3D OPTICAL DATA STORAGE

A Seminar Report
Submitted By
Aman Pratap Singh
19BCON465

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
At
JECRC UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

• Acknowledgements
Many people have supported me, in different ways, during the work with the thesis. I’d like to
thank my (Supervisor Name) & HOD Mr. Naveen Hemrajani for their kind and active support
and valuable guidance during the work process. My family has as always offered me their
unconditional support, thank you! I have taken efforts in the Seminar presentation. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind support and many individuals and organizations. I
would like to extend my sincere thanks to each and every members related to JECRC
University.

Aman Pratap Singh

19BCON465
 Candidate’s Declaration
I, Aman Pratap Singh, bearing roll number 19BCON465, hereby declare that the work which is
being presented in the Seminar, entitled “3D Optical Data Storage” in partial fulfilment for award of
Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Deptt. Of Computer Science Engineering is submitted to
the Department Computer Science & Engineering, JECRC University is a record of Seminar work
carried under the Guidance of Guide name, Department Computer Science & Engineering.

Aman Pratap Singh

Computer Science
19BCON465
INTRODUCTION:
3D optical data storage is the term given to any form of optical data storage in
which information can be recorded and/or read with three dimensional resolution
(as opposed to the two dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD).
This innovation has the potential to provide petabyte-level mass storage
on DVD-sized disks. Data recording and readback are achieved by focusing lasers
within the medium. However, because of the volumetric nature of the data
structure, the laser light must travel through other data points before it reaches the
point where reading or recording is desired. Therefore, some kind of nonlinearity is
required to ensure that these other data points do not interfere with the
addressing of the desired point.

No commercial product based on 3D optical data storage has yet arrived on the
mass market, although several companies are actively developing the technology
and claim that it may become available soon.
OPTICAL RECORDING TECHNOLOGY AND
APPLICATIONS:
Optical storage systems consist of a drive unit and a storage medium in a rotating
disk form. In general the disks are pre-formatted using grooves and lands (tracks)
to enable the positioning of an optical pick-up and recording head to access the
information on the disk. Under the influence of a focused laser beam emanating
from the optical head, information is recorded on the media as a change in the
material characteristics. The disk media and the pick-up head are rotated and
positioned through drive motors controlling the position of the head with respect
to data tracks on the disk. Additional peripheral electronics are used for control and
data acquisition and encoding/decoding.

