Anatomy of Lower Extremity

Skeleton
Parta Kinandana
Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University
206 Bones, That’s all you got!
 Cranium

Clavicle
Scapula

Vertebrae Humerus
Rib Cages

Radius
Pelvic Bone Ulnae
Sacrum

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula
Anatomy of Appendicular Skeleton
Consist of :
• Upper (Superior) Extremity
• Lower (Inferior) Extremity • Pelvic Girdle
• Upper Leg (Thigh)
• Lower Leg (Tibia
Fibula)
• Ankle & Foot
Bones of
Lower Extremity
Skeletal Structure of the Lower Extremity
Bones forming the Lower Extremity
Bones of the Lower Extremity
Region Bones Individual Bones
Pelvis Os Coxae Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
Thigh Femur
Patella
Leg Tibia
Fibula
Foot Tarsals (7) Calcaneus, talus, cuboid,
navicular, cuneiform (3)
Metatarsals (5) First through fifth
Phalanges (14) Proximal (5), middle (4),
distal (5)
Figure 18-1. The bones of the lower
extremities (anterior view).
Skeletal Structure of the Hip Joint
Bones forming the Hip Joint

Acetabulum

Femoral Head
(Caput Femur)

Figure 18-2. The hip joint (anterior view).

Bones and Landmark
The Pelvic - Illium
Iliac Fossa
• Large, smooth, concave area on the internal surface to
which the iliac portion of the iliopsoas muscle attaches

Iliac Crest
• Bony part that your hands rest on when you put your
hands on your hips. Its borders are the anterior superior
iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine
(PSIS).

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

• Abbreviated as ASIS. The projection on the anterior end of
the iliac crest. The tensor fascia latae, sartorius, and Figure 18-5. Right hip bone (medial view), consists
inguinal ligament attach here. of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Bones and Landmark
The Pelvic - Illium
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
• Abbreviated as AIIS. The projection is just inferior to
the ASIS, to which the rectus femoris muscle
attaches.

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine

• Abbreviated as PSIS. It is the posterior projection on
the iliac crest.

Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine

• Abbreviated as PIIS; located just below the PSIS. Figure 18-5. Right hip bone (medial view), consists
of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Bones and Landmark
The Pelvic - Ischium
Body
• Makes up about two-fifths of the acetabulum.

Ramus
• Extends medially from the body to connect with the inferior ramus
of the pubis. The adductor magnus, obturator externus, and
obturator internus muscles attach here.

Ischial Tuberosity
• Rough, blunt projection of the inferior part of the body, which is
weight-bearing when you are sit- ting. It provides attachment for
the hamstring and adductor magnus muscles.

Spine
• Located on the posterior portion of the body between the greater
and lesser sciatic notches. It provides attachment for the
sacrospinous ligament. Figure 18-5. Right hip bone (medial view), consists
of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Bones and Landmark
The Pelvic - Pubic
Body
• Externally forms about one-fifth of the acetabulum and
internally provides attachment for the obtu- rator internus
muscle.

Superior Ramus
• Lies superior between the acetabulum and the body and
provides attachment for the pectineus muscle.

Inferior Ramus
• Lies posterior, inferior, and lateral to the body. Provides
attachment for the adductor magnus and brevis and
gracilis muscles.
Figure 18-5. Right hip bone (medial view), consists
of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Bones and Landmark
The Pelvic - Pubic
Symphysis Pubis
• A cartilaginous joint connecting the bodies
of the two pubic bones at the anterior
midline

Pubic Tubercle
• Projects anteriorly on the superior ramus
near the symphysis pubis and provides
attachment for the inguinal ligament

Figure 18-5. Right hip bone (medial view), consists

of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Bones and Landmark
Os. Coxae
Acetabulum
• A deep, cup-shaped cavity that articulates with the femur.
It is made up of nearly equal portions of the ilium, ischium,
and pubis.

