Jacobs Engineering Singapore

Page:
Health, Safety, & Environment Manual 1 of 11
Procedure No.: First Issue date: Rev.:
(Safe Work Procedures)
HSEM(SWP) 01-10-03 C
– 4.0 Excavations
Issuing Department: Approval: Previous Rev. Date: Current Revision
Singapore Operations Japa Rusdi 10 May 07 Date:
23Apr 12

Table of Contents

1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE....................................................................................................................................................1

2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES.......................................................................................................................................................1
2.1. Site Management............................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2. Site Supervision............................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3. Competent Persons......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.4. Employees....................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.5. Site Health, Safety, and Environment Supervisor...........................................................................................2
2.6. Corporate Health, Safety, and Environment....................................................................................................3
3.0 DEFINITIONS.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.0 PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1. General Requirements.................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2. Specific Requirements..................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3. Access and Egress.......................................................................................................................................... 5
4.4. Hazardous Atmospheres................................................................................................................................. 5
4.5. Water Accumulation........................................................................................................................................ 5
4.6. Stability of Adjacent Structures........................................................................................................................ 5
4.7. Protection of Employees from Loose Rock or Soil..........................................................................................5
4.8. Fall Protection.................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.9. Soil Classification............................................................................................................................................ 6
4.10. Protective Systems.......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.10.1. Requirement and application of Protective System............................................................................6
a) Excavations of 1.5m or less in depth...............................................................................................................6
b) Excavations between 1.5 m and 4 m in depth.................................................................................................6
c) Excavations of more than 4 min depth............................................................................................................6
4.10.2. Sloping and Benching......................................................................................................................... 7
4.10.3. Support and Shield Systems (Shoring)...............................................................................................8
4.10.4. Proprietary shoring systems...............................................................................................................9
4.10.5. Materials and Equipment.................................................................................................................... 9
4.10.6. General Requirements for Shoring.....................................................................................................9
4.11. Inspection and Storage.................................................................................................................................... 9
4.12. Training............................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................ 10
6.0 FIGURES......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Daily Trench / Excavation Inspection........................................................................................................................ 11

1.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This Procedure provides minimum procedures to be followed when employees are engaged in
operations or activities requiring entry into or work around excavations.
This Procedure applies to all employees and subcontractors engaged in operations covered by
the Company HSE Program.

Copyright 2012 by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.

All rights reserved. The contents of this document are proprietary and produced for the exclusive benefit of Jacobs Engineering
Group Inc. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written approval of Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.

The current applicable version of this publication resides on Jacobs’ Intranet. All copies are considered to be uncontrolled.
HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 2 of 11
Excavations Rev. C, 23 Apr 12

2.0 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.1. Site Management
Site Management is responsible for assuring the overall implementation and compliance with the
Company’s excavation procedure. They must be familiar with the excavation procedure and
utilize expertise at their disposal to ensure employees are protected form excavation hazards.
Site Management shall designate Competent Persons for trenching and excavation activities on-
site, only after they have completed an appropriate course taught by the Corporate HSE
Department, or some other recognized third party.
2.2. Site Supervision
Supervisors responsible for employees performing work covered by the Company’s excavation
procedure must:
 Ensure Competent Persons have been assigned to inspect the safety of excavations and
monitor the work for any hazardous situations. Confirm each excavation job is properly
evaluated and prepared with hazards being addressed ensuring employees are protected.
 Ensure employees are aware of any hazards associated with their work, and they are
properly trained on this Procedure and any site-specific excavation procedures.
 Ensure employees adhere to all excavation Procedure requirements and any task
requirements established.
 Continuously monitor the work to assure compliance with this Procedure.
2.3. Competent Persons
Competent Persons assigned to excavation sites have the responsibility to:
 Train employees on the content of this procedure and ensure it is clearly understood.
 Evaluate whether the excavation is also a confined space.
 Perform documented daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective
systems before the start of work each day and as necessary throughout the shift.
 Inspections shall additionally be made after every rainstorm or other hazard-increasing
occurrence.
 Where evidence indicates a possible cave-in, failure of the protective system, or other
hazardous condition, employees shall be removed until the proper precautions have been
taken.
2.4. Employees
Employees must know the hazards associated with their work in and around excavations and
ensure these hazards are properly addressed according to training received.
2.5. Site Health, Safety, and Environment Supervisor
The Site HSE Supervisor shall assist Site Management and Supervision in compliance with this
procedure.
The Site HSE Supervisor shall be responsible for maintaining site documentation required by this
procedure.
2.6. Corporate Health, Safety, and Environment
Corporate HSE will assist Site Management and Supervision in the safe execution of excavation
activities. The Corporate HSE will function to assist in the monitoring of excavation activities and
ensure any concerns are communicated to Site Management and Supervision and properly
resolved.

