Science 9

Science – Grade 9
Quarter 1 – Module 11: Biodiversity and Evolution
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Mary Jane A. Dalisay
Editor: RubiAnn G. Salen
Reviewers: RubiAnn G. Salen/ Maricel F. Azcarraga
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javeña EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
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Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
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Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Science 9
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 11

Biodiversity and Evolution

Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the on Science 9 Self-Learning Module on Biodiversity and

Evolution!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 9 Self-Learning Module on Biodiversity and Evolution!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

The Earth is composed of different features that nurture living things that
have a big role in balancing ecological conditions. There are levels of organization
that make up our ecosystem, and all the level refers to the diversity of macro and
microorganisms. The interaction between organisms makes the relationship and
connection of one another intact to maintain the balance in the ecosystem. However,
the reality that takes place nowadays causes the decreasing number of different
species that sometimes causes their extinction that affects the balance in the
ecosystem.
In Grade 8, you studied about the advantage of high biodiversity in
maintaining the stability of an ecosystem. However, many circumstances affect the
balance in the ecosystem, biodiversity has a big role in maintaining its balance. How
are we going to know if the diversity of an organism is balanced or healthy? How
extinction affects the adaptation of species to the changes in the environment? In
this lesson, you are expected to relate species extinction to the failure of populations
of organisms to adapt to abrupt changes in the environment specifically:
1. determine the pattern of population distribution.
2. identify the positive and negative factors affecting population distribution.
3. label a specific location if they are sparse or dense in population.
4. choose whether the statement about the world’s population density is true
or false.

PRETEST

Instruction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on before
the number.

1. The pattern of where people live. These areas can be densely (many) populated or
sparsely (few) populated.
A. Birth Rate C. Population Density
B. Density D. Population Distribution

2. Which of the following factors is least likely to influence population distribution?

A. Conflict among religious and/or ethnic groups
B. Climate
C. Economic development
D. Natural scenery
3. Which state has the largest population?

A. New Hampshire
B. New Jersey
C. New York
D. Pennsylvania

Figure 1: Population Density

Image source: https://bit.ly/31rCVh6

4. The pattern of where people live. These areas can be densely (many) populated or
sparsely (few) populated.
A. Birth rate
B. Population distribution
C. Rural
D. Urbanization

5. Figure 2 shows urban, crowded, and people living close together. What kind of
population density it described?

A. High population density

B. Low population density
C. Medium population density
D. No population density at all

Figure 2: Population
Image source:
https://bit.ly/31rCV
h6
 RECAP
Population Density

Direction: Analyze picture of the world map (Fig.1) showing the population density.
Look at the statements below and decide whether they are true or false. Check the
circle of your chosen answer.

This is a population
density map of the
world. Areas that are
deep gray in color are
densely populated.
Areas that are white
in color are sparsely
populated.
Figure 1: Population density
map of the world.

Image source: https://bit.ly/2NMHsCx

True or False?

1. People are not spread out evenly over the world.

o True
o False

2. People are spread out evenly over Asia Some places are more crowded than
others.

o True
o False

3. Europe is a densely populated

continent. Africa is a continent
with few people.

o True
o False

Figure 2: Map of Continents.

Image source: https://bit.ly/3dFDR3S
 4. Asia is the most densely populated continent. South America is the most
crowded continent.

o True
o False

5. Greenland, Australia and northern Canada are all sparsely populated.

Figure 3: Map of the World

Image source: https://bit.ly/2VvF1ZH
o True
o False

Now you recall what population density is, let us now discuss further the
population pattern based on distribution.

LESSON

A problem in measuring population size relates to the distribution of individuals

within the population’s boundaries, known as population distribution, it describes
how the individuals are distributed, or spread throughout their habitat.

Figure 4: Patterns of population Distribution

Image source: https://bit.ly/3dKUqLR
 This figure shows populations of cacti in the desert, such as this group of
cholla, show uniform, or even, dispersion due to fierce competition for water.

