Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory–300 B.C.

1- Match the terms to the descriptions.

1. a. Paleolithic Period f. anthropology

b. pictographs g. Neolithic Period
c. technology h. animism
d. Jericho i. Donald Johanson
e. polytheistic j. Mary and Louis Leakey
the study of the origins and development of humans and human society

2. the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs

3. the era in prehistory that dates from at least 2 million B.C. to about
10,000 B.C.
4. one of the first Neolithic villages

5. the belief that spirits and forces exist within animals, objects, or
dreams

6. an early step in the development of writing

7. the prehistoric era that began about 10,000 B.C.

8. describes people who believe in many gods

9. discovered evidence at Olduvai Gorge that early hominids learned

to use tools

10. first to discover enough of a skeleton to provide a good look at an

early hominid

2- Choose the correct answer.

1.What are an archaeologist’s primary resources in learning about prehistoric
peoples?
a. written records and artwork c. beliefs, values, and activities
b. material remains d. fossilized remains

2. Which hominid group do anthropologists think was the first to use fire?
a. australopithecines c. Homo erectus
b. Homo habilis d. Homo sapiens

3. One difference between early modern humans and Neanderthals is that

early modern humans
a. walked upright.
b. lived mostly in Europe and western Asia.
c. spread to all parts of the world.
d. were the first to disappear from Earth.

4. Which one of the following abilities did early humans develop long
before the others?
a. ability to travel across water c. ability to domesticate
animals
b. ability to plant crops d. ability to build homes out of
stone

5. Some scholars think that Old Stone Age people created cave paintings
a. to communicate with one another.
b. as part of religious rituals.
c. to decorate the cave where they lived.
d. as a symbol of wealth.

6. By the New Stone Age, community decisions were probably being made
by
a. people with the most skills. c. a council of older men.
b. a council of older women. d. an elected king.

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 7. The populations of early villages were able to grow mostly due to
a. large amounts of available land.
b. the availability of jobs other than farming.
c. the rise of civilizations.
d. food surpluses.

8. The top social class in ancient societies was typically occupied by

a. wealthy merchants. c. priests and nobles.
b. farmers. d. artisans.

9. A major result of migration, trade, and warfare was

a. cultural diffusion.
b. the destruction of civilizations.
c. the rise of cities.
d. a transition from nomadic to settled life.

10. Unlike the first civilizations in Asia and Africa, the first civilizations in
the Americas
a. were nomadic. c. worshipped a single god.
b. developed away from river d. built temples.
valleys.

11. Early modern humans developed spoken language so they could

a. cooperate during the hunt.
b. plan for crops to plant in coming seasons.
c. teach farming skills to their children.
d. discuss plans for their villages.

12. At a dig site, geologists can help archaeologists determine

a. the diets of the people. c. the way of life of the people.
b. the layout of villages. d. the age of the artifacts.

13. Many nomadic herders tended their animals on the steppes, which were
a. fertile river valleys. c. sparse, dry grasslands.
b. lush mountain highlands. d. swampy lowlands.

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14. What is the main feature that defines civilization?
a. governments c. religions
b. cities d. farming

15. Scribes were valuable to rulers because of the scribes’ skill in

a. metalworking. c. architecture.
b. public works. d. reading and writing.

16. Which of the following is an example of an artifact?

a. fossils c. pottery
b. bones d. rock layers

17. The skeleton that Donald Johanson discovered and named “Lucy”
belonged to the earliest hominid group called
a. australopithecines. c. Homo habilis.
b. Neanderthals. d. Homo erectus.

18. The only hominids still on Earth today are

a. Homo erectus. c. Neanderthals.
b. australopithecines. d. Homo sapiens.

19. A ruler who conquered many cities and villages created

a. a civilization. c. an empire.
b. a city-state. d. a culture.

