VAI

SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

BERGEY’
SMANUALOFSYSTEMATI
CBACTERI
OLOGYAND
DETERMI
NATI
VEBACTERI
OLOGY

Bact
erialsy
stemat
icshasunder
goneseveral
changesandisconti
nuousl
y
i
nast ateoffl
uxasourknowl
edgeofmicroorgani
sm i
sfarf
rom complet
e
andnewi nf
ormati
onisbei
ngaddedever
yday .

I
n1923Dav i
dHendricksBergey,prof
essorofbacter
iologyattheUni
ver
sit
y
ofPennsylv
aniaandf ourcol
leaguespubl
ishedaclassifi
cat
ionofbact
eri
a
thatcoul
dbeusedf oridenti
fi
cati
onofbacteri
alspecies.

Bergey'
sManual
ofSy
stemat
icBact
eri
ologyandDet
ermi
nat
ive
Bacter
iol
ogy

THEBERGEY’
SMANUALOFDETERMI
NATI
VEBACTERI
OLOGY

I
thasbeenawi
del
yusedr
efer
encesi
ncet
hepubl
i
cat
ionoft
hef
ir
stedi
ti
on
i
n1923.

Multi
pleediti
onsofBergey’
sManualofDeter
minati
veBacter
iol
ogy,
publi
shedbet ween1923and1994,or
ganizedbact
eri
aingroupsby
phenotypi
cchar act
eri
sti
cs,
wit
hnoattempttosortouthi
gherphyl
ogenet
ic
rel
ati
onships.

Theywer everyusefulf
ori
dent
if
yingunknownbacter
ialcul
tures,
howev er
.
I
nlab, t
hemostr ecentedi
ti
onofBergey’
sManualofDeterminati
ve
Bacteri
ology
,publi
shedin1994andrepri
ntedi
n2000, i
susedt oident
if
ythe
i
solates.

Thefi
rstedi
ti
onofBer gey’
sManual ofSystematicBact eri
ology,whi
ch
cameoutinfourvolumesf r
om 1984through1989, attempt edtoorgani
ze
bact
eri
alspeciesaccordi
ngtoknownphy logeneti
crelat i
onships,an
appr
oachthatcontinuedwithasecondedition,
publishedi nfivevol
umes
fr
om 2001through2012.

Theorgani
zati
onofBergey’
sManualofSystemati
cBact
eri
ologymakesi
t
i
mpracti
calforhel
pingpl
aceunknownbacteri
aint
omajort
axa,buti
t
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

cont
ainsf
armoredet
ailont
hefamil
ies,
gener
a,andspeci
esandi
sfar
moreuptodat
ethantheDeter
minat
ivemanual
.

Themanual doesnotclassi
fybacteri
aaccor di
ngt oevol
utionar
y
rel
atednessbutpr
ovidesidenti
fi
cati
on( deter
mi ni
ng)schemes, basedon
suchcrit
eri
aascellwallcompositi
on,mor phology,di
ff
erenti
alstai
ning,
oxygenrequi
rement,andbiochemicaltesti
ng.

Inthisvol
ume, bacter
iaareassigned19par
tsbasedpri
mar i
l
yonfoll
owing
featuresl
ikeenergyandcarbonsour ce,
modeoflocomoti
on,morphol
ogy
andgr am st
ainreacti
on,gaseousrequir
ementandendosporef
ormati
on
abil
ity.

Theedi
ti
onwaspubl
i
shedbyWi
l
kinsandBal
ti
mor
eCompanyofUSA.

BERGEY’
SMANUALOFSYSTEMATI
CBACTERI
OLOGY

Bergey’
smanual ,
whi chf
irstappear edin1923and, atpr
esent,i
sinits9t
h
edi
tionundertheti
tleBergey ’
sManual ofSyst
ematicBacter
iol
ogy,isa
majortaxonomictreatmentofbact eri
a( pr
okaryot
es).Thi
smanual has
ser
v edthecommuni tyofmi crobi
ologistssi
ncemor ethan80y ear
sandisa
compendium ofinformati
ononal lrecognizedspeciesofbacteri
a
(pr
okaryotes)
.

