done well in their careers
S
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.
R
Question No. : 49
When Ratan Tata moved the Supreme Court, claiming his right to privacy had been violated, he called Harish Salve. The choice
E

was not surprising. The former solicitor general had been topping the legal charts ever since he scripted a surprising win for
Mukesh Ambani against his brother Anil. That dispute set the gold standard for legal fees. On Mukesh's side were Salve,
Rohinton Nariman, and Abhishek Manu Singhvi. The younger brother had an equally formidable line-up led by Ram Jethmalani
and Mukul Rohatgi.
E

 
The dispute dated back three-and-a-half years to when Anil tiled a case against his brother for reneging on an agreement to
supply 28 million cubic metres of gas per day from its Krishna-Godavari basin fields at a rate of $ 2.34 for 17 years. The average
R

legal fee was Rs. 25 lakh for a full day's appearance, not to mention the overnight stays at Mumbai's five-star suites, business
class travel, and on occasion, use of the private jet Little wonder though that Salve agreed to take on Tata's case pro bono. He
could afford philanthropy with one of India's wealthiest tycoons.
A

 
The lawyers' fees alone, at a conservative estimate, must have cost the Ambanis at least Rs. 15 crore each. Both the brothers
had booked their legal teams in the same hotel, first the Oberoi and, after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the Trident. It's not the
C

essentials as much as the frills that raise eyebrows. The veteran Jethmalani is surprisingly the most modest in his fees since he
does not charge rates according to the strength of the client's purse. But as the crises have multiplied, lawyers' fees have
exploded.
 
The 50 court hearings in the Haldia Petrochemicals vs. the West Bengal Government cost the former a total of Rs. 25 crore in
lawyer fees and the 20 hearings in the Bombay Mill Case, which dragged on for three years, cost the mill owners almost Rs. 10
crore. Large corporate firms, which engage star counsels on behalf of the client, also need to know their quirks. For instance,
Salve will only accept the first brief. He will never be the second counsel in a case. Some lawyers prefer to be paid partly in cash
but the best are content with cheques. Some expect the client not to blink while picking up a dinner tab of Rs. 1.75 lakh at a
Chennai five star. A lawyer is known to carry his home linen and curtains with him while traveling on work. A firm may even
have to pick up a hot Vertu phone of the moment or a Jaeger-LeCoutre watch of the hour to keep a lawyer in good humour.
 
Some are even paid to not appear at all for the other side - Aryama Sundaram was retained by Anil Ambani in the gas feud but
he did not fight the case. Or take Raytheon when it was fighting the Jindals. Raytheon had paid seven top lawyers a retainer fee
of Rs. 2.5 lakh each just to ensure that the Jindals would not be able to make a proper case on a taxation issue. They
miscalculated when a star lawyer fought the case at the last minute. "I don't take negative retainers", shrugs Rohatgi, former
additional solicitor general. "A lawyer's job is to appear for any client that comes to him. It's not for the lawyers to judge if a
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
client is good or bad but the court". Indeed. He is, after all, the lawyer who argued so famously in court that B. Ramalinga Raju
did not fudge any account in the Satyam Case. All he did was "window dressing".
 
Some high profile cases have continued for years, providing a steady source of income, from the Scindia succession battle
which dates to 1989, to the JetLite Sahara battle now in taxation arbitration to the BCCI which is currently in litigation with Lalit
Modi, Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab.
 
Think of the large law firms as the big Hollywood studios and the senior counsel as the superstar. There are a few familiar faces
to be found in most of the big ticket cases, whether it is the Ambani gas case, Vodafone taxation or Bombay Mills case. Explains
Salve, 'There is a reason why we have more than one senior advocate on a case. When you're arguing, he's reading the court.
He picks up a point or a vibe that you may have missed." Says Rajan Karanjawala, whose firm has prepared the briefs for cases
ranging from the Tata's recent Right to privacy case to Karisma Kapoor's divorce, "The four jewels in the crown today are Salve,
Rohatgi, Rohinton Nariman and Singhvi. They have replaced the old guard of Fali Nariman, Soli Sorabjee, Ashok Desai and K.K.
Venugopal." He adds, 'The one person who defies the generational gap is Jethmalani who was India's leading criminal lawyer in
the 1960s and is so today."
 

0
The demand for superstar lawyers has far outstripped the supply. So a one-man show by, say, Rohatgi can run up billings of Rs.
40 crore, the same as a mid-sized corporate law firm like Titus and Co that employs 28 juniors. The big law firms such as AZB or
Amarchand & Mangaldas or Luthra & Luthra have to do all the groundwork for the counsel, from humouring the clerk to

36
ensure the A-lister turns up on the hearing day to sourcing appropriate foreign judgments in emerging areas such as
environmental and patent laws. "We are partners in this. There are so few lawyers and so many matters," points out Diljeet
Titus.
 
As the trust between individuals has broken down, governments have questioned corporates and corporates are questioning
each other, and an array of new issues has come up. The courts have become stronger. "The lawyer," says Sundaram, with the
S
flourish mat has seen him pick up many Dhurandhares and Senakas at pricey art auctions, "has emerged as the modern day
purohit." Each purohit is head priest of a particular style. Says Karanjawala, "Harish is the closest example in today's bar to Fali
Nariman; Rohinton has the best law library in his brain; Mukul is easily India's busiest lawyer while Manu Singhvi is the greatest
R
multi-tasker." Salve has managed a fine balancing act where he has represented Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mayawati, Parkash
Singh Badal and Amarinder Singh, Lalit Modi and Subhash Chandra and even the Ambani brothers, of course in different cases.
Jethmalani is the man to call for anyone in trouble. In judicial circles he is known as the first resort for the last resort. Even
E

Jethmalani's junior Satish Maneshinde, who came to Mumbai in 1993 as a penniless law graduate from Karnataka, shot to fame
(and wealth) after he got bail for Sanjay Dutt in 1996. Now he owns a plush office in Worli and has become a one-stop shop for
celebrities in trouble.
E

Match the following:


 
R

Lawyer Distinguishing Quality


a. Harish Salve i. India’s busiest lawyer
A

b. Rohinton ii. Today’s Fali Nariman


c. Mukul Rohatgi iii. Greatest multi-tasker
C

iv. Best Law library in his


d. Abhishek Manu Singhvi
brain
 

A) a-ii; b-iii; c-iv; d-i B) a-ii; b-iv; c-i; d-iii C) a-iii; b-iv; c-i; d-ii D) a-iii; b-ii; c-iv; d-i

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 50
When Ratan Tata moved the Supreme Court, claiming his right to privacy had been violated, he called Harish Salve. The choice
was not surprising. The former solicitor general had been topping the legal charts ever since he scripted a surprising win for
Mukesh Ambani against his brother Anil. That dispute set the gold standard for legal fees. On Mukesh's side were Salve,
Rohinton Nariman, and Abhishek Manu Singhvi. The younger brother had an equally formidable line-up led by Ram Jethmalani
and Mukul Rohatgi.
 
The dispute dated back three-and-a-half years to when Anil tiled a case against his brother for reneging on an agreement to
supply 28 million cubic metres of gas per day from its Krishna-Godavari basin fields at a rate of $ 2.34 for 17 years. The average
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
legal fee was Rs. 25 lakh for a full day's appearance, not to mention the overnight stays at Mumbai's five-star suites, business
class travel, and on occasion, use of the private jet Little wonder though that Salve agreed to take on Tata's case pro bono. He
could afford philanthropy with one of India's wealthiest tycoons.
 
The lawyers' fees alone, at a conservative estimate, must have cost the Ambanis at least Rs. 15 crore each. Both the brothers
had booked their legal teams in the same hotel, first the Oberoi and, after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the Trident. It's not the
essentials as much as the frills that raise eyebrows. The veteran Jethmalani is surprisingly the most modest in his fees since he
does not charge rates according to the strength of the client's purse. But as the crises have multiplied, lawyers' fees have
exploded.
 
The 50 court hearings in the Haldia Petrochemicals vs. the West Bengal Government cost the former a total of Rs. 25 crore in
lawyer fees and the 20 hearings in the Bombay Mill Case, which dragged on for three years, cost the mill owners almost Rs. 10
crore. Large corporate firms, which engage star counsels on behalf of the client, also need to know their quirks. For instance,
Salve will only accept the first brief. He will never be the second counsel in a case. Some lawyers prefer to be paid partly in cash
but the best are content with cheques. Some expect the client not to blink while picking up a dinner tab of Rs. 1.75 lakh at a
Chennai five star. A lawyer is known to carry his home linen and curtains with him while traveling on work. A firm may even

0
have to pick up a hot Vertu phone of the moment or a Jaeger-LeCoutre watch of the hour to keep a lawyer in good humour.
 
Some are even paid to not appear at all for the other side - Aryama Sundaram was retained by Anil Ambani in the gas feud but

36
he did not fight the case. Or take Raytheon when it was fighting the Jindals. Raytheon had paid seven top lawyers a retainer fee
of Rs. 2.5 lakh each just to ensure that the Jindals would not be able to make a proper case on a taxation issue. They
miscalculated when a star lawyer fought the case at the last minute. "I don't take negative retainers", shrugs Rohatgi, former
additional solicitor general. "A lawyer's job is to appear for any client that comes to him. It's not for the lawyers to judge if a
client is good or bad but the court". Indeed. He is, after all, the lawyer who argued so famously in court that B. Ramalinga Raju
did not fudge any account in the Satyam Case. All he did was "window dressing".
S
 
Some high profile cases have continued for years, providing a steady source of income, from the Scindia succession battle
which dates to 1989, to the JetLite Sahara battle now in taxation arbitration to the BCCI which is currently in litigation with Lalit
R
Modi, Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab.
 
