Skeletal Muscular System

BEAM CYLD GED online Lesson4 – Skeletal & Muscular system
Saya Alan: 063 172 6263 sciencetinwin2@gmail.com Lesson ID: 615 032 8652
Skeletal & Muscular System
 Functions of the skeletal system
 What is a synovial joint
 How muscles work in pairs (antagonistic muscle pairs)
 Types of joints (hinge and ball & socket)
 Muscle types (smooth, cardiac & skeletal)
 Voluntary & involuntary muscles
The human Skeleton (4:05 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k6H2Vnn3o4
Skeletal and muscular systems

Our skeleton is made of more than 200 bones (206). Calcium and other minerals make
the bone strong but slightly flexible. Bone is a living tissue with a blood supply. It is
constantly being dissolved and formed, and it can repair itself if a bone is broken.
Function of the skeleton - The skeleton has four main functions:
 to support the body

 to protect some of the vital organs of the body
 to help the body move
 to make blood cells
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Support
The skeleton supports the body. For example, without a backbone we would not be able
to stay upright.
Protection
Here are some examples of what the skeleton protects:
 the skull protects the brain

 the ribcage protects the heart and lungs
 the backbone protects the spinal cord
2
Movement
Some bones in the skeleton are joined rigidly together and cannot move against each
other. Bones in the skull are joined like this. Other bones are joined to each other by
flexible joints. Muscles are needed to move bones attached by joints.
Making blood cells
There are different kinds of blood cells, including:
 red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body in the blood
 white blood cells, which are involved in destroying harmful microorganisms in
your body
These cells are made in the bone marrow. This is soft tissue inside our larger bones
which is protected by the hard part of the bone which surrounds it.
Joints
Bones are linked together by joints. Most joints allow different parts of the skeleton to
move. The human skeleton has joints called synovial joints.
The synovial joint
If two bones just moved against each other, they would eventually wear away. This can
happen in people who have a condition called arthritis. To stop this happening, the ends
of the bones in a joint are covered with a tough, smooth substance called cartilage.
This is kept slippery by a liquid called synovial fluid. Tough ligaments join the two
bones in the joint and stop the joint falling apart. Most of our joints are
synovial joints and contain synovial fluid as lubrication.
3
Synovial joint (i)Hinge joint (ii) Ball & socket joint

Eg. ankle, elbow, and knee eg.Hip & shoulder
Movement
Different types of synovial joint allow different types of movement. The table describes
two types of joint:
Type of joint Examples Movement allowed
The same as opening and closing a door, with no rotation

Hinge joint Knee, elbow
(turning)
Ball and Hip,

Back and forth in all directions, and rotation
socket shoulder
The bones cannot move on their own - they need muscles for this to happen.
Muscles
Muscles work by getting shorter. We say that they contract, and the process is called
contraction. Muscles are attached to bones by strong tendons. When a muscle
contracts, it pulls on the bone, and the bone can move if it is part of a joint.
Antagonistic muscles
Muscles can only pull and cannot push. This would be a problem if a joint were
controlled by just one muscle. As soon as the muscle had contracted and pulled on a
bone, that would be it, with no way to move the bone back again. This problem is solved
by having muscles work in pairs, called antagonistic muscles.
4
For example, your elbow joint has two muscles that move your forearm up or down.
These are the biceps on the front of the upper arm and the triceps on the back of the
upper arm:
to raise the forearm, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes
to lower the forearm again, the triceps contracts and the biceps relaxes
The biceps contracts and raises the The triceps contracts and lowers the
forearm as the triceps relaxes forearm as the biceps relaxes
Another example of a pair of antagonistic muscles is found in your legs. Here your
quadriceps and hamstrings work together.
The hamstring consists of three muscles on the rear of the thigh. They extend from the
hip down into the knee. ... The quadriceps and hamstrings work together to move
your leg. When you bend your leg, the hamstring muscles contract and
the quads relax
5
Skeletal and muscular systems TEST

https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zpkq7ty/test
1 Where are blood cells made?

A. Stomach
B. Pancreas
C. Bone marrow
2 Which part of the skeleton protects the lungs?

A. The femur
B. The rib cage
C. The skull
3 What mineral makes bone strong?

A. Oxygen
B. Iron
C. Calcium
4 What are the two bones in the lower arm called?

Radius and ulna
Tibia and fibula
Femur and humerus
6
5 What is the purpose of white blood cells?

A. To carry oxygen
B. To protect against infection
C. To speed up digestion
6 Which of these is a hinge joint?

A. Shoulder
B. Hip
C. Knee
7 What is the smooth substance at the end of a bone called?

A. Cartilage
B. Tendon
C. Ligament
8 What sort of joint is the hip joint?

A. Hinge joint
B. Rotating joint
C. Ball and socket joint
9 How are muscles attached to bones?
A. Cartilage
B. Tendon
C. Ligament
10 Which two muscles are in your upper arm?