Population density just represents the average number of individuals per unit
of area or volume. Most of the time individuals in a population are not spread out
evenly sometimes they live in (a) different pattern(s) like clumps, disperse or evenly
distributed. The pattern may reflect characteristics of the species or its environment
(LibreTexts, 2020).

❖ Uniform - also known as even distribution, it is maximizing the space between

any two individuals. The best example is the distribution of plants in one place
since they compete for a resource like soil nutrients; they tend to space
themselves from others to maximize the consumption of the resource.
❖ Clumped – it is the most common pattern of distribution in nature. It
minimizes the space between others due to different reason such as protection
from predators and hunting preys that causes a clumped distribution. The
best example is a school of fish to minimize the chance to be eaten, also the
hunting process of hyenas. They hunt in a pack to ensure a catch of prey.
❖ Random – it is an irregular spacing between an individual of the population.
It does not have preferences in distribution since their form of spreading is
sometimes due to biotic factors. Example of this is the dandelion seeds that
randomly distributed by the wind. Same also with the oyster larvae that
carried by the currents of water.

What are the factors affecting population distribution?

1. Geographic Factors

- Climate

➢ Temperature – many lives cannot sustain in extreme

temperature.
➢ Rainfall – water is the vital component of life; it is needed for
survival.
2. Social and Economic Factors (Applicable for human population)

- Economic activity – places like surrounding land supports the activity like
mining, agriculture and hunting tend to have a greater population.

- Type of technology – various activities connected to technology tend to attract

the human population.

- Social policy - strict laws governing immigration, can control the size as well
as the internal distribution of their populations.

3. Demographic Factors

- Fertility - ability of an individual or couple to reproduce through normal

reproductive activity.
- Mortality - the frequency of death in a population
 - Migration - a way to move from one place to another, usually a response to
changes in temperature, food supply, or the amount of daylight, and is often
undertaken for the purpose of breeding.
What are the factors affecting population distribution? By Avasarkar

“The major reason for [human] population changes, whether in an individual country
or for the whole world, is the change in birth and death rates. The birth rate is the
number of live babies born in a year for every 1000 people in the total
population. Death rates are the number of people dying per 1000 people. When birth
rates are higher than death rates the population of an area will increase (“Population
distribution…”, 2015, 1).”

To apply your understanding of this lesson, do the activity given.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: World population distribution

Objective: Label a specific location if they are sparse or dense in population .

Materials: Pen and paper

Procedures:
1. Read the information to remember.
2. Label the location if they are sparse or dense in population based on reason given
in figure 5.
3. Complete the table given.

Remember:
1. Places with few people have a low population density. They are sparsely populated.
2. Vast areas have hardly any people living in them whilst other areas seem to be
very crowded.
3. places that are crowded have a high population density. These places are densely
populated.
The map above shows how unevenly people are spread around the world.

Figure 5: World Population Distribution

Image source: https://bit.ly/2VvpTvf

Direction: Label the location if they are sparse or dense in population based on
reason given in figure 5. Complete a copy of the table below, which has been started
for you.
Location Reason Sparse Population Dense Population
Amazon Climate Too hot and wet
rainforest Terrain Dense forest makes
settlement and
communications
difficult.

Table 1: Sparse and Dense Population

Source: Adapted from The New Wider World Foundation Edition (Second Edition) Teacher’s Resource CD-ROM ©
Grant Westoby, Nelson Thornes 2005

Activity 2: Positive and Negative Factors

There are reasons why an area has a spares or dense population. The reason
why so many people live in densely populated places are called positive factors. There
are negative factors which have made other places sparsely populated.
Objective: Identify the positive and negative factors affecting population
distribution.
Materials: Coloring materials, pen, and paper
Procedures:
1. Get 2 different colors of pen or crayon, if possible, color red and green.
2. Shade the positive factors in red, and the negative factors in green.
(Note: If you do not have red and green pen, use two different colors of crayon instead)

Pleasant climate Lack of investment Poor water supply

Too wet or too dry Good food supply Natural resources for industry

Flat or gently sloping land Few natural resources Poor transport links

Good water supply Good roads, railways, ports, etc. Steep slopes

Money available for investment Industry and Jobs Dense forest

Open grassland for animals Good soil for growing crops

Little industry and few jobs Poor soils for farming

Activity 3: My Reflection

Objective: Determine the pattern of population distribution in your area.

