Sliding Contact Bearings - Dme

DME(3171917)
CH-06- SLIDING CONTACT BEARINGS
Mr. BHAUMIK BHANDARI

D.A.DEGREE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
MAHEMDABAD(118)
bhaumik3434@gmail.com
bhaumik3434@blogspot.com
+91 9924130539
23-11-21 DADET-MAHEMDABAD 1
PETROFF’S EQUATION
• Petroff’s equation is used to determine the coefficient of
friction in journal bearings. It is based on the following
assumptions:
(i) The shaft is concentric with the bearing
(ii) The bearing is subjected to light load
 A vertical shaft rotating in the bearing is shown in Fig(a). The
following notations are used:
According to Newton’s law of viscosity
 Let us consider a radial force (W), acting on the bearing as
shown in Fig (b).
The unit bearing pressure (p) acting on the bearing is given

by,
HYDROSTATIC STEP BEARING
 A hydrostatic step bearing is shown in Fig. The following

notations are used in the analysis:
The lubricant is flowing radially outward through the annulus
of radii Ri and Ro and leaves at the periphery of the shaft.
Consider an elemental ring of radius r and thickness (dr) as

shown in Fig.(a). The flow of the lubricant through this
elemental ring is given by
 The constant C of integration is evaluated from the
boundary condition, p = 0 when r = Ro
Eq. -1*
Substituting these values in above Eq
--------------2*
Above Equation is used to calculate the flow requirement of

the bearing. The distribution of pressure is shown in Fig. (b)
The load supported by the annular area from the radius

Ri to radius Ro, where pressure p varies. Therefore,
Substituting Eq. -1* in the above expression
Substituting this value and Eq. 2* in (d), we have
Example.1 The following data is given for a hydrostatic thrust
bearing:
thrust load = 500 kN
shaft speed = 720 rpm
shaft diameter = 500 mm
recess diameter = 300 mm
film thickness = 0.15 mm
viscosity of lubricant = 160 SUS
specific gravity = 0.86
Calculate :(i) supply pressure;
(ii) flow requirement in litres/min;
(iii) power loss in pumping; and
(iv) frictional power loss.
Solution
Given W = 500 kN n = 720 rpm Do = 500 mm ,Di = 300 mm
ho = 0.15 mm r = 0.86 ,viscosity = 160 SUS
Step I Supply pressure
Step II Flow requirement
Step III Power loss in pumping
Step IV Frictional power loss
REYNOLD’S EQUATION
 The theory of hydrodynamic lubrication is based on a
differential equation derived by Osborne Reynold.
This equation is based on the following assumptions:
(i) The lubricant obeys Newton’s law of viscosity.
(ii) The lubricant is incompressible.
(iii) The inertia forces in the oil film are negligible.
(iv) The viscosity of the lubricant is constant.
(v) The effect of curvature of the film with respect to film
thickness is neglected. It is assumed that the film is so thin
that the pressure is constant across the film thickness.
(vi) The shaft and the bearing are rigid.
(vii) There is a continuous supply of lubricant.
Fig- 1
Figs 1 and 2.
Fig- 2
 An element having dimensions dx, dy and dz is considered in
this analysis, and is shown in Figs 1 and 2.
 X is the axis in the direction of motion, Y is the axis in the

radial plane and Z is the axis parallel to the axis of the
journal. u, v and w are velocities in X, Y, Z directions
respectively.
 Tx(Tau) and Tz(Tau)are shear stresses along X and Z directions,

while p is the fluid film pressure.
The forces acting on the element in X direction are shown in
Fig. Considering equilibrium of forces,
RAIMONDI AND BOYD METHOD
 There is no exact solution to Reynold’s equation for a
journal bearing having a finite length. However, AA Raimondi
and John Boyd of Westinghouse Research Laboratory solved
this equation on computer using the iteration technique.
 The results of this work are available in the form of charts

and tables. In the Raimondi and Boyd method, the
performance of the bearing is expressed in terms of
dimensionless parameters.
In Fig, O and O’ are the axes of bearing and journal
respectively. The distance OO’ is called eccentricity and
denoted by the letter e. The radial clearance c is given by,
c=R–r
Eq.-1
where, e is the eccentricity ratio.