Think of the large law firms as the big Hollywood studios and the senior counsel as the superstar. There are a few familiar faces
E

to be found in most of the big ticket cases, whether it is the Ambani gas case, Vodafone taxation or Bombay Mills case. Explains
Salve, 'There is a reason why we have more than one senior advocate on a case. When you're arguing, he's reading the court.
He picks up a point or a vibe that you may have missed." Says Rajan Karanjawala, whose firm has prepared the briefs for cases
E

ranging from the Tata's recent Right to privacy case to Karisma Kapoor's divorce, "The four jewels in the crown today are Salve,
Rohatgi, Rohinton Nariman and Singhvi. They have replaced the old guard of Fali Nariman, Soli Sorabjee, Ashok Desai and K.K.
Venugopal." He adds, 'The one person who defies the generational gap is Jethmalani who was India's leading criminal lawyer in
R

the 1960s and is so today."


 
The demand for superstar lawyers has far outstripped the supply. So a one-man show by, say, Rohatgi can run up billings of Rs.
40 crore, the same as a mid-sized corporate law firm like Titus and Co that employs 28 juniors. The big law firms such as AZB or
A

Amarchand & Mangaldas or Luthra & Luthra have to do all the groundwork for the counsel, from humouring the clerk to
ensure the A-lister turns up on the hearing day to sourcing appropriate foreign judgments in emerging areas such as
environmental and patent laws. "We are partners in this. There are so few lawyers and so many matters," points out Diljeet
C

Titus.
 
As the trust between individuals has broken down, governments have questioned corporates and corporates are questioning
each other, and an array of new issues has come up. The courts have become stronger. "The lawyer," says Sundaram, with the
flourish mat has seen him pick up many Dhurandhares and Senakas at pricey art auctions, "has emerged as the modern day
purohit." Each purohit is head priest of a particular style. Says Karanjawala, "Harish is the closest example in today's bar to Fali
Nariman; Rohinton has the best law library in his brain; Mukul is easily India's busiest lawyer while Manu Singhvi is the greatest
multi-tasker." Salve has managed a fine balancing act where he has represented Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mayawati, Parkash
Singh Badal and Amarinder Singh, Lalit Modi and Subhash Chandra and even the Ambani brothers, of course in different cases.
Jethmalani is the man to call for anyone in trouble. In judicial circles he is known as the first resort for the last resort. Even
Jethmalani's junior Satish Maneshinde, who came to Mumbai in 1993 as a penniless law graduate from Karnataka, shot to fame
(and wealth) after he got bail for Sanjay Dutt in 1996. Now he owns a plush office in Worli and has become a one-stop shop for
celebrities in trouble.
 

What does a 'negative retainer' refer to?

A) Giving a lawyer only his fees and not the frills B) Paying a lawyer to not fight a case for the other side
C) Having more than one senior advocate on a case D) Reimbursing law firms for doing groundwork for the counsel
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the passage and answer the question based on it.

Question No. : 51
When Ratan Tata moved the Supreme Court, claiming his right to privacy had been violated, he called Harish Salve. The choice
was not surprising. The former solicitor general had been topping the legal charts ever since he scripted a surprising win for
Mukesh Ambani against his brother Anil. That dispute set the gold standard for legal fees. On Mukesh's side were Salve,
Rohinton Nariman, and Abhishek Manu Singhvi. The younger brother had an equally formidable line-up led by Ram Jethmalani
and Mukul Rohatgi.
 
The dispute dated back three-and-a-half years to when Anil tiled a case against his brother for reneging on an agreement to
supply 28 million cubic metres of gas per day from its Krishna-Godavari basin fields at a rate of $ 2.34 for 17 years. The average
legal fee was Rs. 25 lakh for a full day's appearance, not to mention the overnight stays at Mumbai's five-star suites, business
class travel, and on occasion, use of the private jet Little wonder though that Salve agreed to take on Tata's case pro bono. He
could afford philanthropy with one of India's wealthiest tycoons.
 

0
The lawyers' fees alone, at a conservative estimate, must have cost the Ambanis at least Rs. 15 crore each. Both the brothers
had booked their legal teams in the same hotel, first the Oberoi and, after the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the Trident. It's not the

36
essentials as much as the frills that raise eyebrows. The veteran Jethmalani is surprisingly the most modest in his fees since he
does not charge rates according to the strength of the client's purse. But as the crises have multiplied, lawyers' fees have
exploded.
 
The 50 court hearings in the Haldia Petrochemicals vs. the West Bengal Government cost the former a total of Rs. 25 crore in
lawyer fees and the 20 hearings in the Bombay Mill Case, which dragged on for three years, cost the mill owners almost Rs. 10
S
crore. Large corporate firms, which engage star counsels on behalf of the client, also need to know their quirks. For instance,
Salve will only accept the first brief. He will never be the second counsel in a case. Some lawyers prefer to be paid partly in cash
but the best are content with cheques. Some expect the client not to blink while picking up a dinner tab of Rs. 1.75 lakh at a
R
Chennai five star. A lawyer is known to carry his home linen and curtains with him while traveling on work. A firm may even
have to pick up a hot Vertu phone of the moment or a Jaeger-LeCoutre watch of the hour to keep a lawyer in good humour.
 
E

Some are even paid to not appear at all for the other side - Aryama Sundaram was retained by Anil Ambani in the gas feud but
he did not fight the case. Or take Raytheon when it was fighting the Jindals. Raytheon had paid seven top lawyers a retainer fee
of Rs. 2.5 lakh each just to ensure that the Jindals would not be able to make a proper case on a taxation issue. They
E

miscalculated when a star lawyer fought the case at the last minute. "I don't take negative retainers", shrugs Rohatgi, former
additional solicitor general. "A lawyer's job is to appear for any client that comes to him. It's not for the lawyers to judge if a
client is good or bad but the court". Indeed. He is, after all, the lawyer who argued so famously in court that B. Ramalinga Raju
did not fudge any account in the Satyam Case. All he did was "window dressing".
R

 
Some high profile cases have continued for years, providing a steady source of income, from the Scindia succession battle
which dates to 1989, to the JetLite Sahara battle now in taxation arbitration to the BCCI which is currently in litigation with Lalit
A

Modi, Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab.


 
Think of the large law firms as the big Hollywood studios and the senior counsel as the superstar. There are a few familiar faces
C

to be found in most of the big ticket cases, whether it is the Ambani gas case, Vodafone taxation or Bombay Mills case. Explains
Salve, 'There is a reason why we have more than one senior advocate on a case. When you're arguing, he's reading the court.
He picks up a point or a vibe that you may have missed." Says Rajan Karanjawala, whose firm has prepared the briefs for cases
ranging from the Tata's recent Right to privacy case to Karisma Kapoor's divorce, "The four jewels in the crown today are Salve,
Rohatgi, Rohinton Nariman and Singhvi. They have replaced the old guard of Fali Nariman, Soli Sorabjee, Ashok Desai and K.K.
Venugopal." He adds, 'The one person who defies the generational gap is Jethmalani who was India's leading criminal lawyer in
the 1960s and is so today."
 
The demand for superstar lawyers has far outstripped the supply. So a one-man show by, say, Rohatgi can run up billings of Rs.
40 crore, the same as a mid-sized corporate law firm like Titus and Co that employs 28 juniors. The big law firms such as AZB or
Amarchand & Mangaldas or Luthra & Luthra have to do all the groundwork for the counsel, from humouring the clerk to
ensure the A-lister turns up on the hearing day to sourcing appropriate foreign judgments in emerging areas such as
environmental and patent laws. "We are partners in this. There are so few lawyers and so many matters," points out Diljeet
Titus.
 
As the trust between individuals has broken down, governments have questioned corporates and corporates are questioning
each other, and an array of new issues has come up. The courts have become stronger. "The lawyer," says Sundaram, with the
flourish mat has seen him pick up many Dhurandhares and Senakas at pricey art auctions, "has emerged as the modern day
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
purohit." Each purohit is head priest of a particular style. Says Karanjawala, "Harish is the closest example in today's bar to Fali
Nariman; Rohinton has the best law library in his brain; Mukul is easily India's busiest lawyer while Manu Singhvi is the greatest
multi-tasker." Salve has managed a fine balancing act where he has represented Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mayawati, Parkash
Singh Badal and Amarinder Singh, Lalit Modi and Subhash Chandra and even the Ambani brothers, of course in different cases.
Jethmalani is the man to call for anyone in trouble. In judicial circles he is known as the first resort for the last resort. Even
Jethmalani's junior Satish Maneshinde, who came to Mumbai in 1993 as a penniless law graduate from Karnataka, shot to fame
(and wealth) after he got bail for Sanjay Dutt in 1996. Now he owns a plush office in Worli and has become a one-stop shop for
celebrities in trouble.
 

What does the phrase 'pro bono' mean?

A) Charged according to the client's purse B) Done without compensation for the public good
C) Carried out in the prescribed form D) Taken up from the beginning

DIRECTIONS for the question : Read the passage and answer the question based on it. 