20. Which of the following is one of the basic characteristics of civilization?

a. a social ranking according to c. a nomadic lifestyle
jobs
b. a traditional economy d. a culture

21. The chipped stones that Mary and Louis Leakey found in the Olduvai
Gorge revealed that early hominids had learned how to
a. hunt. c. use technology.
b. cook. d. domesticate animals.

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22. The New Stone Age began when early people learned to
a. make weapons out of stone. c. use tools.
b. use fire for cooking. d. farm.

23. Tools and weapons found in graves of people of the Old Stone Age
suggest that the people
a. believed in animism. c. were nomadic.
b. believed in an afterlife. d. were polytheistic.

24. In early cities, people began to depend on others to fulfill some of

their needs because of
a. drought and famine. c. job specialization.
b. social-class structure. d. religious teachings.

25. What is one way in which nomadic cultures differed from civilizations?
a. Nomads had no government. c. Nomads did not raise
animals.
b. Nomads did not make d. Nomads did not build cities.
jewelry.

3- Answer the following questions:

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 A)Analyze Information Briefly summarize what the map shows.
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B) Synthesize Information: The earliest civilizations developed near
major rivers. Why do you think this was so?
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 C) Explain why writing developed in New Stone Age societies. How
were these writing systems used? Include the role of a scribe in
your answer.
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D) Recognize Cause and Effect Study the diagram above. What

cause-and effect relationship does it show? Provide examples.
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The Ancient Middle East and Egypt (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.)

1- Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. delta f. Sabbath
b. Zoroaster g. Sargon
c. Rosetta Stone h. hieroglyphics
d. cuneiform i. Nebuchadnezzar
e. Diaspora j. Hatshepsut

1. the marshy area formed by silt deposits at the mouth of some rivers

2. the form of writing in which symbols or pictures represent concepts or sounds

3. the ruler who created the world’s first empire

4. the Jewish holy day of rest and worship

5. the ruler who is thought to have built the Hanging Gardens in Babylon

6. the female ruler of Egypt who encouraged trade during the New Kingdom

7. the form of writing composed of wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets

8. the scattering of Jews across different parts of the world

9. the key to unlocking the meaning of ancient Egyptian writing and language

10. religious figure who introduced the idea of a single wise god to the Persian empire

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2- Choose the correct answer.

1. In the Sumerian civilization, the purpose of a ziggurat was to

a. hold back floodwaters.
b. keep the gods and goddesses happy.
c. irrigate the fields.
d. protect the people from foreign invaders.

2. Later civilizations developed basic algebra and geometry by building

on the number system first created by the
a. Sumerians. c. Egyptians.
b. Israelites. d. Babylonians.

3. Hammurabi’s Code was important because it was the first time that a
state’s laws
a. applied to the royal c. were set down in writing.
household.
b. provided prisons for d. imposed taxes on citizens.
punishment.

4. Iron was important in the ancient world mainly because

a. it was a very scarce metal.
b. it was used to make coins.
c. it could be made into harder, sharper weapons.
d. it was less expensive than bronze.

5. Darius improved economic life in the Persian empire by

a. encouraging a barter economy.
b. switching from a barter to a traditional economy.
c. switching from a traditional to a barter economy.
d. encouraging the development of a money economy.

6. A major accomplishment during Egypt’s Old Kingdom was

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a. the conquest of Syria.
b. the conquest of Nubia.
c. the building of the Great Pyramids.
d. a large drainage project to increase farmable land.

7. What new war technology did the Hyksos invaders bring to

Egypt?
a. horse-drawn war chariots c. bows and arrows
b. weapons made of bronze d. body armor

8. Why was the god Osiris especially important to the Egyptians?

a. He was the sun god of good health.
b. He was the god of the Nile.
c. He taught women how to care for children.
d. He granted the pharaohs the right to rule.

9. How did the beliefs of the Israelites differ from those of most
nearby peoples?
a. They believed in an afterlife.
b. They believed in a fearful underworld.
c. They believed divine forces ruled this world.
d. They believed in one all-powerful god.

