Course Name: Sewage Treatment

Course Code: CEng4154

Module: Engineering Hydrology & Hydraulics

Pre-requisites: Water Supply and Urban Drainage

By : Bahiru. G
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 Course Objectives

 Students will learn the basic methods for industrial and

municipal wastewater treatment facilities and about the
processes involved; they will learn the basic design of
wastewater treatment facilities.

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 Competences to be Acquired/course
level competences

 Students will be able to:

 understand the design procedure for wastewater
treatment facilities;
 sludge treatment and disposal methods; and onsite
sanitation systems
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 METHODOLOGY

 Teaching Methodology
 Lecture, Tutorial, Quiz& Project
 Assessment Methods
 Written examination
 Mid - exam, 25%
 Final -exam, 45%
 Continuous assessment
 Project + quizzes 30 %;
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 Course Policies

 Minimum of 80% attendance during lecture hours

 Student should submit assignments on due date
 Student should take all continuous assessments as scheduled.
If he/she misses quiz or assignment, no makeup will be
arranged for her/him.
 Student should do his/her own work. If he/she is caught red-
handed while cheating, he/she will get zero for that particular
work
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 COURSE CONTENT

1-Introduction to Wastewater Treatment(sewage treatment).

1.1 General about Wastewater Treatment
1.2 Goals of Wastewater Treatment
1.3 Wastewater treatment standards
1.4 Flow Sheets for wastewater treatment systems

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 Cont…

2. DESIGN OF SEWAGE (QUANTITY ESTIMATION)

2.1. Estimating Dry-weather flow
2.2. Design Periods for Different Components of Sewerage
Scheme
2.3. Future Forecasts and Estimating Design Sewage
Discharge
2.4. Variations in Sewage Flow and their Effects on the
Components of a Sewerage Scheme
7 2.5. Estimating the Peak Drainage Discharge
 Cont…

3. HYDRAULIC DESIGNS OF SEWERS, STORM WATER

DRAIN SECTIONS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT DESIGN
3.1. General Introduction
4. SEWERS CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND
REQUIRED APPURTENANCES

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 OPTIONAL………..

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE.
5.1 INTRODUCTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
5.1.1 PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT.
5.1.2 SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT.
5.1.2.1 AEROBIC TREATMENT METHODS.
5.1.2.2 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT.
5.1.3 SLUDGE TREATMENT.
5.1.4 TERTIARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE.

5.2 ON-SITE SANITATION.

5.3 DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT & REUSE.
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 Literatures

1.Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Third edition, Davis M. and Cornwell D.,

McGraw-Hill.
2.Small and decentralized wastewater Management systems, Crites R. and Tchobanoglous
G., McGraw-Hill.
3.Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering, Second Edition,
Reynolds T. and Richards P., PWS publishing comp.
4.Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse – Metcalf and Eddy, (2003), 4th Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.
5. Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill Wastewater Treatment
Plants, S.R. Qasim, CRC Press Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, CPHEEO,
Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of
India.
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 Chapter One

1. Introduction to
Wastewater Treatment
and Sewage Quantity

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 Sewage treatment
 What is
Wastewater?
 What is wastewater
treatment?
o Removing
contaminants/pollut
ants from
wastewater.

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 Domestic wastewater is the water that has been used by a
community and which contains all the materials added to the
water during its use.
composed of
 human body wastes (faeces and urine)
 flushing toilets
 sullage, resulting from personal washing, laundry, food
preparation and the cleaning of kitchen utensils.
If untreated wastes are accumulated, resulted in
 production of malodorous gases
 pathogenic organisms, may contain toxic compounds
will pollute our environmental

sullage Wastewater that drains from a home, farmyard, refuse heap, or street.
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 Treatment methods
1. Physical unit operations,
 screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation,
and filtration and membrane filter operations.
2. Chemicals unit operations
 Neutralization, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, gas
transfer, adsorption, ion-exchange, electro-dialysis
3. Biological unit processes
 aerobic processes such as trickling filters, activated sludge,
oxidation ponds (or lagoons), and anaerobic processes such as
anaerobic lagoons, sludge digestion,

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 Definition of Terms
Sewage: wastewater (both domestic and effluent or
Industrial)
Sewer: is underground conduit (drain) through
which sewage is conveyed
Sanitary Sewer: is a sewer carrying domestic
sewage only
Storm Sewer: is a sewer carrying storm water only
Combined Sewer: is a sewer carrying domestic
sewage and storm water

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Sullage: is wastewater from bathroom, kitchens,
etc.
Night Soil: Human excreta
Sewerage System: The entire science of
collecting and conveying sewage by water carriage
system through sewers.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): the
quantity of oxygen utilized by a mixed population
of microorganisms in the anaerobic oxidation (of
the organic matter in a sample of waste water) at
a temperature of 20◦.
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 Sources of Wastewater

The wastewater received at a typical municipal

wastewater treatment plant comes from many
different
sources, including

 homes,
 apartments,
 commercial businesses,
 industries,
 street and parking lot runoff, etc.