0
Question No. : 52

36
The most common and potentially damning complaint about testing is that it actually lowers the quality of education,
penalizing "divergent thinking," creativity, and intellectual work in general. By forcing teachers to "teach to the test" and focus
on the discrete skills of the test, standardized testing prevents teachers from helping students grow intellectually and
emotionally.
 
Although reductionist and anti-intellectual teaching can result in acceptable test scores, that is neither the only nor the best
S
way to obtain them. John Dewey was decrying the same faults in schools one hundred years ago. Indeed, as Dewey made clear
a century ago, part of the reason we see so much reductionist and by-rote teaching is that, in the first place, that is just the way
it has always been done. In the second place, this sort of teaching is easier than the more intellectually demanding methods
R
advocated by Dewey. The evidence is that these sorts of higher-level skills were never taught, or only rarely.
 
Dewey spoke of the two dimensions necessary for experience to be educational: it must have interactivity and continuity. It
E

must, in other words, connect the children to their broader world, but it must also and equally connect to what the children
already know and what they will need to learn in the future. Dewey’s point was that, while traditional education is flawed
because of its lack of connection in favor of continuity, much of what went under the label progressive education is equally
flawed for its failure to retain continuity in its search for interaction.
E

 
The bad news about testing is that it rewards the sort of traditional teaching that ignores interaction that isolates the student in
the classroom following a dull and uninspired curriculum. The good news about testing is that it penalizes the sort of breezy,
R

pseudo-progressive "child-centered" education Dewey found so common and so distressing. The other good news is that it
also rewards the truly rich teaching that engages the child in learning tasks that connect the child to her broader world. Under
the current testing regime, such teaching is rare, while traditional teaching is common, but that has long, perhaps always, been
A

true.
 
Excerpted from ‘Two Cheers for Standardized Testing’ by John F. Covaleskie
C

On the subject of teaching pedagogy, what is the primary criticism that the author makes of Dewey?

A) The methodology suggested by Dewey is idealistic; in the real world one cannot find enough teachers who can
implement that methodology.
B) He distorts the process of schooling and denies children the opportunity for proper development.
C) By-rote teaching has been in place ever since schools started; Dewey’s methodologies are just passing fads.
D) The evidence is that higher-level skills were never taught and that the sort of class community created by teachers like
Dewey has never existed.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question : Read the passage and answer the question based on it. 

Question No. : 53
The most common and potentially damning complaint about testing is that it actually lowers the quality of education,
penalizing "divergent thinking," creativity, and intellectual work in general. By forcing teachers to "teach to the test" and focus
on the discrete skills of the test, standardized testing prevents teachers from helping students grow intellectually and
emotionally.
 
Although reductionist and anti-intellectual teaching can result in acceptable test scores, that is neither the only nor the best
way to obtain them. John Dewey was decrying the same faults in schools one hundred years ago. Indeed, as Dewey made clear
a century ago, part of the reason we see so much reductionist and by-rote teaching is that, in the first place, that is just the way
it has always been done. In the second place, this sort of teaching is easier than the more intellectually demanding methods
advocated by Dewey. The evidence is that these sorts of higher-level skills were never taught, or only rarely.
 
Dewey spoke of the two dimensions necessary for experience to be educational: it must have interactivity and continuity. It

0
must, in other words, connect the children to their broader world, but it must also and equally connect to what the children
already know and what they will need to learn in the future. Dewey’s point was that, while traditional education is flawed

36
because of its lack of connection in favor of continuity, much of what went under the label progressive education is equally
flawed for its failure to retain continuity in its search for interaction.
 
The bad news about testing is that it rewards the sort of traditional teaching that ignores interaction that isolates the student in
the classroom following a dull and uninspired curriculum. The good news about testing is that it penalizes the sort of breezy,
pseudo-progressive "child-centered" education Dewey found so common and so distressing. The other good news is that it
S
also rewards the truly rich teaching that engages the child in learning tasks that connect the child to her broader world. Under
the current testing regime, such teaching is rare, while traditional teaching is common, but that has long, perhaps always, been
true.
R
 
 
Excerpted from ‘Two Cheers for Standardized Testing’ by John F. Covaleskie
E

In the graph below, which of the boxes would refer to ‘progressive education’?
                            
E

↑ I II
Interaction III IV
 
R

                       Continuity →
 
A

A) I B) II C) III D) IV


C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question : Read the passage and answer the question based on it. 

Question No. : 54
The most common and potentially damning complaint about testing is that it actually lowers the quality of education,
penalizing "divergent thinking," creativity, and intellectual work in general. By forcing teachers to "teach to the test" and focus
on the discrete skills of the test, standardized testing prevents teachers from helping students grow intellectually and
emotionally.
 
Although reductionist and anti-intellectual teaching can result in acceptable test scores, that is neither the only nor the best
way to obtain them. John Dewey was decrying the same faults in schools one hundred years ago. Indeed, as Dewey made clear
a century ago, part of the reason we see so much reductionist and by-rote teaching is that, in the first place, that is just the way
it has always been done. In the second place, this sort of teaching is easier than the more intellectually demanding methods
advocated by Dewey. The evidence is that these sorts of higher-level skills were never taught, or only rarely.
 
Dewey spoke of the two dimensions necessary for experience to be educational: it must have interactivity and continuity. It

0
must, in other words, connect the children to their broader world, but it must also and equally connect to what the children
already know and what they will need to learn in the future. Dewey’s point was that, while traditional education is flawed

36
because of its lack of connection in favor of continuity, much of what went under the label progressive education is equally
flawed for its failure to retain continuity in its search for interaction.
 
The bad news about testing is that it rewards the sort of traditional teaching that ignores interaction that isolates the student in
the classroom following a dull and uninspired curriculum. The good news about testing is that it penalizes the sort of breezy,
pseudo-progressive "child-centered" education Dewey found so common and so distressing. The other good news is that it
S
also rewards the truly rich teaching that engages the child in learning tasks that connect the child to her broader world. Under
the current testing regime, such teaching is rare, while traditional teaching is common, but that has long, perhaps always, been
true.
R
 
Excerpted from ‘Two Cheers for Standardized Testing’ by John F. Covaleskie
 
E

Which of the following would the author agree with?

A) One may teach badly and get good test results, but if one teaches well, one will also get good test results.
E

B) One may teach badly and get bad test results, but if one teaches well, one will get good test results.
C) One may teach well and get bad test results, but if one teaches badly, one may also get good test results.
D) Results and teaching have no connection, as intelligence is intrinsic to the student.
R
A
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question : Read the passage and answer the question based on it. 

Question No. : 55
The most common and potentially damning complaint about testing is that it actually lowers the quality of education,
penalizing "divergent thinking," creativity, and intellectual work in general. By forcing teachers to "teach to the test" and focus
on the discrete skills of the test, standardized testing prevents teachers from helping students grow intellectually and
emotionally.
 
Although reductionist and anti-intellectual teaching can result in acceptable test scores, that is neither the only nor the best
way to obtain them. John Dewey was decrying the same faults in schools one hundred years ago. Indeed, as Dewey made clear
a century ago, part of the reason we see so much reductionist and by-rote teaching is that, in the first place, that is just the way
it has always been done. In the second place, this sort of teaching is easier than the more intellectually demanding methods
advocated by Dewey. The evidence is that these sorts of higher-level skills were never taught, or only rarely.
 
Dewey spoke of the two dimensions necessary for experience to be educational: it must have interactivity and continuity. It

0
must, in other words, connect the children to their broader world, but it must also and equally connect to what the children
already know and what they will need to learn in the future. Dewey’s point was that, while traditional education is flawed

36
because of its lack of connection in favor of continuity, much of what went under the label progressive education is equally
flawed for its failure to retain continuity in its search for interaction.
 
The bad news about testing is that it rewards the sort of traditional teaching that ignores interaction that isolates the student in
the classroom following a dull and uninspired curriculum. The good news about testing is that it penalizes the sort of breezy,
pseudo-progressive "child-centered" education Dewey found so common and so distressing. The other good news is that it
S
also rewards the truly rich teaching that engages the child in learning tasks that connect the child to her broader world. Under
the current testing regime, such teaching is rare, while traditional teaching is common, but that has long, perhaps always, been
true.
R
 
Excerpted from ‘Two Cheers for Standardized Testing’ by John F. Covaleskie
 
E

Please refer to the additional information given below:


 
Norm-referenced standardized tests are tests where student performance is measured against performance norms defined by
E

the performance of a statistically representative sample of students taking that test. In criterion-referenced testing, student
performance is measured against clear standards of performance.
 
R

I.          The test that you are currently appearing for, can be considered as an example of which category of standardized tests?
II.         What can be inferred about the author’s usage preference on standardized tests?
 
A

A) I - Norm, II – Norm B) I - Criterion, II - Norm C) I - Norm, II – Criterion D) I - Criterion, II - Criterion
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

Section : DI & Reasoning

DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 56
The percentage profits of four leading airliners A, B, C and D for six years is shown in the line graph below.

0
36
S
In 2011, company A invested Rs. 830 crore. Whereas C invested an amount which bears a ratio of 3: 2 with that of A. The
revenue generated by C in 2011 is _________
R
A) Rs. 1643.4 crore B) Rs. 730.5 crore C) Rs. 1456.7 crore D) Rs. 647.5 crore

DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.
E

Question No. : 57
E

The percentage profits of four leading airliners A, B, C and D for six years is shown in the line graph below.
R
A
C

The total revenue generated by all the companies in 2014 is Rs. 3600 crore. The revenue of C is 30% of the total revenue. The
revenue generated by A, B and D in the same year is 7/25, 2/5 and 8/25 respectively of the remaining revenue. The maximum
investment in that year is made by ________

A) A B) B C) C D) D


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 58
+The percentage profits of four leading airliners A, B, C and D for six years is shown in the line graph below.