A. Biceps and triceps
B. Biceps and hamstrings
C. Hamstrings and quadriceps
=================================================================
The Musculoskeletal System (3:02 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynVRDsDC-84
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6u0u_59UDc (7:06 min)
Muscles and Movement
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zpkr82p/revision/1
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The heart is made of a unique muscle type known as cardiac muscle. The body also
has voluntary muscles that are attached to the skeleton and some involuntary
muscles that work the internal organs.
Muscle types
There are three types of muscle in the body:
1. smooth muscle – found in the internal organs and blood vessels - this is
involuntary
2. cardiac muscle – found only in the heart - this is involuntary
3. skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton - this is voluntary
Involuntary muscles are not under our conscious control which means we can't make
them contract when we think about it.
Voluntary muscles are under our conscious control so we can move these muscles
when we want to.
Question - Which muscle fiber types are not under conscious control?
Muscle fiber types
There are three different types of skeletal muscles:

(a) type I (b) type IIa (c) type IIx
Each type of muscle fiber has different characteristics which are shown in the table:
Type I Type IIa Type IIx
Speed of contraction Slow Fast Very fast
Force produced Low Medium High
Resistance to fatigue High Medium Low
Colour Red Pink White
Endurance cyclists need a high percentage of type I fibres so that their muscles can
work for the duration of a race without getting tired. These muscles are red in colour
because of the amount of capillaries that transport the oxygenated blood to the working
muscles.
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A sprinter would need a high percentage of type IIx fibers so that their muscles can
contract very quickly and produce a lot of force so that they can run very fast over a 100
m distance. However, these muscles tire very quickly so the sprinter will not be able to
run at this speed for very long.
QUESTION:
Explain which
muscle fiber type a
long distance
runner requires in
order to be
successful in their
event.
Answer
They would need a high percentage of type I muscle fibres as they contract slowly
with low force which would provide running movements at a slow pace. However, they
can keep contracting for long periods of time without fatigue (without getting tired)
which is required to run long distances.
TEST (Q 1-4 only)
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zpkr82p/test
1 Which of these muscle types are found in the heart?

A. Cardiac muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
2 Which of the following muscle types is under conscious control?
A. Cardiac muscle
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B. Smooth muscle
C. Skeletal muscle
3 Which of these muscle fibre types provides the greatest speed and force of
contraction?
A. Type I
B. Type IIa
C. Type IIx
4
Which of the following performers would need the highest proportion of type I
muscle fibres?
Marathon runner
100 m sprinter
800 m runner
1. Label the type of muscle in the following diagrams:
A B
1. Muscle Type
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
D E 10
F.
2. Is the Muscle Voluntary or

involuntary?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
3. Label the type of Joint (ball & socket or Hinge)
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4. Label the parts of the synovial joint

Synovial joint
1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Ligament
4. Synovial
membrane
5. Synovial
fluid
5. List four functions (jobs) of the human skeleton

1.
2.
3.
4.
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6. Label the major bones in the following diagram of the human skeleton, using
the words in the list given below.
1. Skull
2. Rib cage
3. Clavicle
4. Sternum
5. Humerus
6. Radius
7. Ulna
8. Femur
13
ANSWER
14
Review : Skeletal system
1. List four main functions of the skeleton:
2. List three parts of the body that the skeleton protects
3. Label the parts of the synovial Joint
4. Know the difference between the types of Joint (ball & socket or Hinge)
5. Know the difference between (a) Cartilage, Ligaments & Tendons
6. Given a diagram, Label the major bones of the human skeleton, using the words in
a list
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k6H2Vnn3o4 (skeletal system)
15

Skeletal Muscular System

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BEAM CYLD GED online Lesson4 – Skeletal & Muscular system

Skeletal & Muscular System

 Functions of the skeletal system

 What is a synovial joint

 How muscles work in pairs (antagonistic muscle pairs)

 Types of joints (hinge and ball & socket)

 Muscle types (smooth, cardiac & skeletal)

 Voluntary & involuntary muscles

The human Skeleton (4:05 min)

Skeletal and muscular systems

Function of the skeleton - The skeleton has four main functions:

 to support the body

Here are some examples of what the skeleton protects:

 the skull protects the brain

Making blood cells

There are different kinds of blood cells, including:

The synovial joint

Synovial joint (i)Hinge joint (ii) Ball & socket joint

Type of joint Examples Movement allowed

The same as opening and closing a door, with no rotation

Ball and Hip,

Skeletal and muscular systems TEST

1 Where are blood cells made?

2 Which part of the skeleton protects the lungs?

3 What mineral makes bone strong?

4 What are the two bones in the lower arm called?

5 What is the purpose of white blood cells?

6 Which of these is a hinge joint?

7 What is the smooth substance at the end of a bone called?

8 What sort of joint is the hip joint?

10 Which two muscles are in your upper arm?

The Musculoskeletal System (3:02 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6u0u_59UDc (7:06 min)

Muscles and Movement

There are three types of muscle in the body:

Muscle fiber types

There are three different types of skeletal muscles:

Type I Type IIa Type IIx

Speed of contraction Slow Fast Very fast

Force produced Low Medium High

Resistance to fatigue High Medium Low

Colour Red Pink White

TEST (Q 1-4 only)

1 Which of these muscle types are found in the heart?

1. Label the type of muscle in the following diagrams:

2. Is the Muscle Voluntary or

3. Label the type of Joint (ball & socket or Hinge)

4. Label the parts of the synovial joint

5. List four functions (jobs) of the human skeleton

Review : Skeletal system

1. List four main functions of the skeleton:

2. List three parts of the body that the skeleton protects

3. Label the parts of the synovial Joint

5. Know the difference between (a) Cartilage, Ligaments & Tendons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2k6H2Vnn3o4 (skeletal system)

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