ADVANTAGES
• A high definition movie requires about 13 GB of storage with compression so
it can fit in a single disc, and there is enough space to add some extra
contents such as out-takes, additional scenes, etc.
• Enables dramatic improvements in piracy protection, by taking advantage of
the multiple layers of information.
• Highest optical capacity
• Lowest cost per gigabyte
• Highest data bit density of any storage device
• Lowest power requirements per gigabyte
• Long storage life
• Have highest data transfer potential
What is Optical Data Storage?
Conventional storage systems make use of magnetism and semiconductor
technologies for data storing in CDs and DVDs. Optical data storage is different
from that. Before talking about how the three dimensional data storage works, I
shall give a very brief introduction on optical data storage. The storage is done on
an Optically Readable Medium. An optical drive writes data onto the optically
readable medium i.e. a storage disc. It uses a laser beam to burn pits (or bumps)
into the special material on the disc. This data stream is placed in a spiral path, in
this case the data begins at the innermost track and works its way out toward the
edge of the disc. An optical drive is a device in a computer that can read CD-ROMs
or other optical discs. It is estimated that in the year 2007, optical storage
represents 27% of the world's technological capacity to store information.
What is 3D About It?
Here, information can be recorded and/or read with three-dimensional resolution
(as opposed to the two dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD). 3D
optical data storage is an experimental storage technology. It is predicted to offer
exponentially more storage capacity than today’s data storage technologies.
Researchers have developed working 3D optical data storage devices. But the
technology is not yet commercially available due to design issues. We’ll talk about
the challenges later. It shall be clear as I describe.
How Does It Differ from Other Data Storage Devices?
This innovation has the potential to provide petabyte-level (1024 TB) mass storage
on DVD-sized disks. Current optical data storage media are the CD and DVD. They
store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to
increase storage capacity, two or even more of these data layers may be added. But
their number is severely limited. The laser interacts with every layer that it passes
through on the way to and from the addressed layer. These interactions cause
noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 layers.
3D optical data storage methods dodge this issue by using methods where only the
specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the
addressing light. This requires nonlinear data reading and writing methods, in
particular nonlinear optics. Here also the laser light must travel through other data
points till it reaches the point where reading or recording is desired. Nonlinearity
ensures that these other data points do not interfere with the addressing of the
desired point.
How is It Constructed?
A prototypical 3D optical data storage system may use a disk that looks much like a
transparent DVD. The disc contains many layers of information, each at a different
depth in the media and each consisting of a DVD-like spiral track. The distance
between layers may be 5 to 100 micro meters, allowing >100 layers of information
to be stored on a single disc. So the average thickness of a disc can be predicted to
be around say 100 times 50 micro meters. This is equal to 5 millimetres. Clearly
these discs are going to be thicker than the CDs and DVDs.
Writing and Reading. How is it done?
Writing Processes by Multi-photon Absorption
To record information on the disc a laser is brought to a focus at a particular depth
in the media. The depth corresponds to a particular information layer. When the
laser is turned on it causes a photochemical change in the media. As the disc spins
and the read/write head moves along a radius, the layer is written just as a DVD-R is
written. The depth of the focus may then be changed. That initiates another entirely
different layer of information written on the disc.
We need to see now how exactly the process of writing takes place. As I mentioned,
nonlinear optics is used. Although there are many nonlinear optical phenomena,
only multiphoton absorption is capable providing the media the significant energy
required to electronically excite molecular species and cause chemical reactions.
Two-photon absorption is the strongest multiphoton absorbance by far. But still it
is a very weak phenomenon. It is weak because it is a third order nonlinear
absorption phenomenon i.e. three orders lower than linear absorption. Two-
photon absorption (TPA) is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical
or different frequencies. The energy difference between the involved lower and
upper states of the molecule is equal to the sum of the energies of the two
photons. It results in low media sensitivity. Therefore, much research has been
directed at providing chromophores with high two-photon absorption cross-
sections. What is chromophores? The chromophore is a region in the molecule
where the energy difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within
the range of the visible spectrum. A chromophore is responsible for its colour.
Writing by 2-photon absorption is achieved by focusing the writing laser on the
point where the photochemical writing process is required. The wavelength of the
writing laser is chosen such that it is not linearly absorbed by the medium.
Therefore it does not interact with the medium except at the focal point. At the
focal point intensity is very high and nonlinear effect comes into picture. The 2-
photon absorption becomes significant, because it is dependent on the square of
the laser flux.
The drawback is, both the photons must arrive simultaneously because one photon
alone shall not be absorbed since it is not resonant with the molecular energy
levels. The solution is to use resonant photons. This allows the second photon
some freedom in arrival time. But again, this no more remains a nonlinear
phenomenon then. It compromises the resolution of the data in all layers.
Reading the Data
In order to read the data back (in this example), a similar procedure is used. Except
this time instead of causing a photochemical change in the media the laser causes
fluorescence. This is achieved e.g. by using a lower laser power or a different laser
wavelength. The intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence is different depending
on whether the media has been written at that point. By measuring the emitted
light the data is read.
What are the current challenges?
1. Particularly when 2-photon absorption is utilized, high-powered lasers may be
required that can be bulky, difficult to cool, and pose safety concerns.
2. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carried out with laser beams,
there is a potential for the reading process to cause a small amount of writing. In
this case, the repeated reading of data may eventually serve to erase it. Although
this issue has been attempted to be solved by the use of different bands of
absorption for reading and writing.

Conclusion
Computers have become very important in our life because they provide us access
to storage of large amount of information. Conventional technologies have very
limited amount of storage and their storage capacity cannot be increased any
further. Since storage needs are increasing at a faster rate and conventional
technologies are not able to keep the pace with demand for greater and faster
storage requirements. So a new type of data storage technique with increased
capabilities is required. These needs can be fulfilled by 3D Data Storage Devices.
Further they are cost effective in the sense that they have the lowest cost per byte.
They will also have faster data transfer rates compared to current technologies. 3D
Data storage devices will have wide range of applications in fields such as satellite
data storage, space researches, digital libraries, defense where large amount of
data storage capacity is required. Hence we can undoubtedly say that 3D Data
storage provides an effective solution for tomorrow’s storage needs.