0
36
In 2015, companies B and D invested a total amount of Rs. 946 crore. They earned their revenues by carrying passengers and
goods. The profit earned by B through passenger traffic is 43% of the total profit earned by B and the remaining part through
S
goods traffic. The profit earned by D through goods traffic is 38% of the total profit earned by it and the remaining part of the
profit is through passenger traffic. If the investments made by them are in the ratio 5 : 6, the actual profit of B through goods
traffic is ________ than the passenger traffic of D.
R
A) less by Rs. 46.44 crore B) more by Rs.38.808 crore C) less by Rs. 33.9528 crore D) more by Rs. 46.44 crore

DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.
E

Question No. : 59
E

The percentage profits of four leading airliners A, B, C and D for six years is shown in the line graph below.
R
A
C

In 2015, Airliner C invested an amount of Rs. 630 crore, 2/3 of this amount was invested by B. A  invested 3/4 of the amount

invested by B and D invested  of A in the same year. The  revenue generated by A and D is ___________  than that by B and C.

A) more by Rs. 276.99 crore B) more by Rs. 48.09 crore C) less by Rs. 48,09 crore D) less by Rs. 276.99 crore
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 60
The percentage profits of four leading airliners A, B, C and D for six years is shown in the line graph below.

0
36
In 2016, investment made by A is Rs. 437 crore. B invests 20% more than A, C invests 20% less than B and D invests 20% more than C. If the
profit earned by each is the average profit per cent in 2016, who earns least revenue?

A) D B) A C) B D) C


S
R
E
E
R
A
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 61
The bar graph below shows the revenue generated by six banks during 2016. The pie chart shows the percentage distribution
of revenue earned through different modes.
 
Interest earned through - Business Loans (P), Home Loans (Q), Personal Loans (R), Auto Loans (S), deposits in other financial
institute (T), Charges for providing services (U) and Otters (V).

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A

The bank that earned Rs. 78 crore as interest from home loans in 2016 is _______

A) A B) B C) C D) D


C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 62
The bar graph below shows the revenue generated by six banks during 2016. The pie chart shows the percentage distribution
of revenue earned through different modes.
 
Interest earned through - Business Loans (P), Home Loans (Q), Personal Loans (R), Auto Loans (S), deposits in other financial
institute (T), Charges for providing services (U) and Otters (V).

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A

Out of the total interest earned through business loans, bank A and C earn 45% from small scale industries (SSI) and the rest
through cottage industries (CI) whereas B and D earn 55% from SSI and the rest through CI. Which bank earns the least through
C

any of these industries?

A) A, through CI B) D, through CI C) A, through SSI D) D, through SSI
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 63
The bar graph below shows the revenue generated by six banks during 2016. The pie chart shows the percentage distribution
of revenue earned through different modes.
 
Interest earned through - Business Loans (P), Home Loans (Q), Personal Loans (R), Auto Loans (S), deposits in other financial
institute (T), Charges for providing services (U) and Otters (V).

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A

The interests earned through car ( a subset of Auto loan) loan by B, D, E and F are in the ratio 2:3:3:4 and the total interest
earned by these four banks for car loan is Rs. 36 crore. The bank that earned interest which is 8.09% of the interest earned by it
C

through Auto loans is ________

A) B B) D C) E D) F


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 64
The bar graph below shows the revenue generated by six banks during 2016. The pie chart shows the percentage distribution
of revenue earned through different modes.
 
Interest earned through - Business Loans (P), Home Loans (Q), Personal Loans (R), Auto Loans (S), deposits in other financial
institute (T), Charges for providing services (U) and Otters (V).

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A

Bank B and F earn interest by depositing their amounts in the financial institutes X, Y and Z. B earns interest from them in the
ratio 2:3:1 and F in the ratio 4 : 3 : 3. By what percent F's earning from X is more/less than B's earning from X?
C

A) 28.4% more B) 26.13% less C) 28.4% less D) 22.13% more


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Analyse the graph/s given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 65
The bar graph below shows the revenue generated by six banks during 2016. The pie chart shows the percentage distribution
of revenue earned through different modes.
 
Interest earned through - Business Loans (P), Home Loans (Q), Personal Loans (R), Auto Loans (S), deposits in other financial
institute (T), Charges for providing services (U) and Otters (V).

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A

By what percent is the largest amount earned by a bank through U and V together more than the least amount through U & V
together by any of these banks?
C

A) 34.25% B) 52.08% C) 26.15% D) 35.42%


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Study the following Graph & table given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 66

The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
 
Transport &
Years Education Housing Health Social Welfare
communication
1980-81 56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
1981-82 71416 80691 15902 10135 2073
1982-83 73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
1983-84 75104 73117 17523 12038 4102
1984-85 80216 90376 19420 15946 10523

0
 
In which year the maximum amount has been spent on Education, so far, out of the years given?

36
A) 1984-85 B) 1980-81 C) 1981- 82 D) 1982- 83

DIRECTIONS for the question: Study the following Graph & table given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 67 S
The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
 
R
Transport &
Years Education Housing Health Social Welfare
communication
1980-81 56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
E

1981-82 71416 80691 15902 10135 2073


1982-83 73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
E

1983-84 75104 73117 17523 12038 4102


1984-85 80216 90376 19420 15946 10523
R

 
How many times, the outlay on Education was increased over preceding year?

A) 3 times B) 4 times C) 5 times D) 2 times


A

DIRECTIONS for the question: Study the following Graph & table given below and answer the question that follows.
C

Question No. : 68

The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
 
Transport &
Years Education Housing Health Social Welfare
communication
1980-81 56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
1981-82 71416 80691 15902 10135 2073
1982-83 73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
1983-84 75104 73117 17523 12038 4102
1984-85 80216 90376 19420 15946 10523
 
What is the percentage increase during 1983-84 over 1982-83 in health outlay?

A) 8.43% B) 9.43% C) 10.43% D) 9.00%


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Study the following Graph & table given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 69

The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
 
Transport &
Years Education Housing Health Social Welfare
communication
1980-81 56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
1981-82 71416 80691 15902 10135 2073
1982-83 73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
1983-84 75104 73117 17523 12038 4102
1984-85 80216 90376 19420 15946 10523

0
 
What is the total outlay on social welfare during the plan period?

36
A) Rs. 22601 lakhs B) Rs. 22601 C) Rs. 22.601 lakhs D) None of these

DIRECTIONS for the question: Study the following Graph & table given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 70 S
The following data gives year – wise outlay in lakhs of rupees in a certain 5 year plan (1980 - 85) of a state.
 
R
Transport &
Years Education Housing Health Social Welfare
communication
1980-81 56219 75493 13537 9596 1985
E

1981-82 71416 80691 15902 10135 2073


1982-83 73520 61218 16736 11000 3918
E

1983-84 75104 73117 17523 12038 4102


1984-85 80216 90376 19420 15946 10523
R

 
What is the ratio between outlays on Transport & Communication and housing during 1984-85?

A) 413:100 B) 213:100 C) 431:100 D) 513:100


A

DIRECTIONS for the question: What should come in place of question mark (?) in the following number/alphabetic series?
C

Question No. : 71

656     432     320     264    236     (?)

A) 222 B) 229 C) 232 D) 223

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 72

Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from
Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty
for History- is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be scheduled immediately after the day of Economics
lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture.
 
Which lecture is scheduled on Monday

A) History B) Economics C) Mathematics D) Statistics


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 73

Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from
Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty
for History- is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be scheduled immediately after the day of Economics
lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture.
 
Which lecture is scheduled between Statistics and English?

A) Economics B) History C) Mathematics D) No lecture

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

0
Question No. : 74

Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from

36
Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty
for History- is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be scheduled immediately after the day of Economics
lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture.
 
Which lecture is the last one in the week?

A) History B) English C) Mathematics D) Economics


S
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.
R
Question No. : 75
E

Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from
Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty
for History- is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be scheduled immediately after the day of Economics
E

lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture.
 
Which lecture is scheduled on Wednesday?
R

A) Statistics B) Economics C) English D) History

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.
A

Question No. : 76
C

Guest lectures on five subjects viz., Economics, History, Statistics, English and Mathematics have to be arranged in a week from
Monday to Friday. Only one lecture can be arranged on each day. Economics cannot be scheduled on Tuesday. Guest faculty
for History- is available only on Tuesday. Mathematics lecture has to be scheduled immediately after the day of Economics
lecture. English lecture has to be scheduled immediately before the day of Economics lecture.
 
Which lecture is scheduled before the Mathematics lecture?

A) Economics B) History C) Statistics D) English


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 77

Five friends meet every morning at Sree Sagar restaurant for an idli-vada breakfast. Each consumes a different number of idlis
and vadas. The number of idlis consumed are 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8, while the number of vadas consumed are 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. Below
are some more facts about who eats what and how much.
 
i. The number of vadas eaten by Ignesh is three times the number of vadas consumed by the person who eats four idlis.
ii. Three persons, including the one who eats four vadas, eat without chutney.
iii. Sandeep does not take any chutney.
iv. The one who eats one idli a day does not eat any vadas or chutney. Further, he is not Mukesh.
v. Daljit eats idli with chutney and also eats vada.
vi. Mukesh, who does not take chutney, eats half as many vadas as the person who eats twice as many idlis as he does.
vii. Bimal eats two more idlis than Ignesh, but Ignesh eats two more vadas than Bimal.