Copyright© 2012, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.

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3.0 DEFINITIONS
Aluminum A pre-engineered excavation shoring system comprised of aluminum
Hydraulic Shoring hydraulic cylinders (cross braces) used in conjunction with vertical rails
(uprights) or horizontal rails (wales).
Bell Bottom Pier A type of shaft or footing excavation, the bottom of which is made larger
Hole than the cross section above to form a belled shape.
Benching A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of
an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually
with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
Cave-in The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an
excavation, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system,
and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by falling or sliding, in
sufficient quantity so that it could entrap, bury, injure, or immobilize a
person.
Competent Person One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the
work environment and who has the authority to correct them. For purposes
of a Competent Person for excavation activities, this person must receive
training and designation through the Corporate Health, Safety, and
Environment Department.

Excavation Any man made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface, formed
by earth removal.
Oxygen Deficient Having an oxygen concentration of less than 19.5%.
Protective System A method of protecting employees from cave-ins; from material that could
fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation. Protective systems
include: sloping systems, benching systems shoring systems and shield
systems.
Ramp An inclined walking or working surface that is used to gain access to one
point from another, and is constructed from earth or from structural
materials such as steel or wood.
Professional A person registered as a professional engineer under the Professional
Engineer Engineers Act (Cap 253)
Shield A structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a cave-in
and thereby protect employees within the structures, or can be designed to
be portable and moved along as work progresses.
Shoring A structure such as a timber shoring system, or an aluminum hydraulic
shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is
designed to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating to form
sides of an excavation that is inclined away from the excavation so as to
prevent cave-ins. The angle of the slope varies with differences in soil type,
environmental conditions and application of imposed loads.
Support System A structure such as underpinning, bracing, or shoring which provides
support to an adjacent structure, underground installation, or the sides of an
excavation.
Trench A narrow excavation, the depth of which normally exceeds the width (not
more than 4.5m).

Copyright© 2012, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.

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4.0 PROCEDURE
4.1. General Requirements
All employees shall be protected with personal protective equipment for the protection of head,
eyes, respiratory organs, hands, feet, and other parts of the body as required.
In many instances excavations are considered confined spaces (See HSEM (SWP) 13.0) If this
is the case, all parts of both the excavation and the confined space entry procedures must be
followed.
Physical barricades must be placed around all excavations.
Employees outside of excavations and exposed to vehicular traffic shall be provided with and
wear reflectorized or highly visible warning vests.
No person shall be permitted under loads handled by lifting or digging equipment.
No employees shall remain near a vehicle being loaded. Operators may remain in the enclosed
cab of the vehicle.
All excavating work must have the prior approval of the area Supervisor.
The proper permit must be issued before excavation work may be done.
Excavation equipment (backhoes, excavators etc) shall be restricted to outside a 2 m limit from
underground utility services.
Hand digging shall be implemented within 2 m lateral distance of these services. Digging should
then be carried out along side the service rather than directly above it and final exposure of the
services shall be by horizontal digging.
Where practicable, handheld power tools shall not be used within 2 m of the indicated line of an
electrical cable in or below a paved surface. When power tools are used to break the surface
away from the indicated line, the position of the electrical cable shall be positively located by hand
digging.
Once underground services have been uncovered, it is essential to identify them correctly. All
services shall be assumed to be “LIVE” unless written confirmation of disconnection is received
from the utility.
All expose cables and pipes shall be given suitable protection against damage. Electrical cables
more than 1m long shall be supported by slings or props.
The possibility of flammable or toxic gases settling in low places of excavations must be
assessed before entering excavations or doing hot work.

4.2. Specific Requirements

Employees entering excavations 1.5m or more in depth must be protected by an adequate
protective system (as described in Section 4.10).
Employees entering excavation less than 1.5m in depth must be protected by an adequate
protective system when a Competent Person determines the possibility of hazardous ground
movement.
Prior to opening an excavation, the estimated location of utility installations that may be
encountered shall be determined.
Utility companies or owners shall be contacted to establish the location of the underground utility
installations. The location and depth shall be marked indicating the type of service.
While the excavation is open, underground installations shall be protected, supported or removed
to safeguard employees.