Anydiscussiondeal
ingwithbacteri
al(
prokaryoti
c)classi
fi
cati
oncannotgo
wit
houtat horoughacquaint
ancewiththi
smanual .Eachchapt eroft
his
tr
eati
se,writ
tenbyanexper t
,contai
nstables,fi
gures,andothersyst
emati
c
i
nformationusefulf
oridenti
fi
cat
ionofbact er
ia.

Manyschemesf oridentifi
cati
onofbact eri
ahavebeendev i
sedpriort
o
1923butal lwer
eusual l
yfragment ary.Therewasneedf orasingl
escheme
whichcouldcov erallthedescr i
bedbact eri
a.Davi
dHendr i
cksBergey,a
professorofbacteri
ologyatt heuni v
er si
tyofPennsy
lvania(USA),
proceededinthisdirecti
onandbeganpr epari
ngacompl eterevi
ewofthe
enormousl i
ter
atureofbact erialt
axonomy .

Toai
dthepubl
i
cat
ionoft
hiswor
k,t
heSoci
etyofAmer
icanBact
eri
ologi
sts
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

(nowcall
edtheAmericanSocietyofMicr
obiologi
sts)appoi
ntedanEditori
al
BoardheadedbyBergey.Thi
sr esult
edi
nt hepubli
cati
onofthefir
stedi
tion
ofBergey’
sManualofDeterminativ
eBacteri
ologyin1923.Thesecond
edit
ionofthemanualwaspublishedin1925andt hethir
dediti
onin1930.

In1934,theSoci etyofAmer i
canBact er
iologi
ststransferredtoDr.Bergey
alli
tsri
ghts,tit
le,andinterestsintheManual inordertoal lowBergeyto
createanindependent ,non-profi
ttrust,
namel y,TheBer gey’sManualTrust
.
Throughoutt hey ear
s,thistrustconti
nuest oprepareandpubl ish
successiveeditionsofthemanual andpr omotesr esearchi nt
hefiel
dof
bacteri
altaxonomy .

Thef i
rstei
ghtedi
tionsoft hi
smanual appear
edunderthet i
tl
e‘Bergey’
s
Manual ofDeter
minativ
eBact eri
ology’
.The9thedi
tionwasr et
itl
edandwas
publ
ishedast he1stedit
ionundert heti
tl
e.‘
Bergey
’sManual ofSystematic
Bacteri
ology’
,whi
chconsi stedoff ourvol
umespublishedin1984, 1986,
1989,and1991, r
especti
vel y.Thi
si nf
ectwasthefi
rstedit
ionoftheManual
underthechangedt i
tl
e.

Thechangeofthet i
tl
eoft hemanual from deter
minati
v ebacter
iol
ogyto
syst
emat i
cbacter
iol
ogyi ndicat
esthatmanual ’
susefulnessisnolonger
rest
ri
ctedtoadeterminativerol
e,i.
e.,
mer eident
ifi
cat
ion,butiti
snow
aimedatasystematicclassifi
cati
onofbact er
ia.

Howev er
,Bergey
’sManualofSy st
emati
cBacteri
ologyhasappear
edinthe
for
m ofits2ndedit
ionconsist
ingoff
ivevol
umes; i
tsfi
rstvol
umewas
publ
ishedin2001,secondin2005andthreeaddi
tionalvol
umesexpect
ed
short
ly.

Ber
gey
’sManual
ofSy
stemat
icBact
eri
ology(
SecondEdi
ti
on)
:

Phy
logenet
icCl
assi
fi
cat
ion:

Prokaryot
ictaxonomyenjoy
edenor
mousprogr
essaft
erthepubl
icat
ionof
thefi
rstedit
ionofBergey
’sManual
ofSy
stemati
cBacter
iol
ogy.I
tbecame
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

possi
blewit
htheaidofnewermolecul
art
echniquessuchasthe
sequenci
ngofri
bosomalRNA(rRNA),DNA,andprotei
ns.Theset
echni
ques
hasmadephy l
ogenet
icanal
ysi
sofprokar
yotespracti
cabl
e.

I
nt hel
ightoftheavai
labi
li
tyofconsi
der
ableknowledgeofphyl
ogenet
ic
rel
ati
onshipsamongstprokaryot
es,t
hesecondediti
onofBergey’
sManual
ofSystematicBact
eri
ologyisl
argel
yphyl
ogeneti
crathert
hanpheneti
c.

