3D Optical

Data
Storage

CONTENTS
Introduction
Overview
Media design
Media form factor
Media manufacturing
Commercial development
Development issue
Method of simulation
Defect modes and light localization in 2d pbg structures
Three-dimensional photonic-crystal optical-memory systems
Basic component
Advertisements AND dis advertisements
Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION
3D optical data storage is the term given to any form of optical data
storage in which information can be recorded and/or read with three
dimensional resolution (as opposed to the two dimensional resolution
afforded, for example, by CD).
This innovation has the potential to provide byte-level mass storage on
DVD-sized disks. Data recording and read back are achieved by focusing
lasers within the medium.
No commercial product based on 3D optical data storage has yet arrived
on the mass market, although several companies are actively developing
the technology and claim that it may become available "soon".

OVERVIEW
CURRENT OPTICAL DATA
STORAGE MEDIA, SUCH AS THE
CD AND DVD STORE DATA AS A
SERIES OF REFLECTIVE MARKS
ON AN INTERNAL SURFACE OF
A DISC.
IN ORDER TO INCREASE
STORAGE CAPACITY, IT IS
POSSIBLE FOR DISCS TO HOLD
TWO OR EVEN MORE OF THESE
DATA LAYERS, BUT THEIR
NUMBER IS SEVERELY LIMITED
SINCE THE ADDRESSING LASER
INTERACTS WITH EVERY LAYER
THAT IT PASSES THROUGH ON
THE WAY TO AND FROM THE
ADDRESSED LAYER.

DESIGN
MEDIA
THE ACTIVE
PART
OF 3D OPTICAL
STORAGE MEDIA
IS USUALLY AN
ORGANIC
POLYMER EITHER
DOPED OR
GRAFTED WITH
THE PHOTO
CHEMICALLY
ACTIVE SPECIES.
ALTERNATIVELY,
CRYSTALLINE
AND SOL-GEL
MATERIALS HAVE
BEEN USED.

MEDIA FORM FACTOR

Media for 3D optical data storage have been suggested in several form
factors:
Disc: A disc media offers a progression from CD/DVD, and allows
reading and writing to be carried out by the familiar spinning disc
method.
Card: A credit card form factor media is attractive from the point of
view of portability and convenience, but would be of a lower capacity
than a disc.
Crystal, Cube or Sphere: Several science fiction writers have
suggested small solids that store massive amounts of information, and
at least in principle this could be achieved with 3D optical data storage.

MEDIA MANUFACTURING
The simplest method of manufacturing - the molding of a disk in one piece is a
possibility for some systems.
A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed
layer by layer.
This is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However,
layer-by-layer construction need not mean the sandwiching of many layers together.

DRIVE DESIGN
A drive designed to read and write to 3D optical data storage media
may have a lot in common with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form
factor and data structure of the media is similar to that of CD or DVD.
However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken
into account when designing such a drive, including:

Laser
Variable spherical aberration correction
Optical system
Detection
Data tracking

COMMERCIAL DEVLOPMENT
In addition to the academic research, several companies have been set
up to commercialize 3D optical data storage and some large corporations
have also shown an interest in the technology.
However, it is not yet clear whether the technology will succeed in the
market in the presence of competition from other quarters such as hard
drives, flash storage, and holographic storage.

Examples of 3D optical data storage media.

Top row - Written Call/Recall media; Mempile media.
Middle row - FMD; D-Data DMD and drive.
Bottom row - Landauer media; Microholas media in action.

Despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data

storage, the development of commercial products has taken a
significant length of time.
This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well
as technical issues, including:
Destructive reading
Thermodynamic stability
Media sensitivity

METHOD OF SIMULATION
Rapidly growing
applications of PBG
structures have
already resulted in
an impressive
progress in the
development of
theoretical
approaches for the
analysis of the
properties of light in
such structures.

Defect modes and light localization in 2D

PBG Structures
The channeling of
a light beam was
observed
regardless of the
period ,
indicating that
the effects
described above
do not result from
the interference.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL
OPTICAL-MEMORY SYSTEMS
Different modifications of 3D optical memory units based on photonic band-gap structures can
be proposed, depending on the arrangement of writing and reading beams in space, as well as
on whether a one-, two-, or multiphoton process is used to produce the luminescence readout
signal.