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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 5 of 11
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All surface objects that may present a hazard to employees by rolling or falling into an excavation
shall be removed or all excavations 1.2m or more in depth require a safe means of access and
egress.
4.3. Access and Egress
A stairway, ladder, ramp or other safe means of access and egress shall be located in
excavations that are 1.2m or more in depth so as to require no more than 7m of lateral travel for
employees.
Ladders must extend 1m above the point of support at the top of the excavation.
Structural ramps used solely by employees shall be designed by a Competent Person.
Structural ramps used by equipment shall be designed by a Competent Person qualified in
structural design and shall be constructed accordingly.
4.4. Hazardous Atmospheres
Where oxygen deficiency (less than 19.5%) or a hazardous atmosphere exists or could exist, the
atmosphere in the excavation shall be tested before employees enter excavations greater than
1.2m in depth.
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent employee exposure to oxygen deficiency or
hazardous atmospheres. These precautions may include providing proper respiratory protection
or ventilation.
Periodic testing shall be conducted to ensure all potentially hazardous atmospheres remain safe.
Emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus and safety harness and lifeline shall
be readily available where hazardous atmospheres exist or may be expected to develop. This
equipment shall be attended by a Qualified Attendant.
Employees entering bell-bottom pier holes or other similar deep and confined footing excavations
shall wear a harness with a lifeline securely attached. The lifeline shall be individually attended at
all times.
4.5. Water Accumulation
Employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water, or which water is
accumulating unless the proper precautions have been taken.
Precautions include support or shield systems, water removal to control the level, and use of a
safety harness and lifeline. When used, a Competent Person must monitor water removal
equipment.
4.6. Stability of Adjacent Structures
Except in stable rock, excavation below the level or base of footing of any foundation or retaining
wall shall not be permitted unless the wall is underpinned and all other precautions taken to
ensure the stability of the adjacent walls and the safety of employees involved in the work.
Shoring, bracing, or underpinning shall be inspected daily or more often as conditions warrant by
a Competent Person and the protection effectively maintained.
4.7. Protection of Employees from Loose Rock or Soil
Excavated or other material and equipment shall be kept at least 1m from the edge of
excavations or behind retaining devices sufficient to prevent material or equipment from falling or
rolling into the excavation.
Banks shall be stripped of loose rocks or other material, which may slide, roll or fall upon persons
below.
 If the Operator of mobile equipment adjacent to or near the edge of an excavation does
not have a clear view of the edge of the excavation, a warning system such as
barricades, stop logs, or hand signals shall be used. If possible, the grade should be
away from the excavation.
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 No person shall be permitted to work where he may be struck or endangered by an
excavating machine or material dislodged by it or falling from it.
 No person shall be permitted to position or operate machinery in a manner likely to
endanger themselves or others in the vicinity of excavations
4.8. Fall Protection
Where employees or equipment are required or permitted to cross over excavations, walkways or
bridges with standard guardrails shall be provided.
Adequate barricades providing physical protection shall be provided at all excavations. All wells,
pits, shafts, etc., shall be barricaded or covered.
Upon completion of operations, temporary wells, pits, shafts, etc., shall be promptly and
adequately back filled.
4.9. Soil Classification
Each soil and rock deposit shall be classified by a Competent Person as stable rock, type A, type
B, or type C in accordance with the definitions set forth in relevant code of practices and
documented on Daily Trench and Excavation Inspection Form (Figure 1). If the soil type cannot
be practically determined , it shall always be considered as “Type D” Soils.
The classification shall be based on at least one visual and at least one manual test or one
strength test. Such analysis shall be conducted by a Competent Person using tests described in
the relevant code of practices.
4.10. Protective Systems
4.10.1. Requirement and application of Protective System
5.0 Excavations of 1.5m or less in depth
i.A competent person shall examine if an excavation poses cave-in hazards with due regard to
the type of geology, duration of exposure, environment factors, etc., and determine if
shoring or other means of protective system is required.
ii.The competent person may recommend that the shoring or protective system to be designed
by a professional engineer if he deems it necessary.
iii.A protective system that is designed by a professional engineer shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the designs and drawings of the professional engineer.
6.0 Excavations between 1.5 m and 4 m in depth
i.Every excavation including trenches shall be protected against collapse by shoring or other
means of protective system.
ii.Such shoring or other means of protective system shall be designed by a professional
engineer, unless:
 A professional engineer has examined and certified that it is safe without any shoring or
protective system; or
 The excavation is solely for the purpose of constructing any pile cap, footing, sump, lift pit or
trench that does not exceed 10 m² in area and 2 m in depth.
iii.A protective system that is designed by a professional engineer shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the designs and drawings of the professional engineer.
7.0 Excavations of more than 4 m in depth
i. Every excavation including trenches shall be protected against collapse by shoring or
other means of protective system.
ii. Such shoring or other means of protective system shall be designed by a professional
engineer.