0
 
Which of the following statements is true?

36
A) Mukesh eats 8 idlis and 4 vadas but no chutney B) The person who eats 5 idlis and I vada does not take chutney
C) The person who eats equal number of vadas and idlis also takes chutney
D) The person who eats 4 idlis and 2 vadas also takes chutney

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 78
S
Five friends meet every morning at Sree Sagar restaurant for an idli-vada breakfast. Each consumes a different number of idlis
R
and vadas. The number of idlis consumed are 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8, while the number of vadas consumed are 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. Below
are some more facts about who eats what and how much.
i. The number of vadas eaten by Ignesh is three times the number of vadas consumed by the person who eats four idlis.
E

ii. Three persons, including the one who eats four vadas, eat without chutney.
iii. Sandeep does not take any chutney.
iv. The one who eats one idli a day does not eat any vadas or chutney. Further, he is not Mukesh.
E

v. Daljit eats idli with chutney and also eats vada.


vi. Mukesh, who does not take chutney, eats half as many vadas as the person who eats twice as many idlis as he does.
vii. Bimal eats two more idlis than Ignesh, but Ignesh eats two more vadas than Bimal.
R

 
Which one of the following statements is true?

A) Daljit eats 5 idlis B) Ignesh eats 8 idlis C) Bimal eats 1 idli D) Bimal eats 6 idlis
A

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.
C

Question No. : 79

Five friends meet every morning at Sree Sagar restaurant for an idli-vada breakfast. Each consumes a different number of idlis
and vadas. The number of idlis consumed are 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8, while the number of vadas consumed are 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. Below
are some more facts about who eats what and how much.
i. The number of vadas eaten by Ignesh is three times the number of vadas consumed by the person who eats four idlis.
ii. Three persons, including the one who eats four vadas, eat without chutney.
iii. Sandeep does not take any chutney.
iv. The one who eats one idli a day does not eat any vadas or chutney. Further, he is not Mukesh.
v. Daljit eats idli with chutney and also eats vada.
vi. Mukesh, who does not take chutney, eats half as many vadas as the person who eats twice as many idlis as he does.
vii. Bimal eats two more idlis than Ignesh, but Ignesh eats two more vadas than Bimal.
 
Which of the following statements is true?

A) Sandeep eats 2 vadas B) Mukesh eats 4 vadas C) Ignesh eats 6 vadas D) Bimal eats 4 idlis
Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 80

A circle is divided into eight parts and each part in anti-clockwise direction is numbered from 1 to 8. Starting from ' 1', which is
considered as the first move, if one moves one step clockwise, one just adds the number in the next slot to the current number
to get the score. If one moves anticlockwise, one adds the number to the slot but subtracts 2 from total to get the score. If one
moves the slot diagonally across, one adds the number to the score but subtracts 3 from the total. One cannot move to a slot
already visited.
 
What can be the maximum score after the second move?

A) 8 B) 10 C) 11 D) 9

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

0
Question No. : 81

36
A circle is divided into eight parts and each part in anti-clockwise direction is numbered from 1 to 8. Starting from ' 1', which is
considered as the first move, if one moves one step clockwise, one just adds the number in the next slot to the current number
to get the score. If one moves anticlockwise, one adds the number to the slot but subtracts 2 from total to get the score. If one
moves the slot diagonally across, one adds the number to the score but subtracts 3 from the total. One cannot move to a slot
already visited.
  S
What can be the maximum score after the third move ?

A) 13 B) 16 C) 17 D) 18


R
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.
E

Question No. : 82

A circle is divided into eight parts and each part in anti-clockwise direction is numbered from 1 to 8. Starting from ' 1', which is
E

considered as the first move, if one moves one step clockwise, one just adds the number in the next slot to the current number
to get the score. If one moves anticlockwise, one adds the number to the slot but subtracts 2 from total to get the score. If one
moves the slot diagonally across, one adds the number to the score but subtracts 3 from the total. One cannot move to a slot
R

already visited.
 
What can be the minimum score after the third move?
A

A) 5 B) 6 C) 2 D) 9

DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.
C

Question No. : 83

A painter is given a task to paint a cubical box with 6 different colours for 6 different faces of the cube. The detailed account of
it was given as:
i.   Red face should be between Yellow and Brown faces
ii.  The Green face should be adjacent to the Silver face.
iii  Pink face should be adjacent to the Green face
iv. Yellow face should be opposite to the Brown one
v.  Brown face should face down
vi. Silver and Pink faces should be opposite to Brown one
The upper face is

A) Red B) Pink C) yellow D) Silver


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

Question No. : 84

A painter is given a task to paint a cubical box with 6 different colours for 6 different faces of the cube. The detailed account of
it was given as:
i.   Red face should be between Yellow and Brown faces
ii.  The Green face should be adjacent to the Silver face.
iii  Pink face should be adjacent to the Green face
iv. Yellow face should be opposite to the Brown one
v.  Brown face should face down
vi. Silver and Pink faces should be opposite to Brown one
Three faces adjacent to Red face are

A) Silver, Green, Brown B) Silver, Brown, Pink C) Silver, Pink, Green, D) Yellow, Pink, Green

0
DIRECTIONS for the question: Read the information given below and answer the question that follows.

36
Question No. : 85

An Industrial house is preparing gift packs of cloths for its employees' children. Each pack will contain exactly two kinds of pent
pieces and three shirt pieces. While pent pieces are to be selected from F, G and H, shirt pieces are to be selected from P, Q. R,
S and T, with the following restrictions:
  S
I. G cannot be in the same pack as T
II.P cannot be in the same pack as S
III. Q cannot be in the same pack as T
R
 
If G is included in a pack, which of the following cloth must be included?
 
E

A) F B) H C) P D) Q


E

Section : Quantitative Ability

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
R

Question No. : 86
A

2 friends X and Y both start their employment on the 1st Jan 1950. X starts off with an initial salary of Rs. 300 per month and
with an annual increment of Rs. 30 per month. Y starts of with an initial salary of Rs. 200 per month but with six monthly
increments of Rs. 15. All salaries are given on the last day of the calendar month. What is the total salary drawn by X and Y till
C

the 31st of Dec 1959?

A) Rs. 93,300 B) Rs. 93,200 C) Rs. 93,100 D) Rs. 93,400

Question No. : 87

A person on tour has Rs. 360 for his daily expenses. He decides to extend his tour programme by 4 days which leads to cutting
down daily expenses by Rs. 3 a day. The number of days of his tour programme is

A) 15 B) 20 C) 18 D) 16


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 88

In a trapezium, when the mid-points of the diagonals are joined, the line so formed is 5 cm long. Further, if the length of one of
the parallel sides of the trapezium is 25 cm, then find the length of the other parallel side.

A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 22.5

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 89

In a square of side 10 cm, with each vertex as center, 4 quarter circles are drawn, which are tangent to each other at the center
of the square. Find the shaded area.

0
 

36
A) 50π – 100 B) 50(π – 1) C) 75π – 100 D) 25π

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 90
S
R
In triangle ABC, ∠B is a right angle, AC = 6 cm, and D is the mid-point of AC. The length of BD is
 
E
E
R

A) 4 cm B) 6 cm    C) 3 cm    D) 3.5 cm

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
A

Question No. : 91
C

The figure shows the rectangle ABCD with a semicircle and a circle inscribed inside in it as shown. What is the ratio of the area
of the circle to that of the semicircle?
 

A)  B)  C)  D) 


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 92

A) 54π sq. cm B) 216π sq. cm C) 162π sq. cm D) None of these

DIRECTION for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

0
Question No. : 93

36
The population of a town is 155625. For every 1000 males there are 1075 females. If 40% of the males and 24% of the females
are literate, find the percentage of literacy in the town.

A) 33.7 B) 32.7 C) 31.7 D) 30.7


S
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
R
Question No. : 94

Sugar at Rs. 30 per kg is mixed with sugar at Rs. 40 per kg in the ratio 2:3. The price of new mixture per kg is
E

A) Rs. 35 B) Rs. 36 C) Rs. 37 D) Rs. 38

DIRECTIONS for the question : Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
E

Question No. : 95
R

If a, b and c are distinct positive numbers not equal to 1 and if


 
A

A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3


C

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 96

A grocer bought 10 kgs of apples for Rs. 81 out of which one kg was found rotten. If he wishes to make a profit of 10%,then at
what price per kg  he should sell them ?

A) Rs.9.00 B) Rs.9.90 C) Rs.10.10 D) Rs.10.20

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 97

The ratio of the number of students studying in schools A, B and C is 5 : 6 : 8. If the number of students in each of the schools is
increased by 30% 25% and 25% respectively, what will be the new ratio of the students in schools A, B and C?

A) 14: 15: 20 B) 13: 15: 20 C) 13 : 14 : 15 D) 15:17: 19


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 98

A, B, and C started a business with capitals of Rs. 8000, Rs. 10000 and Rs. 12000 respectively. At the end of the year, the profit
share of B is Rs. 1500. The difference between the profit shares of A and C is?

A) Rs. 300 B) Rs. 400 C) Rs. 500 D) Rs. 600

DIRECTION for the question: Answer the following question as per the best of your judgement.