Asar esult,
thesecondedi
ti
onisqui
tedif
ferentfr
om thefi
rstedi
ti
onint
he
characteri
sti
cschosenasbasi
sforcl
assif
icati
on.However,t
hesecond
edit
ionconsistsoffi
vevol
umes.I
tsfi
rstvolumewaspubl i
shedin2001,
secondi n2005,andthr
eeaddi
ti
onalvol
umesexpect edshortl
y.

Thedet
ail
soft
hef
ivev
olumesar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

Vol
.I:
TheAr
chaea,
andt
heDeepl
yBr
anchi
ngandPhot
otr
opi
cBact
eri
a

Vol
.II
:ThePr
oteobact
eri
a

Vol
.II
I:TheLowG+CGr
am-
posi
ti
veBact
eri
a

Vol
.IV:
TheHi
ghG+CGr
am-
posi
ti
veBact
eri
a

Vol.V:ThePlanct
omy cet
es,Spi
rochaet
es, Fi
brobacteres,
Bacteri
odetes,
andFusobacteri
a(Vol.Valsocontai
nsasect i
onaccommodat ingthe
updatedescri
pti
onsandphy l
ogeneti
carrangement sthathav
ebeenr ev i
sed
si
ncepublicat
ionofvolumeI)

AConci
seAccountoft
heCl
assi
fi
cat
ion:

Vol
umeI
.TheAr
chaeaandt
heDeepl
yBr
anchi
ngandPhot
otr
ophi
cBact
eri
a:

Domai
nAr
chaea:

Phy
lum AI
:

Cr
enar
chaeot
a:

Thephy
lum Cr
enar
chaeot
acont
ainst
her
mophi
l
icandhy
per
thcr
mophi
l
ic
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

sulf
ur-
metabolizi
ngpr okaryot
esarrangedinsinglecl
assThermoprotei
div
idedint
ot hr
eeor dersandf i
vefamili
es.Theimportantgeneraar
e
Thermoproteus,Desulgurococcus,Pyr
odicti
um, andSulf
olobus.

Phy
lum AI
I:

Eur
yar
chaeot
a:

Thephy l
um Eur y
ar chaeot acontainsprimari
lymet hanogensandhalophil
es;
ther
mophi l
ic,sul
fur -
reducer sal
soar eincl
udedi nthisphylum.Thi
sphylum
i
sdi v
idedintosev encl asses(Met hanobacteri
a,Met hanococci
.
Halobact
eria,Thermopl asmata,Ther mococci,Archeoglobi,
and
Methanopy ri
),ni
neor der s,andsixteenfamili
es.

Therepresentat
ivegeneraofeachclassareMethanobact
eri
um,
Methanococcus,Halobacter
ium,Thermophasma,Thermococcus,
Archaeoglobus,
andMet hanopyrus,
respect
ivel
y.

Domai
n:Bact
eri
a:

Phy
lum BI
.Aqui
fi
cae:

Thephy l
um Aquif
icaehasonecl ass(Aquif
icae)thatcontainsautot
rophic
bacter
iapossessi
ngabili
tytousehy drogenf orenergyproduct
ion.Aquif
ex
andHy dr
ogenobacteraretherepresentat
ivegener a.Aqui
fexmeans“ water
maker”asthisgenusreducesoxy genbyusi nghy drogenandproduces
water.

Phy
lum BI
I:

Ther
mot
ogae:

Thephy l
um t
hermotogaeconsi
stsofoneclass(Thermot
ogae).Itcontai
ns
anaerobi
c,t
hermophil
ic,
fer
mentati
ve,gram-
negativ
ebacteri
a.The
repr
esentat
ivegener
aareThermotoga,Geotoga,
Fervi
dobacter
ium,etc.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

Phy
lum Bi
l
l:

Ther
modesul
fobact
eri
a:

Thisphyl
um contai
nsoneclass(Thermodesul
fobacter
ia)andonl
ytwo
genera,
Thermodesulf
obact
erium andThermodesulf
atator
.Thebact
eri
a
areanaerobi
c,t
hermophi
li
c,andsulfat
e-r
educi
ng.

Phy
lum BI
V:

Di
enococcus-
Ther
mus:

Thephy l
um containsoneclass(Dienococci)
.Therepresent
ati
vegeneraare
Dienococcus,Thermus,Marinit
hermus,etc.Thebacteri
aaregram-posi
ti
ve
andextraordi
nari
lyradi
ati
onr esi
stant
.