Referring to Figure
R = e + r + ho (a)
where,
ho = minimum film thickness (mm)
Substituting Eq. (1) in expression (a),
Eq.-2
Eq.-3
The angle Ø shown in Fig. is called the angle of eccentricity or
attitude angle. It locates the position of minimum film
thickness with respect to the direction of load.
Example.2-The following data is given for the hydrostatic
step bearing of a vertical turbo generator:
thrust load = 450 kN
shaft diameter = 400 mm
recess diameter = 250 mm
shaft speed = 750 rpm
viscosity of lubricant = 30 cP
Draw a neat sketch showing the effect of film thickness on
energy losses. Calculate the optimumfi lm thickness for
minimum power loss.
 Solution
Given W = 450 kN n = 750 rpm Do = 400 mm

Di = 250 mm z = 30 cP
Step I Variation of energy losses against film thickness
Step II Optimum fi lm thickness for minimum power loss
Differentiating (kW)t in the expression (c) with respect to

ho and setting the result to zero,
BEARING DESIGN—SELECTION OF PARAMETERS
 It is required to select suitable values for the following
parameters:
(i) length-to-diameter ratio;

(ii) unit bearing pressure;
(iii) start-up load;
(iv) radial clearance;
(v) minimum oil film thickness; and
(vi) maximum oil film temperature.
(i) Length to Diameter Ratio
 In the design of hydrodynamic bearings, the diameter of
the shaft is determined by strength or rigidity
considerations and not on the basis of bearing capacity.
 The shaft diameter is usually determined by using the
criteria such as permissible stress, permissible lateral
deflection or permissible angle of twist. Therefore, it is the
bearing length that the designer has to decide to obtain a
given bearing capacity.
 The length to diameter ratio (l/d) affects the performance of
the bearing. As the ratio increases, the resulting film pressure
increases as shown in Fig.
(ii) Unit Bearing Pressure The unit bearing

pressure is the load per unit of projected area of the bearing
in running condition. It depends upon a number of factors,
such as bearing material, operating temperature, the nature
and frequency of load and service conditions.
(iii) Start-up Load
 The unit bearing pressure for starting conditions should not
exceed 2 N/mm².
 The start-up load is the static load when the shaft is
stationary. It mainly consists of the dead weight of the shaft
and its attachments.
The startup load can be used to determine the minimum
length of the bearing on the basis of starting conditions.
(iv) Minimum Oil Film Thickness
 The surface finish of the journal and the bearing is governed
by the value of the minimum oil film thickness selected by the
designer and vice versa.
There is a lower limit for the minimum oil film thickness,
below which metal to metal contact occurs and the
hydrodynamic fi lm breaks.
Example-3. The following data is given for a 360°
hydrodynamic bearing:
radial load = 3.2 kN
journal speed = 1490 rpm
journal diameter = 50 mm
bearing length = 50 mm
radial clearance = 0.05 mm
viscosity of lubricant = 25 cP
Assuming that the total heat generated in the bearing is
carried by the total oil flow in the bearing, calculate
(i) coefficient of friction;
(ii) power lost in friction;
(iii) minimum oil film thickness;
(iv) flow requirement in 1itres/min; and
(v) temperature rise.
Solution
Given W = 3.2 kN, n = 1490 rpm,d = 50 mm, l = 50 mm
c = 0.05 mm, z = 25 cP
From Table
From Eq.
Step VI Temperature rise
From Eq.
Bearing Materials

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DME(3171917)

CH-06- SLIDING CONTACT BEARINGS

Mr. BHAUMIK BHANDARI

(ii) The bearing is subjected to light load

According to Newton’s law of viscosity

The unit bearing pressure (p) acting on the bearing is given

 A hydrostatic step bearing is shown in Fig. The following

Consider an elemental ring of radius r and thickness (dr) as

Substituting these values in above Eq

Above Equation is used to calculate the flow requirement of

The load supported by the annular area from the radius

Step I Supply pressure

Step IV Frictional power loss

This equation is based on the following assumptions:

(i) The lubricant obeys Newton’s law of viscosity.

(ii) The lubricant is incompressible.

(iii) The inertia forces in the oil film are negligible.

(iv) The viscosity of the lubricant is constant.

(vi) The shaft and the bearing are rigid.

(vii) There is a continuous supply of lubricant.

 X is the axis in the direction of motion, Y is the axis in the

 Tx(Tau) and Tz(Tau)are shear stresses along X and Z directions,

 The results of this work are available in the form of charts

where, e is the eccentricity ratio.

Substituting Eq. (1) in expression (a),

Given W = 450 kN n = 750 rpm Do = 400 mm

Differentiating (kW)t in the expression (c) with respect to

(i) length-to-diameter ratio;

(ii) Unit Bearing Pressure The unit bearing

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