Question No. : 99

0
36
A) 60 m B) 120 m C) 90 m D) 100 m

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 100 S


The odds against a certain event P are 7 : 4 and the odds in favour of another independent event Q are 8 : 7. The probability
that at least one of the events will happen is:
R
A) 11/165 B) 59/165 C) 116/165 D) 118/165

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
E

Question No. : 101


E

Each of the eight captains of IPL teams shook-hands with all of the other captains before and after the inaugural ceremony.
How many handshakes were there ?
R

A) 16 B) 28 C) 56 D) 112

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
A

Question No. : 102


C

A)  B)  C)  D) 

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 103

Two pipes X and Y can fill a cistern in 24 minutes and 32 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are opened together, then after
how much time (in minutes) should Y be closed so that the tank is full in 18 minutes ?

A) 10 B) 8 C) 6 D) 5


Diagnostic Test - IIFT
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 104

A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a certain rate of interest. If simple interest instead of compound were
reckoned, the interest for the first two years would be diminished by Rs. 20 and that for the first three years, by Rs. 61. What is
the sum?

A) Rs. 7500 B) Rs. 7000 C) Rs. 8000 D) Rs. 6500

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 105

A part of 38,800 is lent out at 6% per six months. The rest of the amount is lent out at 5% per annum after one year. The ratio of

0
interest after 3 years from the time when first amount was lent out is 5 : 4. Find the second part that was lent out at 5%.

A) Rs. 26,600   B) Rs. 28,800 C) Rs. 7,500 D) Rs. 28,000

36
DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
Question No. : 106

Jimmy Lauren raced from Skagway in a sled pulled by 5 dogs to reach a camp where a civilian was dying. For 24 hours the dogs
S
pulled the sled at full speed. Then 2 dogs ran of with a pack of huskies. Lauren, left with 3 dogs, was slowed down
proportionally. He reached camp 48 hours later than he had planned. If the runaway dogs had stayed in harness for 50 more
miles, he would have been only 24 hours late. How far is the camp from Skagway?
R
A) 400/3 miles B) 333 miles C) 200/3 miles D) 400 miles
E

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 107


E

There is a tank 100cm × 100cm × height 150cm. Three pipes are fitted to it at heights of 50 cm, 100cm and 150cm. The rate of
flow of water through these pipes are 5 litres/hour, 10 litres/hour and 20 litres/hour respectively. The pipes start filling the tank
R

at 7 am, 8am and 9am respectively. As soon as the water in the tank reaches the level of a pipe, a reversing value is activated
and the pipe starts action like a drain pipe. Find the time required to fill the tank.
A

A) 136 hours B) 168 hours C) 90 hours D) Not possible to fill the tank

DIRECTIONS for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.
C

Question No. : 108

How many 3-digit positive integers are there, such that the average of two of the digits amongst them equals the third digit?

A) 42 B) 75 C) 70 D) 121

DIRECTION for the question: Solve the following question and mark the best possible option.

Question No. : 109

The hourly wages of a labour are increased by 12.5% whereas the weekly working hours are reduced by 8%. Find the
percentage change in the weekly wages if labour was getting ? 1200 per week for 50 hour previously.

A) 3.5% B) 4% C) 4.5% D) None of these


Diagnostic Test - IIFT

DIRECTIONS for the question: Mark the best option:


Question No. : 110

 
Find the remainder when 11 + 22 + 33 + 44 + …+ 5252 is divided by 8.

A) 0 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5

QNo:-  1  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  2  ,Correct Answer:-  A

0
Explanation:-  

36
QNo:-  3  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  4  ,Correct Answer:-  D
S
R
Explanation:-  

QNo:-  5  ,Correct Answer:-  A
E

Explanation:-  
E

QNo:-  6  ,Correct Answer:-  C
R

Explanation:-  
A

QNo:-  7  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
C

QNo:-  8  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  9  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  10  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  11  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  12  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  13  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

0
QNo:-  14  ,Correct Answer:-  A

36
Explanation:-  

QNo:-  15  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-   S
QNo:-  16  ,Correct Answer:-  D
R
Explanation:-  
E

QNo:-  17  ,Correct Answer:-  A
E

Explanation:-  
R

QNo:-  18  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
A

QNo:-  19  ,Correct Answer:-  B
C

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  20  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  21  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
The error is of 'dangling modifier' as 'being a short holiday' is modifying the pronoun 'we', which is wrong. The word 'It' should
come before 'being' in part (a) of the sentence i.e a subject is required after 'being' and if no specific subject is mentioned than the
impersonal pronoun 'it' can be used. Hence the error is in part 1.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  22  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
The correct answer has to be a concise' subject' as it is missing from the sentence and it is to be supplied. Only option B is concise
in the terms of formal english. Hence option B is concise and logically completes the sentence.

QNo:-  23  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
The sense conveyed by the sentence is about the number of people who are going to attend the concert.
'Number' is used over 'amount' as it is used for countable nouns.
We use greater with number and larger with amount.That is why we rule out option 1 and 2.
'A group of people' is also wrong,it can not be used in this context.

0
QNo:-  24  ,Correct Answer:-  B

36
Explanation:-  
There is no word as 'censur'. The correct word is 'censure', which means 'strong or vehement expression of disapproval'.
The word 'censor' has been correctly used in sentence 2 which means The Central Board of Film Certification (often referred to as
the Censor Board).

QNo:-  25  ,Correct Answer:-  D
S
R
Explanation:-  
The word 'compliment' means ' an expression of praise' and the word 'complement' means 'something that completes or makes
perfect'.
E

QNo:-  26  ,Correct Answer:-  D
E

Explanation:-  
The word 'bonsai' means the art or hobby of developing and growing such a plant or plants.The word 'horticulture' means the
R

cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants. The word 'pruning' means to remove (anything considered
superfluous or undesirable).
A

QNo:-  27  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
C

Predilection-    tendency, propensity or preference.                                                                                       


Evanescence-   to disappear gradually                                                                                                        
Zephyr-    a gentle, mild breeze                                                                                                                           
Diaphanous-  clear                                                                                                                                                    
Fatuous-  foolish                                                                           
 

QNo:-  28  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
Perspicacity- acumen,understanding                                                                                                              
Uxorious- foolishly fond of one's wife                                                                                                           
Nebbish- timid person                                                                                                                                           
Chicanery- duplicity                                                                                                                                                 
Inchoate- not yet completed or fully developed
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  29  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
Risible' means laughable or amusing.
Ludicrous means stupid and foolish. 

QNo:-  30  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Tenebrous means dark; shadowy or obscure.
quarrelsome means a person who is eager to fight.

QNo:-  31  ,Correct Answer:-  D

0
Explanation:-  

36
Sentences (a) & (b) are going against the idea being conveyed in the sentence.
In this paragraph completion question, the main sentence is about the positives of discipline.The next intermediate sentence needs to
continue.'a' and 'b' mention the drawbacks of discipline and hence cannot be the intermediate sentences. the words like 'seldom' and 'never'
contradicts the idea.Only statement 'c' satisfies that condition.Hence, the correct answer is option 4.
 

QNo:-  32  ,Correct Answer:-  C
S
R
Explanation:-  
The first sentence is mentioning positivity i.e. forests are nature's gifts...last is mentioning that they are being destroyed.
This means that the intermediate sentence needs to continue stating the positives of forest before the tone of the sentence changes. Both
statements 'b' and 'c' satisfy this condition.
E

Although very tempting, statement 'a' begins with the vast Sahara desert of today. If we consider this statement in the answer –it nullifies the
presence of 'yet' in the last statement.
Hence, the correct answer is option C.
The sentence (a) is going out of the context.
E

QNo:-  33  ,Correct Answer:-  D
R

Explanation:-  
The correct sequence is  (sqrp).
A

rpsq was also logical but it is not in the options.


 
C

QNo:-  34  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
The word 'oxymoron' means a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful
kept him falsely true ).
So all others are oxymoron except C

 
 

QNo:-  35  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
As per Oxford dictionary the correct spellings are septuagenarian  which means a person who is between 70 and 79 years old.
 
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  36  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
The correct order is given in option (A).

QNo:-  37  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
The word is 'overhead'

QNo:-  38  ,Correct Answer:-  B

0
Explanation:-  
the word is 'competitor'.

36
QNo:-  39  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
In interrogative sentences the reporting verb in the direct speech is changed to 'asked'  and Second person pronoun according to
object of reporting verb.Use conjunction 'if or 'whether' in place of 'that' and remove the question mark (?) and the interrogative
S
sentence (the question) is changed to assertive sentence (Subject + verb +...). Reporting verb; 'ask, asks, asked' is used in indirect
narrations.
R
QNo:-  40  ,Correct Answer:-  B
E

Explanation:-  
Option A is wrong because it was 10 per cent of the value of US imports and not imports in general.
Option B is correct: refer to 5th Para, last few lines.
E

Option C is wrong because American imports from Vietnam did not increase. 
Option D is wrong because the reason for using 24 feet container is wrong. 
R

QNo:-  41  ,Correct Answer:-  A
A

Explanation:-  
In 4th Para line 7, it talks about two stages of loading and unloading, not the three stages therefore option ‘A’ is false
C

QNo:-  42  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Option A is wrong because the adoption was not immediate.
Option B is wrong because prices did not fall instantly.
Option C is correct: refer to Para 5th, lines 1-7.