10. According to the Torah, who led the Israelites out of bondage
in Egypt?
a. David c. Moses
b. Abraham d. Solomon

11. Which of the following best describes the way in which

Sumerians viewed the afterlife?
a. a place much like Earth c. a grim underworld with no

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 way out
b. a place of perfect happiness d. a temporary place of
atonement

12. The world’s first civilization developed between the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers in
a. Sargon. c. Babylon.
b. Nubia. d. Sumer.

13. Which of the following matters would be covered under the

civil law section of Hammurabi’s Code?
a. murder c. divorce
b. robbery d. assault

14. The skill of ironworking spread across Asia, Africa, and

Europe through the migration of ironsmiths from what empire?
a. Assyrian c. Sumerian
b. Hittite d. Babylonian

15. Persian thinker Zoroaster spread the idea of

a. the rule of law. c. irrigating crops.
b. heaven, hell, and judgment d. mummifying the dead.
day.

16. In the bureaucracy of Egypt’s Old Kingdom, government

matters, such as tax collection and the irrigation system, were supervised
by the
a. vizier. c. chief scribe.
b. pharaoh. d. satrap.

17. The oldest-known peace treaty in history was an agreement

between Egypt and the
a. Hyksos. c. Nubians.
b. Assyrians. d. Hittites.

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 18. According to Egyptian beliefs, the pharaohs received the
right to rule from the god
a. Osiris. c. Amon-Re.
b. Isis. d. Aton.

19. To show the importance of their subject, Egyptian artists

typically portrayed pharaohs as
a. sky gods. c. winged warrior-gods.
b. larger than other human d. warriors on horseback.
figures.

20. Who made a covenant with God in which Canaan was

promised to the Hebrew people?
a. Solomon c. David
b. Moses d. Abraham

21. The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are also known as
a. the Psalms. c. the Torah.
b. the New Testament. d. Buddhism.

22. The Ten Commandments are a set of laws that the Jews
believe God gave to them through
a. Moses. c. Abraham.
b. Isaiah. d. David.

23. Which of the following occurred during Egypt’s Middle

Kingdom?
a. The Great Pyramids were built at Giza.
b. Hyksos invaders occupied the Nile delta.
c. Thutmose III expanded Egypt’s borders.
d. The Greeks took control of Egypt.

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 24. In ancient Egyptian society, most people were
a. slaves. c. artisans.
b. merchants. d. peasant farmers.

25. Which of the following was a Sumerian innovation that later

civilizations built on?
a. irrigation system c. cuneiform
b. code of law d. system of weights and
measures

3- Answer the following questions:

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Analyze Information Refer to the map. Describe the main geographic
features of Mesopotamia. Use the map to explain why Mesopotamia
developed into a crossroads where people and ideas met.
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Describe the steps in the journey of a person’s soul after death according

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 to Egyptian beliefs.
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Describe the status of women in ancient Egypt. Give three examples of

rights granted to Egyptian women. Give two examples of opportunities
denied to them.
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What was the purpose of mummification? What belief led the Egyptians
to mummify their dead?
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Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.–133 B.C.)

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MATCHING

Match the terms to the descriptions.

a. tyrant f. Herodotus
b. ostracism g. citizen
c. Parthenon h. Pericles
d. Homer i. Alexandria
e. Hippocrates j. polis

1. a free resident of a Greek city-state

2. an Athenian statesman who expanded democracy

3. the Greek physician who set ethical standards for doctors

4. the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

5. banishing a public figure

6. the Egyptian cultural capital of the Hellenistic world

7. a person who gains power by force

8. a Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena

9. a Greek city-state, consisting of a city and the surrounding countryside

10. the Greek historian often called the “Father of History”

MULTIPLE CHOICE

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1. Which Greek-speaking people dominated the Aegean world from about 1400 B.C.
to 1200 B.C., and probably started the Trojan War?
a. Minoans c. Mycenaeans
b. Dorians d. Mediterraneans

2. What was an early form of government in the Greek city-states in which a

hereditary ruler exercised central power?
a. monarchy c. aristocracy
b. oligarchy d. republic

3. Some Spartan women had the responsibility of running the family’s estate because
a. Spartan society was the freest and most democratic in Greece.
b. frequent warfare kept Spartan men away from home.
c. such duties were considered to be beneath the dignity of men.
d. the Spartan aristocracy consisted almost entirely of women.

