Biological Sciences 10th Class

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT–2
Lab Activities & Project Works
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT – II
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LAB ACTIVITY – 1

Aim : Observation of external and internal features of a Kidney.

Apparatus : Kidney of a goat, sharp blade, tray and a jug of water.
Procedure : i) I collected a kidney and wash it thoroughly, so as to drain the blood
from it.
ii) Put the kidney in a tray and I observed external features.
iii) With the help of a sharp blade I made a longitudinal section and I
observed the internal structure and drew figures.

Observations :
External features : i) The kidney is bean shaped structure.
ii) Each kidney is convex on the outer side and concave on inner
side.
iii) The inner side of each kidney has a fissur or hilus for the entry
of renal artery, exit of renal vein and ureter (whitish tube like
structure.)
Bhashyam's :: 2 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2
Internal features : i) L.S. of kidney shows that two distinct regions, Dark coloured
outer zone is called cortex and pale inner zone is called medulla.
ii) Inverted pyramid like structures are present in medulla. They
open into ureter.
iii) Each kidney is made of approximately more than one million
microscopic and thin tubular functional units called nephrons
(or) uriniferous tubules. These are the basic structures which
take part in urine formation. So they are known as structural
and functional units of kidney.
Result : By the above characters, I observed that kidney is helpful for filtration of
blood and formation of urine.
Precautions :
1. Handle the kidney smoothly.
2. Use surgical items carefully.
3. After dissection wash hands with anti bacterial lotion.

***

Bhashyam's :: 3 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

 LAB ACTIVITY – 2

Aim : Observation of phototropism and geotropism in plants.

Materials used : A transparent plant pot with soil, fenugreek seeds and water.
Procedure : i) Take a transparent plant pot filled with soil.
ii) Put some soaked fenugreek seeds in the soil and water it.
iii) With in a week the seeds vertically upwards germinate and produce
roots and stem.
iv) The stem grows vertically upwards and the roots grow vertically
downwards.
v) Now this jar is placed horizontally as shown in the figure and observe
for a week.

Observation : After a week it is observed that the stem instead of growing horizontally
take a bend towards the sun and grows upwards. At the same time
the roots instead of growing horizontally they grow downwards.
Inference : i) The above experiment shows the two types of tropic movements in
plants.
ii) The stem grows towards the sun. This is known as phototropism.
iii) The roots grow towards the ground in accordance with gravitational
force. This is known as geotropism.

Bhashyam's :: 4 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Conclusions : i) It is observed that in all the cases the radicle grows downwards and
plumule grows upwards.
ii) Roots are primaryly positively getropic and stems are negatively
geotropic.
iii) These phototropic and geotropic curvatures are again due to unequal
grwoth of root and shoot apices of the seedlings and unequal hormonal
distribution and their differential growth effect result into these
curvatures.
Precautions : The apparatus should be kept under sun light and be provided sufficient
water.