QNo:-  43  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
Grace line company moved around mountain roads ( second last para), FMB standardized the sizes of the containers (last Para),
ILA dealt with Dockers (1st and 3rd Para).  
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  44  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
As per 2nd Para, 5th line, it is clear that savings accounts are not only less in the BPL category but also in lower income group
category. 
Therefore C is incorrect and hence the answer.

QNo:-  45  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
As per 3rd Para lines 7—10: The fact that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual
labour segment suggests the need for products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for
risk mitigation and consumption smoothing to the latter.

0
QNo:-  46  ,Correct Answer:-  D

36
Explanation:-  
As per 3rd Para, last few lines: The fact that a huge proportion of the Indian workforce is either self-employed and in the casual
labour segment suggests the need for products that will make access to credit easier to the former, while offering opportunities for
risk mitigation and consumption smoothing to the latter.

QNo:-  47  ,Correct Answer:-  B
S
R
Explanation:-  
As per last Para 7 th last line  says " In fact, in a high growth scenario, a high proportion of such households are likely to move
quite quickly from very basic financial services to more and more sophisticated ones".
E

QNo:-  48  ,Correct Answer:-  D
E

Explanation:-  
Last Para last 6th last line says " Jethmalani is the man to call for anyone in trouble. In judicial circles he is known as the first
R

resort for the last resort". Para 3 mentions "The veteran Jethmalani is surprisingly modest in his fees…".Para 7 clearly mentions "
The one person who defies the generational gap is Jeth malani who was India's leading criminal lawyer in the 1960s and is so
today." There is no mention of his juniors not having done well.
A

QNo:-  49  ,Correct Answer:-  B
C

Explanation:-  
Mentioned clearly in the last paragraph 6th line. "Harish is the closest example in today's bar to Fali Nariman; Rohinton has the
best law library in his brain; Mukul is easily India's busiest lawyer while Manu Singhvi is the greatest multi-tasker".

QNo:-  50  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
Para 5 narrates the fact that lawyers are retained by clients for not fighting the case for the other side which is called negative
retainer.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  51  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
Para 2 mentions Salve took Tata's case pro bono and the word philanthropy is mentioned in the next line which points to the fact
that is was done for some good. Hence option B.

QNo:-  52  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
Option 1. The author states that what Dewey advocated is not possible because the more intellectually demanding methods are
not easy to teach.
Hence they are idealistic and one cannot find teachers to implement that methodology.
 

0
QNo:-  53  ,Correct Answer:-  A

36
Explanation:-  
Option  1. The author states that the label progressive education is equally flawed for its failure to retain continuity in its search for
interaction.
This means it would be high on interaction but low on continuity
  S
QNo:-  54  ,Correct Answer:-  A
R
Explanation:-  
Option 1. In the concluding paragraph the author states that the bad news about testing is that it rewards the sort of traditional
E

teaching that ignores interaction.


The good news is that it also rewards the truly rich teaching that engages the child in learning tasks.
 
E

QNo:-  55  ,Correct Answer:-  C
R

Explanation:-  
Option 3. In the test you are taking the performance is considered with reference to others giving the same test. Hence I is a Norm.
A

The author is talking about tests which have specific answers and the test is evaluated with that as a reference. Hence II is a
criterion.
 
C

QNo:-  56  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Revenue of C = 1245 + 211.7 = 1456.7
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  57  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
Maximum investment is of A

QNo:-  58  ,Correct Answer:-  C

0
Explanation:-   Investment if B:D = 5:6
B's investment = (5/11)*946 = 430 cr
D's investment = (6/11)*946 = 516 cr

36
Profit of B earned through good traffic = 57% of 24% of 430 cr = 58.8 cr
Profit of D earned through passanger traffic = 62% of 29% of 516 cr = 92.7 cr

Therefore B's profit is 33.9 crores less than D.

QNo:-  59  ,Correct Answer:-  D
S
R
Explanation:-   Investment by C = 630cr
Investment by B = 2/3*(630) = 420cr
Investment by A = 3/4*(420) = 315cr
E

Investment by D = 8/5*(315) = 504 cr

Profit for B = 24%


E

Profit for A,C and D = 29%

Revenue for B = 420 + 420(24/100) = 520.8


R

Revenue for C = 630 + 630(29/100) = 812.7


Total revenue = 812.7 + 520.8 = 1333.5
A

Total revenue earned by A and D together = (315+504)*129/100 = 1056.51


Difference = 1333.5-1056.51 = 276.99 cr
C

QNo:-  60  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-   Investment made by A = 437 cr 


B invests 20% more than A = 437*120/100 = 524.4 cr
C invests 20% less than B= 524.4*80/100 = 419.52 cr
D invests 20% more than C = 419.52*120/100 = 503.42 cr

Average profit in 2016 = (38+33+32+30)/4 = 33.25%


Least revenue will be for C as it has least investment among all.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  61  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  62  ,Correct Answer:-  C

0
Explanation:-   Revenue earned by A from SSI = 480 × 0.2 × 0.45 = 43.2 crore
Revenue earned by A from CI = 96 – 43.2 = Rs 52.8 crore
Revenue earned by B from SSI = 570 × 0.2 × 0.55 = 62.7 crore

36
Revenue earned by B from CI = 114 – 62.7 = 51.3 crore
Revenue earned by C from SSI = 520 × 0.2 × 0.45 = 46.8 crore
Revenue earned by C from CI = 104 – 46.8 = 57.2 crore
Revenue earned by D from SSI = 650 × 0.2 × 0.55 = 71.5 crore
Revenue earned by D from CI = 130 – 71.5 = 58.5 crore       
Hence the least amount is for A from SSI S
QNo:-  63  ,Correct Answer:-  A
R
Explanation:-   Total interest earned by the four banks from car loan is 36 crore and since the ratio of B, D, E and F is 2: 3: 3: 4, so
B, C, D and F earned 6 crore, 9 crore, 9 crore and 12 crore respectively from the car loan.
E

The total auto loan of B = 0.13 × 570 = 74.1 crore


E

Hence the answer is B


R

QNo:-  64  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-   B’s earning from X = 570 × .011 × 2/6 = 20.9


A

F’s earning from X = 610 × .11 × 4/10 = 26.84


C

QNo:-  65  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-   The largest amount earned is by bank E and the least amount earned is by bank A
The largest amount = 30% of 730 = 219 crore
The least amount = 30% of 480 = 144 crore

QNo:-  66  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
From the table it can be seen that it is maximun in the year 1984-85.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  67  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
It is for the years 1981-82; 1983-84 and 1984-85

QNo:-  68  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

0
QNo:-  69  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  

36
Required outlay = 1985 + 2073 + 3918 + 4102 + 10523 = 22601 lakh.

QNo:-  70  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
S
R
QNo:-  71  ,Correct Answer:-  A
E

Explanation:-  
          656   432   320   264   236   222
E

 Difference -224   -112   -56   -28   -14  


Hence the answer is option A
R

QNo:-  72  ,Correct Answer:-  D
A

Explanation:-  
  Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Economics X X X √ X
C

History X √ X X X
Statistics √ X X X X
English X X √ X X
Mathematics X X X X √
 
Statistics is scheduled on Monday.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  73  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
  Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Economics X X X √ X
History X √ X X X
Statistics √ X X X X
English X X √ X X
Mathematics X X X X √
 
History is scheduled between Statistics and English.

0
QNo:-  74  ,Correct Answer:-  C

36
Explanation:-  
  Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Economics X X X √ X
History X √ X X X
Statistics
English

X
X
X
X

S X
X
X
X
Mathematics X X X X √
R
 
Mathematics is scheduled last one in the week.
E

QNo:-  75  ,Correct Answer:-  C
E

Explanation:-  
  Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
R

Economics X X X √ X
History X √ X X X
Statistics √ X X X X
A

English X X √ X X
Mathematics X X X X √
C

 
English is scheduled on Wednesday.

QNo:-  76  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
  Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Economics X X X √ X
History X √ X X X
Statistics √ X X X X
English X X √ X X
Mathematics X X X X √
 
Economics is scheduled before Mathemetics.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  77  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  

0
36
Ignesh has 6 idlis and 6 wadas with chutney.
Hence option 3 is true.
S
R
QNo:-  78  ,Correct Answer:-  A
E

Explanation:-  
E
R
A
C

 
Hence option 1 is true
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  79  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  

0
36
 
Hence option 3 is true
S
R
QNo:-  80  ,Correct Answer:-  D
E

Explanation:-  
E
R
A

 
The maximum score possible after the second move can be 1 + 8 = 9. As the person can move clockwise after 1 and can add 8 in
the number to get 9.
C

QNo:-  81  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

The maximum possible score after the third move can be 1 + 8 + 7 = 16. As the person can keep on moving in the clockwise
direction to get the maximum possible total after the third move.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  82  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  

In order to minimize the score one can go anticlockwise to 2 and then to 3. In that case the total will be 1 + 2 – 2 + 3 – 2 = 2.
Hence the minimum score will be 2.

0
QNo:-  83  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  

36
Since red is between yellow and brown, that implies yellow is opposite to brown , Since Brown is facing down so yellow must be at
top.