Materials: Paper and Pen
Procedures:
1. List five (5) factors affecting population distribution in your area.
2. Explain how it affects your area’s distribution of the population.

FACTORS:
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
3. Answer the guide questions.
Guide Questions:
Explanation:
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

1. What pattern of distribution applies to your location?

2. In your own opinion, what pattern of distribution you think is ideal for a healthy
biodiversity? Why?
 WRAP-UP
Organize Your Thoughts

Direction: Complete the given concept map to summarize the lesson for today.

VALUING
The Important Thing

Direction: Give three important ideas/things from the lesson today by completing
the sentence given.

Three important ideas/things from the lesson today are

_____________________________________________________,____________________________
____________________________________,and_________________________________________
_________________________________ , but the most important thing I learned today is
____________________________because_____________________________________________.

POSTTEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on before the
number.

1. Based on the map, which area is most densely populated?

 A. Eastern Asia
B. Central South America
C. Northern Europe
D. Southern Africa
E. Western North America

Figure 1: Number of Population per Square Miles

Image source: https://bit.ly/31rCVh6
2. The number of births in an area, expressed as 1,000 births per year
A. Birth rate C. Life expectancy
B. Density D. Lots of babies

3. Located in the country or on a farm.

A. Cows C. Urban
B. Population distribution D. Rural
4. The average number of people living in an area.
A. Population density C. Population rate
B. Population distribution D. Urbanization

5. A rural area which is not crowded and people spread out.

A. High population density
B. Low population density
C. Medium population density
D. No population density at all

KEY TO CORRECTION

B 5.
A 4.
D 3.
A 2.
A 1.

POSTTEST Activity 2

TRUE 5. A 5.
FALSE 4. A 4.
TRUE 3. C 3.
TRUE 2. D 2.
FALSE 1. D 1.
Activity 1 RECAP PRETEST
 WRAP-UP

References
Burke, Christine. “Population Distribution”. Quizizz. Created last 2019.
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5ca6045f8d08c9001aacd339/population-
distribution.

“Diversity is the key”. Populationmatters Matter. Last modified 2020.

https://populationmatters.org/thefacts/biodiversitygclid=CjwKCAjw5Ij2BRB
dEiwA0Frc9eOI_xCAMhEcrFo2xdjO6_Qg5FPeI6sGDxq64n0Jm4XICWqysyuv
hxoCpygQAvD_BwE.

“Population Distribution,” Internetgeography, Last modified 2015,

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/popn1.html.

“Population size, density, and distribution”. LibreTexts. Last modified May 6, 2020.
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/B
ook%3A_Introductory_Biology_(CK-
12)/06%3A_Ecology/6.17%3A_Population_Size%2C_Density%2C_and_Distri
bution.

“Population Worksheets”. 3D Geography. Last modified 2019.

https://www.3dgeography.co.uk/population-worksheets.

Tarsi, Kika and Ty Tuff. “Introduction to Population Demographics”. Nature

Education Knowledge 3(11), (2012): 3. Accessed June 2, 2020. url
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/introduction-to-
population-demographics-83032908/.

Westoby, Grant, David Waugh, and Tony Bushell. The New Wider World Foundation
Edition (Second Edition). Nelson Thornes, 2001, 4-5.

“What are the Factors affecting the Population Distribution? Preserve Articles.
https://www.preservearticles.com/education/what-are-the-factors-affecting-
population-distribution/16083.

“What are the three patterns of population distribution?”. Answer. Shared Last June
23, 2011 by Wikiuser.
https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_three_patterns_of_population_d
istribution.