Phy
lum BVI
:

Chl
orof
lexi
:

Thephylum Chlor
oflexiconsistsoftwoclasses(Chl
orof
lexi
and
Anaerol
i
eae).Manymember soft hi
sphylum ar
egram-negati
veandare
cal
ledgreennonsulfurbacteria.Theimport
antgeneraareChlor
ofl
exus,
Oscil
l
ochlor
is,HerpetosiphonandAnaer oli
nea.

Phy
lum BVI
I:

Ther
momi
crobi
a:

Thephy l
um contai
nsoneclass(Ther
momi crobia)andisrepresent
edbya
singl
egenus,Thermomicrobi
um.Thermomi crobium i
sanaer obic
thermophil
i
cchemot r
ophpossessingunusualli
pidsthatcontain1,2-
dial
coholsi
nsteadofgly
cerol,
andhaveneitheresternoretherli
nkages.

Thisisi
ncontrasttothelipi
dsofBacteri
aandEukar
yathatcont
ainfat
ty
acidsest
eri
fi
edt oglucose.Also,
thecell
sofTher
momicrobi
um dif
ferf
rom
thoseofBacteri
ainthattheylackpepti
dogl
ycani
nthei
rcellwal
l
s.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

Phy
lum BVI
II
:

Ni
tr
ospi
rae:

Thephyl
um consist
sofonecl
ass(
Nit
rospi
ra)andgener
ali
keNi
tr
ospi
ra
andLept
ospir
il
lum.

Phy
lum BI
X:

Def
err
ibact
eres:

Thephyl
um Def
err
ibacter
escontai
nsoneclass(Def
err
ibact
eres)and
gener
asuchasDeferr
ibacter
,Deni
tr
ovi
bri
o,etc.

Phy
lum BX:

Cy
anobact
eri
a:

Thephylum Cyanobact
eriaconsist
sofasingleclass(Cyanobacter
ia)
di
videdint
ofiv
esubsections.Thetaxonomicpositi
onoft hecyanobacter
ia
i
sleftopeninBergeysManual .Thecyanobacter
iaareoxy geni
c
photot
rophsandshowadi st
antrel
ati
onshiptogram-positiv
ebacteri
a.

Theseor ganismswer et hef ir

stoxygen-evol
vingphototrophsonEarthand
werer esponsibl
ef ortheconv er
sionoftheanoxicatmospher eofourplanet
tooxic.Gener abelongingt othisphylum arementionedas“ for
m genus”in
theManual becausethel atterrefer
stoagr oupofcy anobaceri
awithvery
characteri
sticmorphol ogyfoundwor l
dwidebutnotal li
solat
esofsucha
typemayact ual
lyfiti
ntot hesamegenus.

Thei
mportant“
for
m gener
a”areMicr
ocyti
s,Cyanocy
tis,
Lyngbya,
Osci
l
lat
ori
a,Spi
rul
i
na,Anabaena,
Nostoc,
Scytonema,Calot
hri
x,Tol
ypot
hri
x,
et
c.

Phy
lum BXI
.Chl
orobi
:

Onlyoneclass(Chl
orobi
a)consti
tut
esthephylum.Therepresent
ati
ve
generaar
eChl or
obi
um, Pel
odict
yon,Chl
orobacul
um, et
c.Thisphyl
um
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

accommodat esanoxygeni
cphot osynt
heti
cbact er
iaknownast hegreen
sulf
urbacter
ia,whi
chcanassi mil
ateCO2t hroughthereduct
ive(rev
erse)
tr
icarboxy
li
cacidcycl
eratherthancalvi
ncy cl
eandoxidizesul
fidetosulf
ur
granulest
hataccumulateoutsi
det hecel
l.

Vol
umeI
I:

ThePr
oteobact
eri
a:

Phy
lum BXI
I:

Pr
oteobact
eri
a:

Thephy l
um Proteobact
eri
aconsist
soffiv
eclasses(Al
fapr
oteobact
eri
a,
Betaprot
eobacteri
a,Gammaproteobact
eri
a,Delt
aprot
eobact
eria,
and
Epsil
onprot
eobacteri
a).