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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 7 of 11
Excavations Rev. C, 23 Apr 12
iii. A protective system that is designed by a professional engineer shall be constructed and
maintained in accordance with the designs and drawings of the professional engineer.
7.1.1. Sloping and Benching
The slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systems shall be selected by the
competent person and shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of one of the
following 3 options.
Option 1 – Determination of slopes and configurations based on soil types
a) Maximum allowable slope angle (or angle of repose) is the steepest incline of an excavation
face that is acceptable for the most favourable site conditions as protection against cave-ins,
and is expressed as the ratio of horizontal distance to vertical rise (H :V). The actual slope (the
slope to which an excavation face is excavated) shall not be steeper than the maximum
allowable slope.
b) Maximum allowable angle of repose and allowable configurations for sloping and benching
systems shall be determined in accordance with the soil type. This option is limited to a
maximum depth of 1.5 m. For excavations greater than 1.5 m in depth, the sloping and
benching systems shall be designed by a professional engineer.
c) Configurations of sloping and benching systems for excavation depths up to 1.5 m shall be in
accordance with Figure C.1 unless otherwise selected by a professional engineer.

Figure 1 - Maximum allowable angle of repose

d) The competent person shall make use of his own discretion to determine the necessity and
also the degree to which the actual slope must be reduced below the maximum allowable
angle of repose in response to any hazard-increasing occurrence such as inclement weather.
e) Excavations made in layered soil
Maximum slope for each layer of soil shall be the same as that for individual soil type for the
following arrangements, where the soil strength increases with depth
i. Type B soil on top of Type A soil;
ii. Type C soil on top of Type A soil;
iii. Type C soil on top of Type B soil; and
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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 8 of 11
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iv. Type D on any other type of soil.

Maximum slope for both layers of soil shall be the same and shall be equivalent to the weaker
layer of soil type for the following arrangements:
i. Type A soil on top of Type B soil;
ii. Type A soil on top of Type C soil;
iii. Type B soil on top of Type C soil; and
iv. Type A soil on top of Type B soil, which is in turn
on Type C soil.
Option 2- Designs using other tabulated data
Designs of sloping or benching system shall be selected from and be in accordance with
Approved tabulated data which shall be in written form and shall include all of the following:
i. identification of the soil types and the parameters that affect the selection of a sloping or
benching system drawn from such data
ii. Identification of the limits of use of the data, to include the magnitude and configuration of
slopes determined to be safe; and
iii. Explanatory information as may be necessary to aid the user in making a correct selection of
a protective system from the data.
At least one copy of the tabulated data that identifies the professional engineer who approved the
data shall be maintained on site during construction of the protective system.

Option 3 - Design by a professional engineer

Sloping and benching systems for excavations more than 1.5 m in depth shall be constructed in
accordance to the design and drawings of a professional engineer.
At least one copy of the professional engineer's design shall be maintained at the site of the
excavation while the slope is being constructed.

7.1.2. Support and Shield Systems (Shoring)

a) For excavations less than 1.5 m in depth, the support system that is used shall meet the
following minimum requirements:

i. The excavation shall be closely boarded with planks;

ii. Planks use for sheet piling shall be at least 50mm thick;
iii. The maximum spacing between horizontal walings shall be such as to keep the planks
between their safe bending stresses. Struts shall be of adequate stiffness and shall be so
placed as to be effective for their intended purposes.

b) Support systems for excavations more than 1.5 m in depth shall be designed by a
professional engineer. It shall be constructed under the direction of the competent person
and shall be in accordance with the design requirements.

c) At least one copy of the professional engineer's design shall be maintained at the excavation
during construction of the protective system.

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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 9 of 11
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7.1.3. Proprietary shoring systems
There is a wide range of proprietary shoring systems available for excavation works. These
equipment offers engineering solutions to provide shoring for excavations. Some examples
include aluminium hydraulic shoring, slide rail systems and trench boxes.