***

Bhashyam's :: 5 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

 PROJECT WORK – 1

Preliminary Information :
Class : X
Subject : Biological sciences
Name of the lesson : Coordination – The linking system
Project No. : 2
Date of Submission :
Role of Team :
1. Team Leader : Allotting work to the team members and lead the team.
nd
2. 2 student : Collecting information about endocrine glands.
3. 3rd student : Collecting information about endocrine glands.
th
4. 4 student : Collection of pictures.
th
5. 5 student : Presentation of the project
Project details :
Title of the project : Collect the information of different endocrine glands.
Objectives of the Project : To know the importance, functions, deficiency diseases of
endocrine glands.
Tools : Observation.
Materials used : Paper articles, Internet and ICSE books.
Introduction : Endocrine is a Greek word which means Endo–within, crinis–
to secrete. The glands of the endocrine system that secrete their
products called hormones, directly into the blood rather than
through a duct.
The major endocrine glands of human being are pituitary gland,
pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
hypothalamus and adrenal glands.
Pituitary Gland : It is located at the base of the brain. It secretes and releases
various hormones like
1. Growth hormone (GH),
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
5. Follicle–stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Oxytocin,
7. Prolactin.
Bhashyam's :: 6 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2
 i) Growth Hormone (GH): Somatotropic hormone or Growth hormone (GH) is an
anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues but especially skeletal
muscle and bone. Hypersecretion of GH causes gigantism in children and acromegaly
in adults; hyposecretion of GH in children causes pituitary dwarfism.
ii) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): Thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH)
promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland and it controls the
secretions of Thyroid gland.
iii) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids from adrenal glands.
iv) Luteinizing hormone (LH): Luteinizing hormone (LH) regulates the functions of
the gonads in both sexes. LH stimulates Gonadal hormone production and ovulation
in females.
v) Follicle–stimulating hormone (FSH): FSH stimulates sex cell production in the
respective gonads in both male and female.
vi) Oxytocin: Oxytocin stimulates powerful uterine contractions, which trigger labour
and delivery of an infant, and milk ejection in nursing women.
vii)Prolactin: Prolactin (PRL) promotes milk production in human females. Its secretion
is promoted by prolactin–releasing hormone (PRH) and inhibited by prolactin–
inhibiting hormone (PIH).
Thyroid Gland :
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior throat. Thyroid follicles store colloid containing
thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein from which thyroid hormone is derived.
Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase
the rate of cellular metabolism. Consequently, oxygen use and heat production rise.
Secretion of thyroid hormone, prompted by TSH, requires uptake of the stored colloid by
the follicle cells and splitting of the hormones from the colloid for release. Rising levels of
thyroid hormone feed back to inhibit the pituitary and hypothalamus.
Most T4 is converted to T3 (the more active form) in the target tissues. These hormones
act by turning on gene and protein synthesis.
Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism; hyposecretion causes
cretinism in infants and myxoedema in adults.
Parathyroid glands :
The parathyroid glands, located on the dorsal (back) aspect of the thyroid gland, secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which causes an increase in blood calcium levels by targeting
bone, the intestine, and the kidneys. PTH is the antagonist of calcitonin. PTH release is
triggered by falling blood calcium levels and is inhibited by rising blood calcium levels.
Hyperparathyroidism results in hypercalcaemia and its effects and in extreme bone wasting.
Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcaemia, evidenced by tetany seizure and respiratory
paralysis.

Bhashyam's :: 7 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Adrenal glands :
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys in humans and infront of kidneys in
other animals. The adrenal glands (also known as supra renal glands) are endocrine glands
that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and
cortisol. Adrenal is also called flight or fight hormone and also called stress hormone.
Pancreas :
The pancreas, located in the abdomen close to the stomach, is both exocrine and endocrine
gland. The alpha and beta cells are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets that release
insulin and glucagon and smaller amounts of other hormones into the blood.
The pancreas contains two kinds of tissue, both are the glandular; one kind functions as
an exocrine part and the other as an endocrine part. The pancreas is located in the abdominal
cavity, close to the stomach and the duodenum. Endocrine part have 3 types of cells.
Glucagon is released by alpha (α) cells when the blood glucose level is low, and this stimulates
the liver to release glucose into the blood.
Insulin is released by beta (β) cells when blood levels of glucose (and amino acids) are
rising. It increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by most body cells.
Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus; cardinal signs are polyuria, polydipsia,
and polyphagia.
Somatostatin is released by Delta cells and act as an Inhibitor of GH, Insulin and Glucagon.
Gonads :
The ovaries of the female, located in the pelvic cavity, release two main hormones. Secretion
of estrogens by the ovarian follicles begins at puberty under the influence of FSH. Estrogens
stimulate maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary
sexual characteristics. Progesterone is released in response to high blood levels of LH. It
works with estrogens in establishing the menstrual cycle.
The testes of the male begin to produce testosterone at puberty in response to LH.
Testosterone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, development of
secondary sex characteristics, and production of sperm by the tests.
Conclusion : Endocrine glands and tissues are present in different parts of our body.
they secrete hormones that regulate the body's growth, metabolism and
sexual development and functions, sleep and mood.
Experience of the Student:
1. I knew the importance of endocrine glands.
2. I knew the reasons for some body diseases.
3. I was amazed to know the reasons for anger, hunger and thirst.
Doubts while conducting this project :
1. What happens if endocrine glands are not present in our body ?
2. What is the role of hypothalamus in our body ?
3. What are the causes for addison's disease, cushing's syndrome ?