Proteobacter
iacontainsov er400gener awhi chareallgram-negati
ve, show
extr
ememet aboli
cdi v
ersit
y ,
andr epresentthemaj ori
tyofbacteri
aof
pharmaceut i
cal,
industri
al,agri
cult
ural,andbiologicalr
esearchsigni
ficance.
Iti
sbelievedbymanyt hatthepr ot
eobact er
iaev ol
vedfrom a
photosyntheti
cancest orand,presumabl y,manyst rai
nslostphotosyntheti
c
acti
vit
ydur i
ngadapt ati
ontonewecol ogicalniches.

Alphaproteobacter
ia( ∝-
proteobacter
ia)consistofthemostbacter
iathat
arecapabl eofgrowingatlownut ri
entlevels(i
.e.
,ol
igot
rophi
cfor
ms) ;
the
representati
vegeneraofthisclassareRhodospi ri
ll
um,Azospi
ri
ll
um,
Rickett
sia,Rhizobi
um, Agr
obact er
ium,Nitrobacter
,Hyphomicr
obium,
Met hyl
obacterium,etc.

Betapr
oteobact
eri
a(β-proteobact
eri
a)ut
il
izet
hesubst
ancest
hatdif
fuse
fr
om organi
cdecomposi ti
onintheanaer
obiczoneoft
hei
rhabi
tat
s.Some
ofit
sgeneraarepathogenic.

Theimportantgener
aincl
udedinbetaprot
obacteri
aar eThermot
hri
x,
Bor
detel
la,Leptot
hri
x,Nei
ssar
ia,Aquaspir
il
lum,Nit
rosomonas,Gall
i
onel
l
a,
Spi
ri
ll
um, etc.Gammaprot
eobacteri
a(γ-
proteobact
eria)are
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

chemoorganot r
ophic,facul
tat
iveanaerobi
c,andther epr
esentativ
egenera
areChromat i
um, Xanthomonas, Beggi
atoa,Pseudomonas, Vibri
o,
Photobacteri
um, Escheri
chia,
Klebsiel
l
a,Erwini
a,etc.Del
taproteobact
eri
a(δ
-pr
oteobacteri
a)canmai nlybecategori
zedasoft hreegroups.

Manyoft hedel t
aproteobactei
aareanaerobicandcausedesul f
uri
cat
ion
(generat
esulfidefrom sulf
ateandsulfur)
;representat
ivegeneraofsuch
bacter
iaareDesul f
ovibri
o,Deslfur
omonas, Desulfobaca,et
c.Some
delt
aproteobacteri
a(e.g.,
Bdell
ov i
bri
o,Bacteri
ovorax)arepredator
son
otherbacteri
a.

Representati
vessuchasMy xococcus,Polyangium andChondromycesare
thedelt
aproteobacteri
athatformf r
uiti
ngbodi esandalsopreyonother
bacter
ia.Epsil
onproteobacter
ia(Ɛ-proteobacteri
a)isasmallcl
assandits
member slikeHeli
cobacterandCampy lobacterareimport
anthuman
pathogenscausingintesti
nalinf
ecti
ons.

Vol
umeI
II
:

TheLowG+CGr
am-
Posi
ti
veBact
eri
a:

Phy
lum BXI
II
:

Fi
rmi
cut
es:

Phylum Firmicut esconsi stsofthegram-posit

ivebacter
iawit
hl owG+C
content( mol%v al uebelow50%)i ntheirDNA.Mostoft hebacteri
aoft his
phyl
um ar ehet er otropti
c.Thoughmy coplasmaslackcellwall
andst ai
n
gram- negati
ve,t heyar eclassi
fi
edundert hi
sphy l
um becauseoftheirclose
rel
ationshiptol owG+Cgr am-posit
ivebacter
ia.Thephylum i
sclassif
ied
i
ntot hreeclasses, Clost
ridi
a,Moll
icutes,
andBaci l
l
i.