When such systems are deployed, the instructions from the manufacturer shall be complied with.
For instance, the method of installation has to be carried out safely according to the
manufacturer's instructions.

7.1.4. Materials and Equipment

Materials and equipment used for protective systems shall be free from damage or defects that
might impair their proper function. Manufactured materials and equipment shall be used in a
manner that is consistent with the recommendations from the manufacturer. Damaged material
or equipment shall be removed from use.
7.1.5. General Requirements for Shoring
Members of support systems shall be securely connected together to prevent sliding, falling, kick
outs or other failure.
Supports systems shall be installed and removed in a manner that protects employees from cave-
ins, collapses, or being struck by support members. Removal shall begin at and progress from
the bottom of the excavation. Members shall be released slowly so as to note any changes in the
stability of the structure or excavation.
Components of pre-fabricated systems must be supplied with the manufacturers seal or
identification markings. These markings must remain legible.
Excavation of material, no greater than 1m below the bottom of the support or shield systems, is
permitted if the system is designed to resist the forces of the full depth.
Employees shall not be allowed in excavations when shields are being installed, removed, or
moved.
7.2. Inspection and Storage
Designated Competent Persons shall make inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and
protective systems before any employees or equipment are allowed to enter an excavation,
before the start of work each day and as necessary throughout the shift, using the Daily
Trench/Excavation Inspection Form found in Figure 1.
The designated Competent Persons must also determine whether the excavation is also a
confined space, and what additional requirements shall apply.
Inspections by Competent Persons shall additionally be made after every rainstorm or other
hazard-increasing occurrence.
Where there is any evidence, which indicates a possible cave-in, failure of the protective system,
or other hazardous condition, employees shall be removed until the Competent Person can
inspect the situation, and proper precautions have been taken.
7.3. Training
All employees involved in trenching and excavations shall be properly trained in accordance with
this Procedure.
Employee training shall be conducted and documented by Competent Persons.
Competent Persons shall be so designated by the Site Manager, only after completing an
appropriate excavation and trenching course taught by the Corporate HSE Department, or some
other recognized third party.

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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 10 of 11
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8.0 REFERENCES
Workplace Safety and Health Act and its Subsidiary Legislations.
WSH (Construction) Regulation
SS562 Code of Practice for Safety in Trenches, pit and other Excavations
HSEM 2.2 – Field Operations, Employee Guide to Safety Rules and Regulations

9.0 FIGURES
Daily Trench/Excavation Inspection

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HSEP(SWP) 4.0 Page 11 of 11
Excavations Rev. C, 23 Apr 12
Figure 1
Daily Trench / Excavation Inspection
Date: Time: Site Name:
Excavation Location

Site Evaluation
_____ Surface encumbrances _____ Warning system for mobile equipment
_____ Underground installations _____ Protection from water accumulation
_____ Access and egress _____ Stability of adjacent structures
_____ Exposure to vehicular traffic _____ Employee protection - loose rock/soil
_____ Exposure to falling loads _____ Inspections
_____ Hazardous atmospheres _____ Fall protection
_____ % Oxygen (O2) _____ % Flammables (L.E.L.)
Note: Atmospheres in excavations greater than four feet shall be tested for oxygen content and
flammable gas concentrations prior to entry of personnel. Emergency rescue equipment shall be readily
available.
Soil Classification
Soil classification shall be made based on the results of at least one visual, and one manual test.
_____ Stable rock _____ Type A _____ Type B _____ Type C
Visual Tests Manual Tests
Inspect worksite for: Analyze soil for:
_____ Fissured ground _____ Plasticity
_____ Layered soil _____ Dry strength
_____ Previously disturbed earth _____ Thumb penetration
_____ Seepage _____ Pocket penetrometer
_____ Vibration _____ Sherevane
_____ Poor drainage _____ Drying test

Protective Support Systems

Sloping & Benching Shoring & Shielding
_____ Stable rock: 90˚, Vertical _____ Timber or hydraulic
_____ Type A: 45˚, Slope of 1:1 _____ Trench boxes, trench shields
_____ Type B: 34˚, Slope of 1½ :1 _____ Design using tabulated data
_____ Type C: 21˚, Slope of 2½ :1 _____ RPE design
_____ Type D: 14˚, Slope of 4:1
Additional Comments or Information:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Inspection performed by: ______________________________________________________________
Authorized Competent Person

Copyright© 2012, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.