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  Types and Sources of Sewage and
domestic wastewater
Effluent (industrial) sewage
Types of Sewerage Systems
combined system;
when the drainage is taken along with sewage
 separate system
when the drainage and sewage are taken
independently of each other through two different sets
of conduits,
partially separate system
part of drainage water from the roofs or paved
courtyards of buildings, is allowed to be admitted into
the sewers.
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it is generally advantageous and economical to
construct a 'separate system‘
But in practice, it is generally not possible to attain a
'truly separate system' because some rain water may
always find its way into the sewers either through wrong
house sewer connections or through open manhole
covers
Why Wastewater Treatment is needed?
To prevent groundwater pollution
To prevent sea shore pollution
To prevent soil pollution
To prevent marine life
Protection of public health
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 To reuse the treated effluent
For agriculture
For groundwater recharge
For industrial recycle
Solving social problems caused by the accumulation of
wastewater
 Objectives of wastewater Treatment
overall objectives of wastewater treatment is the
removal of pollutants and the protection and
preservation of our natural resources.
Specific concern is protection of human health,
treated effluent being discharged to receiving water
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 Wastewater Treatment Standards
a) Free from materials and heat in quantities concentrations
which are toxic or harmful to human, animal, aquatic life.
b) Free from anything that will settle in receiving waters
forming putrescence, objectionable sludge deposits, that
affect aquatic life
c) Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other
materials
d) Free from materials and heat that alone, or in
combination with other materials will produce color,
turbidity, taste or odour in sufficient concentration, adversely
affect aquatic life in receiving waters;
e) Free from nutrients that create nuisance growths of
aquatic weeds or algae in the receiving waters.
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Parameter Effluent Limit

BOD5 20mg/l

TSS 30mg/l

Nitrates (as Nitrogen) 30mg/l

Phosphate 10mg/l

COD 100mg/l

pH 6–9

Faecal coliform 1000MPN/100ml

Residual chlorine 1.5mg/l

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Schematic of a typical wastewater treatment plant.
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Collection of Sewage and Systems of Sanitation
these wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and
carried through closed conduits under the conditions of gravity
flow
This mixture of water and waste products, popularly called
sewage
The modern water-carried sewerage system has following
advantages
a. no danger exists, because the polluted sewage is carried in
closed conduits

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 Summary
 Course Objectives
To teach basic methods for industrial and
municipal wastewater treatment and the
process involved

To teach the design of wastewater treatment

facilities.

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 General About WWT
Some contaminants in WW.
 Suspended solids: lead to the development of
sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions
 Pathogens: cause diseases
 Nutrients: essential for growth (N, P,…).
 Refractory organics: resist conventional methods
of wastewater treatment.
 Heavy metals :may have to be removed if the
wastewater is to be reused
 Dissolved inorganic solids (calcium, sodium, and
sulfate): may have to be removed if the wastewater
is to be reused
 Organic matters
 Therefore, Wastewater should be collected and treated before
its ultimate disposal in order to :
 Reduce spread of communicable diseases,
30  Prevent surface and ground water pollution
 General About WWT cont…
unit operation: Means a methods of treatment
in which the application of physical forces
dominates.

unit process: Means a methods of treatment in

which chemical or biological activity are
involved.

 WWT applies any of this operations, processes or

combination of both.

 WWT is the combination of physical,

chemical and biological processes.

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 Objectives of WWT
removal of pollutants and the protection
and preservation of our natural resources.

protection of human health by the

destruction of pathogenic organisms prior
to treated effluent being discharged to
receiving water bodies and land.

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 Treatment Classes and Terms
 1. Preliminary Treatment
 This treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater, by about
15 to 30%.
 The processes used are:
 Screening: for removing floating papers, rags, clothes, etc
 Grit chambers or Detritus tanks: for removing grit and
sand; and
 Skimming tanks: for removing oils and greases

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 2. Primary Wastewater Treatment
 Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended
organic solids.
 This is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling
basins.
 3.ECONDARY / BIOLOGICAL wwt
 Secondary treatment -- biological and chemical treatment
processes to remove most of the organic matter and reduce the
number of pathogens (reduction of BOD).
 The common methods of biological wastewater treatment
are:
a) Aerobic processes: such as trickling filters, rotating
biological contactors, activated sludge process, oxidation
ponds and lagoons, oxidation ditches,
b) Anaerobic processes :such as anaerobic digestion, and
c) Anoxic processes :such as denitrification.
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4. Tertiary treatment (Advanced treatment)
 is additional combinations of unit operations and unit processes
to remove additional constituents.
 Typically this involves:
 removal of nitrogen or phosphorus,
 or attainment of very low BOD5 and TSS levels.

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