Bhashyam's :: 8 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Acknowledgement :
1. Thanks to the co-students of this group in presenting the project.
2. Thank to the teachers who guided us to do this project and for their valuable guidance for
the success of this project.
Signature of the Student :

***
Bhashyam's :: 9 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2
 PROJECT WORK – 2

Preliminary Information :
Class : X
Subject : Biological sciences
Name of the lesson : Excretion
Project No. : 2
Date of Submission :
Role of Team :
1. Team Leader : Allotting work to the team members and lead the team.
2. 2nd student : Collecting information about organ donation.
3. 3rd student : Collecting information about organ donation.
4. 4th student : Collection of pictures.
5. 5th student : Presentation of the project.
Project details :
Title of the project : Organ donation.
Objectives of the Project : To know the steps, types, laws and importance of organ
donation.
Tools : Observation
Materials used : Paper clipings, Internet.
Introduction : Organ donation is giving an organ to help someone who needs a
transplant. Kidney, Heart, Liver, Lungs, Pancreas and small
bowel can all be transplanted. Transplants are one of the biggest
achievement of biggest modern medicine and can save (or)
greatly enhance the lives of other people. However, they depend
completely on donors and their families consenting to organ
(or) tissue donation. One donor can save the life of several people,
restore the sight of two others and improve the quality of life of
many more. The first living organ donor in a sucessfull
transplant was Ronald Lee Herrick (1931-2010) who donated a
kidney to his identical twin brother. The lead surgeon, Joseph
Murray, won noble prize in physiology (or) medicine 1990.
Bhashyam's :: 10 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2
Procedure :
1. Steps of organ donation :
1. Identification of the potential Donor by the hospital.
2. Evaluation of donor eligibility.
3. Authorization for organ recovery.
4. Medical importance of the patient.
5. Maching organs to potential recipients.
6. Offering organs Regionally then Nationally.
7. Placing organs and coordinating recovery.
8. Surgical removary of organs.
2. Process of organ donation :
The surgical team removes the organs and tissues from the donar's body in an operating
room. First organs are recorded and then additional tissues such as bone, cornea, skin etc.
Surgical teams work around the clock as needed to transplant the new organs into the
waiting recipients.
3. Types of organ transplants :
Organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable successes in the history of medicine.
Organ transplantation is often the only source of hope for those who suffer from organ
failure.
i) Heart transplant ii) Lung transplant
iii) liver transplant iv) Pancreas transplant
v) Cornea transplant vi) Trachea transplant
vii) Kidney transplant viii) Skin transplant
ix) Vascular tissue transplant x) Bone, tendon, cartilage transplant
4. Law governing organ transplants :
A) HOTA (Human Organ Transplant Act) :
It allows for the kidneys, heart, liver and corneas to be removed in the event of death from
any cause for the purpose of transplantation.
B) MTERA (Medical Therapy, Education and Research Act) :
It is an opt in scheme, whereby people can pledge their organs (or) any body parts for the
purposes of transplant, education (or) research after they pass away.

Bhashyam's :: 11 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

 5. Who can be an organ donor :
People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors. When a person dies, he (or)
she is evaluated for donor suitability based on medical history and age. The organ
procurement agency determines medical suitability for donation.
6. Types of organ donations :
i) Live unrelated donation : Living donation take place when a living person donates an
organ for transplantation to another person.
ii) Live Related donation: Living donation can also come from someone who is emotionally
related to the recipient. Donor is a good friend, a relative, a neighbour.
iii) Deceased / cadaver organ donation: The patient has to register in a hospital that does
transplants transplant. When the organ from an appropriate deceased donor is available
the patient will be intimated. The organs should be collected within 12 to 24 hours.
7. Organ donation day : It is observed every on 13th of August. The aim this day is to
motivate normal human beings to pledge to donate organs after death and to spread
awareness about the importance of organ donation.
Organ transplantation ................ save life
Conclusion : One single organ and tissue donor can save or improve the lives
of more than eight people, helping to restore eyesight, damaged
tissues (or) vital functions.
Experience of the Student :
1. I came to know who can be a donor.
2. I came to know types of donations and I came to know types of transplants.
Doubts while conducting this project :
1. What is the period of time to be taken to collect the organs from brain dead person?
2. What are the organs we have to collect for transplantation?
3. How are the collected organs stored?
Acknowledgement :
1. Thanks to the co-students of this group in presenting of the project.
2. Thank to the teachers who guided us to do this project and for their valuable guidance for
the success of this project.
Signature of the Student :

Bhashyam's :: 12 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

 ***

Bhashyam's :: 13 :: 10th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2