4. Merchants and the poor often supported Athenian tyrants because

a. they feared imprisonment if they withheld their support.
b. tyrants promised them they could become full citizens.
c. they provided greater educational opportunities.
d. they often imposed reforms to help these groups.

5. What was an effect of the Greek victory in the Persian Wars?

a. Greeks became more convinced of their own uniqueness.
b. Sparta became the most powerful city-state in Greece.
c. Persia never again had the strength to invade Greece.
d. Greek enemies were destroyed, and the Delian League was disbanded.

6. What Greek philosopher believed good conduct meant pursuing the “golden
mean”?
a. Socrates c. Sophocles
b. Plato d. Aristotle

7. Greeks believed the purpose of tragic plays was to

a. sharply criticize society through ridicule.
b. arouse and then relieve the emotions of pity and fear.
c. demonstrate that humans control their own fate.
d. make the audience happy after unfortunate events.

8. What was a result of the Peloponnesian War?

a. It started the golden age of Athens under Pericles.
b. It ended the Athenian domination of the Greek world.

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 c. It resulted in the destruction of the Peloponnesian League.
d. It resulted in an alliance between Athens and Persia.

9. What helped Alexander the Great to conquer the Persian empire?

a. Persia was no longer the great power it once had been.
b. Alexander captured the Persian emperor, Darius III.
c. Alexander allied with Egypt to create a powerful army.
d. Alexander defeated the Persians at Chaeronea.

10. The Hellenistic scientist Archimedes

a. wrote a textbook that became the basis for modern geometry.
b. applied principles of physics to make practical inventions.
c. studied the causes of illness and looked for cures.
d. developed a theory of a sun-centered solar system.

11. The frescoes at Knossos tell us that

a. the Mycenaeans began the Trojan War.
b. the Mycenaeans worshipped the bull as a god.
c. Minoan women had fewer rights than in other cultures.
d. the sea was very important to the Minoan people.

12. The Mycenaean people were primarily

a. sea traders. c. artisans.
b. shepherds. d. farmers.

13. What did Cleisthenes do around 507 B.C. that changed the government of Athens?
a. He encouraged citizen participation, creating a direct democracy.
b. He established a legislature, creating a limited democracy.
c. He gave nobles’ land to farmers, weakening the aristocracy.
d. He expanded citizenship to include merchants and foreigners.

14. In a Greek city-state, the acropolis was

a. the marketplace where citizens debated issues of the day.
b. the main school where students learned about their government.
c. the location of temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses.
d. the legislative building where citizens voted on laws.

15. Athens differed from Sparta in that it

a. was primarily a military state.
b. had little use for new ideas or the arts.

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 c. placed emphasis on the individual.
d. forbade citizens to travel and discouraged trade.

16. The most powerful Greek god was

a. Aphrodite. c. Dionysus.
b. Zeus. d. Achilles.

17. Which of the following was a result of the Persian Wars?

a. The Spartan navy gained control over the trade routes in the Aegean
Sea.
b. The Macedonians gained lands that were part of the Persian empire.
c. Sparta attacked Athens to end Athenian domination of Greece.
d. Athens organized other Greek city-states into the Delian League.

18. Which of the following statements is true about Athens under the rule of Pericles?
a. Only landowners were allowed to participate in government.
b. Citizens elected jurors to carry out their wishes in the legislature.
c. Large numbers of citizens had the right to vote directly on laws.
d. The ancient practice of ostracism, or banishment, was forbidden.