QNo:-  84  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
S
Red is between yellow and brown, Also Pink is adjacent to Green and green lies between silver and pink , Also it is given that
R
Green is opposite to red , Therefore the colous adjacent to red must be Brown, Silver and Pink i.e option  B.
E

QNo:-  85  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
E

If G is there in the pack then T cannot be included. As one of P and S is to be taken. Then both Q and R must be taken. Hence 4th
option.
R

QNo:-  86  ,Correct Answer:-  A
A

Explanation:-  
The given data can help us form two sequences, they are as : FOR X : The first term = 300 ×12 = 3600 (salary received in the first
year)Thereafter, he receives an increment of Rs. 30, i.e. an annual increment of Rs. 360. Thus the common difference = Rs. 360.
Summing the values for 10 year period, and using the formula : , we get the total income of X as Rs. 52200. FOR Y: The first term =
C

200 ×6 = 1200 (salary received in the first six months)Thereafter, he receives an increment of Rs. 15, i.e. a six monthly increments
of Rs. 90. Thus the common difference = Rs. 90. Summing the values for 20 terms (10 years, each period of 6 months). Using the
same formula, we get the total income of Y as Rs. 41100. Summing both the values we get = Rs. 93,300.

QNo:-  87  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  
On checking the options we find that if the tour is for 20 days then the daily expenses will be Rs 18.to extend the tour by 4 days
would make the tour for 24 days and the daily expense will become Rs 15 , so the total bill will be Rs 24×15= Rs 360 which same
as before. Hence option 2 is the answer. 
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  88  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

QNo:-  89  ,Correct Answer:-  A

0
Explanation:-  

36
Hence the answer is option A

QNo:-  90  ,Correct Answer:-  C S
Explanation:-  
R
E
E
R
A
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  91  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  

0
36
S
R
E
E
R

QNo:-  92  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
A
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  93  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Ratio of males/females = 1000/1075 = 40/43,
Males = 75000 & Females = 80625.
Literate males = 40% of 75000 = 30000.
Literate females = 24% of 80625 = 19350.
So literacy % = [(19350+30000) / 155625] ×100 = 31.7 %.

QNo:-  94  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-   Let us assume he mixed 2kgs of sugar worth Rs 30 per kg with 3kgs of sugar worth Rs 40 per kg.
So total cost = (2*30) + (3*40) = 180 Rs for 5 kg
So price of new mixture per kg = 180/5 = 36 Rs

0
36
QNo:-  95  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

S
R
E

QNo:-  96  ,Correct Answer:-  B
E

Explanation:-  
Cost incurred = Rs. 81
R

Value after 10%profit = 89.1 Rs.


So 9 Kgs have to be sold for a total of 89.1 Rs.
S.P. of 1 Kg = 89.1/9 = 9.9 Rs/Kg.
A

 
C
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  97  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

0
36
QNo:-  98  ,Correct Answer:-  D

S
Explanation:-   The ratio of the capitals invested by A, B and C is 4: 5: 6. This will also be the ratio of their profits. Now it is given
that the share of B in the profits is Rs 1500. So the profits of A and C are Rs 1200 and Rs 1800 respectivelty. Hence the required
differenece is Rs 600.
R
QNo:-  99  ,Correct Answer:-  B
E

Explanation:-  
E
R

QNo:-  100  ,Correct Answer:-  C
A

Explanation:-  
The probability of P occurring = 4 / (7 + 4) = 4/11
Odds in favour of Q = 8 : 7
C

Probability of Q occurring = 8 / (8 + 7) = 8/15


 
Therefore, the probability that at least one of the events will happen
= 1 – (7/11 × 7/15)
= 1 –  49/165
= 116/165
 

QNo:-  101  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
Before the ceremony, the first captain will shake hand with 7 persons. Then the second captain will shake hand with 6 persons and
third with 5 persons and so on. So total handshakes before the ceremony
= 7 + 6 + 5 + 4+ 3 + 2+ 1 = 28. Similarly there will be 28 handshakes after the ceremony. So total number of handshakes = 56.
 
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  102  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  

0
36
QNo:-  103  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-  

S
R
E
E
R

QNo:-  104  ,Correct Answer:-  C

Explanation:-  
A

Let the principal be P and rate of interest be r %. Then, principal


(i) when difference between C.I. and S.I is for 2 years is given by
P = 20×(100/r)2 …. (1)
C

(ii) When difference between CI & SI in for 3 yrs in given by


P = 61×(10)6/ r2 (300+r) …. (2)
From  (1) and (2) we have
20×(100/r)2 = 61×(10)6/ r2 (300+r)
=> r = 305 - 300 = 5 %
From (1), P = 20×10425
= Rs.8000

QNo:-  105  ,Correct Answer:-  B

Explanation:-   Let the amount lent out at 6% be x and the 5% be (38800-x)


Thus 36% of x : 10% of ( 38800-x) = 5:4.
x = 10,000
Thus for 5% is 28,800.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  106  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
Speed after two dogs leave = 3/5th of the original speed
Now the difference of 24 hours comes because of 50 miles distance
⇒difference of 48 hours will come because of 100 miles
Therefore he travelled for 100 miles after the dogs run off. Speed becomes 3/5
⇒time becomes 5/3 of the original
⇒excess time = 2/3 of original time
⇒2/3t = 48h
⇒t = 72 hours (for 100 miles)
Speed = 100/72 = 25/18 miles/hr
Since he travelled for 24 hours initially
Distance = 24 x 25/18 = 100/3 miles

0
Total Distance = 100/3 + 100 = 400/3 miles

36
QNo:-  107  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
If the levels of the 3 pipes denote the 3 sections of the tank, then the volume of each section is 500 litres.
In the 1st hour, pipe A will fill 5 litres. In the 2nd hour, pipes A and B will fill 5 + 10 = 15 litres. After that, all 3 pipes work together
S
to fill 5 + 10 + 20 = 35 litres each hour.
After 2 hours, 20 litres of water have been filled. The 3 pipes need to fill in another 480 litres in the first section.
R
The time taken will be 480/35 = 13.71 hours. Now, pipe A acts as a drain and the 3 pipes will fill 10 + 20 – 5 = 25 litres each hour.
The time taken to fill the next 500 litres is 500/25 = 20 hours.
After this, pipes A and B act as drains and the 3 pipes together will fill 20 – 10 – 5 = 5 litres each hour.
E

The time taken to fill 500 litres is 500/5 = 100 hours.


Thus the total time is
E

2 + 13.71 + 20 + 100 = 135.71 hours. = 136 hrs(approx)


R

QNo:-  108  ,Correct Answer:-  D

Explanation:-  
A

If the avg is 1, the 3 digits are (1, 1, 1) and (0, 1, 2). With (1, 1, 1), we can form only one iteger. And with (0, 1, 2), we can form 2 ×
2 × 1 = 4 integer. So there are 5 such integers.
If the avg is 2, the 3 digits are (0, 2, 4), (1, 2, 3) and (2, 2, 2). With (0, 2, 4), we can form 2 × 2 × 1 = 4 integers, with (1, 2, 3) we can
C

form 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 integers and with (2, 2, 2) we can form only 1 integer. So there are 11 such integers.
If the avg is 3, the 3 digits are (0, 3, 6), (1, 3, 5), (2, 3, 4) and (3, 3, 3). With (0, 3, 6), we can form 4 integers, with (1, 3, 5) and (2, 3,
4)  we can form 6 integers each and with (3, 3, 3) we can form only 1 integer. So there are 17 such integers.
If the avg is 4, the 3 digits are (0, 4, 8), (1, 4, 7), (2, 4, 6), (3, 4, 5) and (4, 4, 4). With (0, 4, 8), we can form 4 integers, with (1, 4, 7),
(2, 4, 6) and (3, 4, 5)  we can form 6 integers each and with (4, 4, 4) we can form only 1 integer. So there are 23 such integers.
If the avg is 5, the 3 digits are (1, 5, 9), (2, 5, 8), (3, 5, 7), (4, 5, 6) and (5, 5, 5). With (1, 5, 9), (2, 5, 8), (3, 5, 7), (4, 5, 6) we can form 6
integers each and with (5, 5, 5) we can form only 1 integer. So there are 25 such integers.
If the avg is 6, the 3 digits are (3, 6, 9), (4, 6, 8), (5, 6, 7) and (6, 6, 6). With (3, 6, 9), (4, 6, 8), (5, 6, 7) we can form 6 integers each
and with (6, 6, 6) we can form only 1 integer. So there are 19 such integers.
If the avg is 7, the 3 digits are (5, 7, 9), (6, 7, 8) and (7, 7, 7). With (5, 7, 9), (6, 7, 8) we can form 6 integers each and with (7, 7, 7)
we can form only 1 integer. So there are 13 such integers.
If the avg is 8, the 3 digits are (7, 8, 9) and (8, 8, 8). With (7, 8, 9) we can form 6 integers and with (8, 8, 8) we can form only 1
integer. So there are 7 such integers.
If the avg is 9, the digits are (9, 9, 9) and only 1 integer can be formed.
Thus there are 121 such integers.
Diagnostic Test - IIFT

QNo:-  109  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-   This is an application of successive percentage change-

(Rs. 1200 per week for 50 hour previously is redundant information)

QNo:-  110  ,Correct Answer:-  A

Explanation:-  
Every even number and its power 4 onwards (including 4) is divisible by 8. The remainders when the first eight numbers are
divided by 8 are 1, 4, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0. The pattern 1, 0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 7, 0 repeats for a group of 8 numbers i.e. for 9 to 16, 17 to 24, 25 to
32, 33 to 40, 41 to 48. Till 52, the remainders will be 1, 0, 3 and 0. The addition of all these remainders is 20 + 16 + 16+ 16 + 16 +
16 + 4 = 104, which when divided by 8 leaves a remainder of 0. Hence, option A.

0
36
S
R
E
E
R
A
C

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