ClassClostri
diacontainsaverywidevar
iet
yofgram- posit
ivebacter
iat
hat
varyinmor phologyandsizebuttendtobeanaerobic.Somepr oduce
endosporesbutot hersdonot.Import
antgener
aar eClostri
dium,
Acetobacteri
um, Desulfot
omaculum,Eubact
eri
um, Heliobacter
ium,
Syntr
ophomonas, et
c.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

ClassMolli
cutesconsistsoft hemember sthatar
ewal l
-l
essandar e
general
lycall
edmy coplasmas.Thesebact eri
aarepleomorphicinshape,
normall
ynonmot i
le,stai
ngr am-negati
veduet oabsenceofcellwall
,and
requi
resterol
sforgrowt h.Theimportantgenerai
ncludeMy copl
asma,
Phytopl
asma, Spi
roplasma.t hatcont
ainseverali
mportantanimalandplant
pathogens.

ClassBacilli
compr i
sesav ari
etyofbacteri
awhichar eaerobicor
facult
ati
velyanaer obiccocciandrods,andmanyoft hem areendospore-
forming(e.g.,Baci
llus,Sporosar
cina,Paeni
bacil
lus).Manygener aofthi
s
phylum arephar maceut i
calandindustr
ial
lysi
gnifi
cant(e.
g.,Bacil
lus,
Lactobacil
lus,Enterococcus,Leuconostoc,St
reptococus,Lactococcus)
.

Vol
umeI
V:

TheHi
ghG+CGr
am-
Posi
ti
veBact
eri
a:

Phy
lum BXI
V:

Act
inobact
eri
a:

Thephy l
um Acti
nobacteriaisclassifi
edi nt
oasingl
eclassActinobacter
ia
whichcontai
nshighG+Cgr am- positi
vebacter
iawithmole%v alueabove
50to55%.Thesebact eriashowenor mousmor phologi
calvari
ations
rangi
ngf r
om coccit
or egularorirregularrodst
oextensi
velybranching
hyphae.Endosporef
ormat ionlacksbutmanygener adoform av ari
etyof
asexualspor
es.

Thephyl
um consi
stsoff
ivesubcl
asses,
sixorder
s,f
ort
eensubor
der
s,f
ort
y
fourf
amil
ies,
andmanyanumberofgener a.

Thei mpor tantgeneraofacti

nobacter
iaareActi
nomy ces,Art
hrobacter
,
Brevibacterium,Cell
ulomonas,Clav
ibact
er,Cory
nebact er
ium,
My cobacter i
um, Nocardi
a,Act
inopl
anes,Propi
onibacteri
um,Strept
omy ces,
Frankia,etc.Thel ar
gestandthemostcompl exgenesi sStr
eptomyces
containi
ngov er500species.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

Vol
umeV:

ThePlant
omy cet
es,
Spi
rochaet
es,
Fibr
obact
ers,
Bact
eroi
det
es,
and
Fusobact
eri
a:

Phy
lum BXV:

Pl
anct
omy
cet
es:

Thisphyl
um consistsofasingleclass( Pl
anctomycetaci
a)containi
ngfour
generanamedPlanct omyces,Gemmat a,Pirel
l
ulaandIsosphaera.
Member sl
ackpept i
doglycanandthei rcel
l wall
sareofanS-layerty
pe
consi
sti
ngofprotein.Theydivi
debybuddi ngandmaypr oducenon-
prost
hecateappendagescalledstalks.

Phy
lum BXVI
:

Chl
amy
dias:

Phyl
um Chl
amydiaecontai
nsasingl
ecl
ass(
Chlamydiae)andsevengenera.
ThegenusChl
amy di
aisbyfart
hemostimport
antgenus;it
sspeciescause
manyhumandiseases.

Phy
lum BXVI
I:

Spi
rochaet
es:

Phylum Spi
rochaetesisclassif
iedi
ntoonecl ass(Spir
ochaetes)contai
ning
thi
rt
eengener a,
theimpor tantonesareSpirochaeta,
Borell
i
a, Tr
eponema,
Cri
stispi
ra,
Leptospira,
etc.Theyaregram- negati
ve,moti
le,heli
cal
ly-
shaped
bacteri
acharact
erizedbyauni quemot i
l
itybehav i
our.

Phy
lum BXVI
II
:

Fi
brobact
eres:

Thisphyl
um isrepr
esentedbyasingl
eclass(Fibr
obacter
es)andasingle
genus(Fibr
obacter
).Fi
brobact
erisacel
lul
oly
ticgram-negat
ivebact
erium
occurr
ingintherumenofruminantani
malswher eitbr
eaksdowncellulose.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

Phy
lum BXI
X:

Aci
dobact
eri
a:

Thephyl
um cont
ainsonl
yonecl
ass(Acidobact
eri
a)repr
esent
edbyt
hree
gener
anamedAcidobact
eri
um,Geot
hrixandHolophaga.