19. In his Republic Plato describes

a. his idea of the “golden mean.”
b. his vision of an ideal democracy.
c. the turmoil of the Peloponnesian War.
d. an ideal state ruled by a philosopher-king.

20. What was a form of government in the Greek city-state where power was in the
hands of a small, wealthy elite that came from the middle class?
a. aristocracy c. republic
b. oligarchy d. monarchy

21. Greek architecture, as shown by the Parthenon, seeks to reflect

a. the fearsome and chaotic power of the gods.
b. the creativity and uniqueness of the designer.
c. perfect balance and universal harmony and order.
d. the principles of action, excitement, and motion.

22.Which theme did Euripides often explore in his plays?

a. People, not the gods, are the cause of human misfortune.
b. The greatest achievements of the Greeks are made often through war.

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 c. The gods are usually the cause of human misfortune.
d. It is a mistake to question traditions and accepted ideas.

23. Alexander the Great extended his empire as far east as

a. China. c. Mongolia.
b. Southeast Asia. d. India.

24. What did the philosopher Zeno teach during the Hellenistic age?
a. Those who are unequal in society are not morally equal.
b. Avoid disappointments by accepting whatever life brings.
c. It is best to pursue the “golden mean,” or a moderate course in life.
d. The state should regulate every aspect of citizens’ lives.

25. Which statement summarizes part of the plot of the Illiad?

a. A powerful family is torn apart by betrayal, murder, and revenge.
b. Brave warriors under Leonidas battle invading Persians at
Thermopylae.
c. Achilles withdraws from battle because he is insulted by his
commander.
d. Odysseus begins the long trip home to his wife Penelope.

SHORT ANSWER

1. Recognize Cause and Effect How did the Mycenaeans’ reliance on trade lead to
the Trojan War?

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2.Summarize Why did ancient Greece develop into many small, self-governing city-
states and why did they colonize surrounding regions?

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3. Identify Point of View Describe the philosophical method of Socrates. Explain the
point of view of Athenians who felt threatened by him.

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4.Make Generalizations How did Alexander the Great help to spread Greek culture?

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SPARTA ATHENS
Lives of Men
At age 18-20, tested on fitness, Spent much time away from home
military ability, and leadership working at farming or trade. Often

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 skills. Those who passed became involved in political meetings.
citizens and soldiers; those who Enjoyed physical activities such as
failed could not become citizens. wrestling, hunting, and riding.
Even married soldiers spent most Sometimes entertained male
of their lives in their barracks. friends at drinking parties (where
Military service ended at age 60, women were not allowed).
when soldiers could retire and
live with their families.
Lives of Women
Girls lived in barracks beginning Had limited personal freedom.
at age 6-7. They were trained in Could attend weddings, funerals,
sports to stay fit, which would and some religious festivals. Main
help them produce strong, healthy task was to run the house and bear
babies. Adult women lived at children.
home. They could own property
and go where they wanted.
Typical Education
At age 6-7, boys were sent to At age 6-7, boys attended school,
barracks for military training. where they would learn various
Stealing and lying was subjects such as reading, writing,
encouraged but punished severely arithmetic, and music. Intellectual
if discovered. Basic reading and achievements were highly prized.
writing was taught but not At age 18 men attended two years
emphasized. Learning of military school. Women stayed
emphasized physical education at home and learned household
rather than academics. A basic duties. Some women learned to
education was also provided to read and write at home.
girls.

5. Compare Points of View The table compares the city-states of Sparta and Athens.
How would a Spartan describe the ideal citizen? How would an Athenian describe
the ideal citizen? What differences in the status of women do you observe?

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 __________________________________________________________________

6. Express Problems Clearly How did geography impact the Athenians’ ability to
fight effectively in the Peloponnesian War?
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