BASIC COMPONENTS
Optical data storage system requires certain important materials for
its data storage and retrieval processes. The important components
required for the optical data storage are:
Laser
Lens and Mirrors
Spatial Light Modulators (SLM)
Photosensitive materials
Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)
Phase masks for encryption

LASER
Laser is a device for the generation of coherent, nearly monochromatic
and highly directional electromagnetic radiation emitted, somewhere in
the range from sub-millimeter through ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths.
More than two hundred types of lasers have been fabricated which range
in power, size, performance, use and cost.

LENS AND MIRROR

Mirrors are used to reflect laser beams to the desired direction. Lenses are usually
used to converge the laser to a point.
A special type of lens is used in the case of optical recording called the Fourier lens.
The lens has the property of obtaining the Fourier transform and the inverse
transform system is described below:

lens as a Fourier transform system

SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATOR

SLM is an optical device that is used to convert the real image or data into a single
beam of light that will intersect with the reference beam during recording.
It basically consists of an array of pixels which are usually microscopic shutters or
LCD displays. These can be controlled by a computer. The computer sends binary
data to the SLM.

PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS

Photorefractive crystals
Photopolymers

PHOTO REFLECTIVE CRYSTAL

There are two main classes of materials used for the
holographic storage medium.
These are photo refractive crystals and photo polymers.
The recording medium usually used is a photo refractive
crystal such as LiNbO3 or BaTiO3 that has certain optical
characteristics.
These characteristics include high diffraction efficiency,
high resolution, permanent storage until erasure, and fast
erasure on the application of external stimulus such as UV
light.
Photo refractive crystals are suitable for random access
memory with periodic refreshing of data, and can be erased
and written to many times.

PHOTO POLYMER
Photopolymers have been developed that can also be
used as a holographic storage medium.
Typically the thickness of the photopolymers is much less
than the thickness of photo refractive crystals because
the photopolymers are limited by mechanical stability
and optical quality.
example :
A photopolymer is a 100 m thickness, which is greater than DVDROM by a factor of two.
Stored holograms are permanent and do not degrade over time or
by read out of the hologram, so photopolymers are suited for read
only memory (ROM).

Charge Coupled Devices(CCD)

The charge-coupled device is, by far, the most common mechanism for
converting optical images to electrical signals.
CCDs are silicon devices, which contain an array of potential wells created
through a series of column, implants (for vertical confinement).
Each pixel is typically 15 to 30 m square. Current CCDs have formats or
resolution better than 2048 *2048 pixels, with a size of about 25mm square.

PHASE MASK FOR ENCRYPTION

There is wide spread interest in the development of encryption
systems, which operate in the optical domain.
The advantages inherent in the optical approach to encryption,
such as a high space-bandwidth product, the difficulty of
accessing, copying or falsification and the possibility of
including biometrics are widely recognized.
In an encryption system, we wish to encode information in such
a fashion that even if it is viewed or copied only the application
of the correct key will reveal the original information.

ADVANTAGES
Durability. With proper care, optical media can last a long time, depending on
what kind of optical media you choose.
Great for archiving. Several forms of optical media are write-once read-many,
which means that when data is written to them, they cannot be reused. This is
excellent for archiving because data is preserved permanently with no possibility
of being overwritten.
Transportability. Optical media are widely used on other platforms, including
the PC. For example, data written on a DVD-RAM can be read on a PC or any
other system with an optical device and the same file system.
Random access. Optical media provide the capability to pinpoint a particular
piece of data stored on it, independent of the other data on the volume or the
order in which that data was stored on the volume

DISADVANTAGES
Reusable. The write-once read-many (WORM)
characteristic of some optical media makes it
excellent for archiving, but it also prevents you from
being able to use that media again.
Writing time. The server uses software compression
to write compressed data to your optical media. This
process takes considerable processing unit resources
and may increase the time needed to write and
restore that data.

CONCLUSION
In this presentation, we applied the finite-difference
time domain technique to analyze light localization
and channeling in a defect mode of a twodimensional PBG structure.
This analysis shows that a light field in such a
structure can be localized in a sub wavelength-size
area, suggesting a new way of arranging threedimensional optical-memory devices.

REFERENCES
Hunter, S., Kiamilev, F., Esener, S., et al., 1990, Appl. Opt., 29, 2058.
Parthenopoulos, D.A and Rentzepis, P.M., 1989, Science, 245, 643.
Dvornikov, A.S., Cokgor, I., McCormick, F.B., et al., 1996, Opt. Commun.,
128, 205.
Wang, M.M., Esener, S.C., McCormick, F.B., et al., 1997, Opt. Lett., 22,
558.
Akimov, D.A., Zheltikov, A.M., Koroteev, N.I., et al., 1996, Kvantovaya
Elektron., 23, 871.