Phy
lum BXX:

Bact
eroi
det
es:

Thephyl
um isdivi
dedintothreeclasses( Bacter
oides,Fl
avobact
eri
a,and
Sphi
ngobacter
ia)exempli
fi
edbygener alikeBacteroi
des,Fl
avobact
erium,
Fl
exi
bacter
,Cytophaga,Toxothri
x,etc.Flexibact
erandCy t
ophagaare
gl
idi
ngbacteri
aandar eecologi
callysignifi
cant.

Phy
lum BXXI
:

Fusobact
eri
a:

Thephylum contai
nsoneclass(
Fusobacteri
a)wit
hgenerali
ke
Fusobacter
ium,Leptot
ri
chi
a,andCetobacter
ium.Fusobact
eri
um i
s
fi
lamentousandoccursint
heoralcavit
yofhumans.

Phy
lum BXXI
I:

Ver
rucomi
crobi
a:

Thi
sphylum consi
stsofasingl
eclass(Verrucomi
crobi
ae)andgener
asuch
asVerr
ucomi cr
obi
um, Pr
osthecobact
er,andXiphi
nematobact
er.Members
for
m cyt
oplasmicappendagescall
edprosthecaeanddi
videsymmetri
cal
y.

Phy
lum BXXI
II

Di
cty
ogl
omus:

Thephy
lum i
srepr
esent
edbyasi ngl
ecl
ass(
Dict
yogl
omi
)consi
sti
ngofa
si
ngl
egenesnamedDictyogomus.
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

WHI
TTAKER’
SSYSTEM OFCLASSI
FICATI
ON

I
ti sthefi
v eki
ngdom classifi
cati
on.Inthe20thcent ur
y,advancesincell
biologyandinteresti
nev oluti
onarybiol
ogyledscienti
ststoquestionthe
twoort hree-
kingdom cl
assi fi
cat
ionschemes.I n1969,RobertH.Whi t
taker
proposedasy stem whichr ecognizesfi
vekingdomsofl i
vingthi
ngs:
Moner a(Bacteri
a),Pr
otista,Fungi,Pl
antaeandAnimal i
a(Table8.1).

Whitt
aker’ssystem ofclassi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedon1)complexit
yofcell
st
ructure2)modeofnut ri
ti
on3)bodyor
ganizat
ion4)phy
logenet
icor
ev
olutionaryr
elati
onship.

Monera:Thi
skingdom i
ncl
udesallprokar
yoti
corgani
sms.Unicel
l
ular
mi
croorgani
sm suchasMy copl
asma, Bact
eri
a,Acti
nomycet
esand
Cy
anobacteri
aaregroupedunderkingdom Monera.

Prot
ist
a:Thiskingdom i
ncl
udeseukary
oticunicel
lul
arProt
ozoans,sl
i
me
moldsandalgae.Thekingdom i
smadeupofmor ethan250000species.
Theseorganismshavetypi
caleukar
yoti
ccellorgani
zati
on.

Fungi
:Thi
ski
ngdom i
ncl
udesnongr
een,nonphot
osy
ntheti
ceukary
oti
c
fungi
.mol
ds,
mushroom,toadst
ool
s,puf
fbal
l
sandbracketf
ungiar
e
 VAI
SHNAVIR.
T.R.CHARIM.
SCSEM IBTPI
IUINOTES

groupedundert
hiski
ngdom.Theyaremul
ti
cel
l
ularandconsi
stof
special
i
zedeukary
oti
ccell
sar
rangedinaf
il
amentousfor
m.

Plant
ae:Itincl
udesal
lmult
icel
l
ularpl
antsofl
andandwat
er.Theyuse
photosy
nt hesi
stosynt
hesi
zetheiror
ganicmol
ecul
es.

Animali
a:Thi skingdom i
ncludesallmul
ti
cel
lulareukar
yoti
canimals.They
arealsoreferredtoasMet azoans.Ani
malsingestthei
rfoodthroughoneof
anyingestionpor t
alandthenusedigesti
veenzymest obreakfoodparti
cles
i
ntoabsor bablefragments.