Obturator Foramen
• A large opening surrounded by the bodies and rami of the
ischium and pubis and through which pass blood vessels
and nerves

Greater Sciatic Notch

• Large notch just below the PIIS that is actually made into a
foramen by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
(see Fig. 17-8). The sci- atic nerve, piriformis muscle, and
other struc- tures pass through this opening.
Figure 18-6. Right hip bone (lateral view).
Bones and Landmark
Os. Coxae

FIGURE 7.15 A comparison of (a) the male and (b)

the female pelvic girdle.
Bones and Landmark
The Femur
Head
• The rounded portion covered with articular cartilage articulating
with the acetabulum.
Neck
• The narrower portion located between the head and the
trochanters.
Greater Trochanter
• Large projection located laterally between the neck and the
body of the femur, providing attachment for the gluteus medius
and minimus and for most deep rotator muscles.
Lesser Trochanter
• A smaller projection located medially and posterior- ly just distal
to the greater trochanter, providing attachment for the iliopsoas
muscle.
Figure 18-7. Right femur.
Bones and Landmark
The Femur
Body
• The long, cylindrical portion between the bone ends;
also called the shaft. It is bowed slightly anteriorly.
Medial Condyle
• Distal medial end.
Lateral Condyle
• Distal lateral end.
Lateral Epicondyle
• Projection proximal to the lateral condyle.
Medial Epicondyle
• Projection proximal to the medial condyle.
Figure 18-7. Right femur.
Bones and Landmark
The Femur
Adductor Tubercle
• Small projection proximal to the medial epicondyle to which a
portion of the adductor magnus muscle attaches.
Linea Aspera
• Prominent longitudinal ridge or crest running most of the
posterior length.
Pectineal Line
• Runs from below the lesser trochanter diagonally toward the
linea aspera. It provides attachment for the adductor brevis.
Patellar Surface
• Located between the medial and lateral condyle anteriorly. It
articulates with the posterior sur- face of the patella. Figure 18-7. Right femur.
Skeletal Structure of the Knee Joint
Bones forming the Knee Joint

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Figure 19-1. The knee joint (lateral view).

Bones and Landmark
The Tibia

Intercondylar Eminence
• A double-pointed prominence on the proximal surface at
about the midpoint, which extends up into the
intercondylar fossa of the femur.

Medial Condyle
• The proximal medial end.

Lateral Condyle
• The proximal lateral end.

Figure 19-9. Right tibia (anterior view).

Bones and Landmark
The Tibia

Plateau
• The enlarged proximal end, including the medial
and lateral condyles and the intercondylar
eminence.
Tibial Tuberosity
• Large projection at the proximal end in the
midline. It provides attachment for the patellar
tendon.
Figure 19-9. Right tibia (anterior view).
Bones and Landmark
Other bones

Fibula
• Lateral to, and smaller than, the tibia. It is set
back from the anterior surface of the tibia,
allowing a large space for muscle attachment

Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone within the
quadriceps muscle tendon. It has a broad,
superior border and a somewhat pointed
distal portion
Figure 19-10. Right leg Figure 19-11. The patella.
(lateral view).
Skeletal Structure of the Ankle Joint
Bones forming the Ankle Joint

Cruris/Crural

Figure 20-3. Bones of the left foot (superior,

Figure 20-1. Leg bones and interosseous membrane
lateral, and medial views).
(anterior view).
Skeletal Structure of the Ankle Joint
Bones forming the foot complex

Figure 20-3. Bones of the left foot (superior, lateral, and medial views).
Skeletal Structure of the Ankle Joint
Articulation of Ankle & Foot Joint

Figure 20-8. Ankle joint (posterior view).

Figure 20-7. The two tibiofibular joints (anterior view).
Skeletal Structure of the Ankle Joint
Articulation of Ankle & Foot Joint

Figure 20-10. Subtalar joint (lateral view).

Figure 20-11. Transverse tarsal joint (superior view).

Skeletal Structure of the Ankle Joint
Articulation of Ankle & Foot Joint

Figure 20-12. Joints of the phalanges of the foot (superior

view). Note that the great toe has only two joints whereas the
four lesser toes have three.
Thank You
Om Shanti, Shanti, Shanti, Om