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Hip bone
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Main page The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone,

Hip bone
Contents pelvic bone[1] or coxal bone) is a large irregular
Current events bone, constricted in the center and expanded
Random article above and below. In some vertebrates (including
About Wikipedia humans before puberty) it is composed of three
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parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
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The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and
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together with the sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic
Help part of the spine) comprise the skeletal
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component of the pelvis – the pelvic girdle which
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surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to
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the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton, at
the sacroiliac joint. Each hip bone is connected to
Tools Position of the hip bones (shown in red)
the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the
Details
What links here primary connection between the bones of the
Related changes Identifiers
lower limb and the axial skeleton) through the
Special pages Latin Os coxae, os innominatum
large ball and socket joint of the hip.[2]
Permanent link MeSH D010384
Page information Contents [] TA98 A02.5.01.001
Cite this page
1 Structure TA2 1307
Wikidata item
1.1 Ilium FMA 16585
Print/export 1.2 Ischium
Anatomical terms of bone
Download as PDF
1.3 Pubis [edit on Wikidata]
Printable version 1.4 Pelvic brim
1.5 False pelvis, pelvic inlet, and ramus
In other projects 2 Development and sexual dimorphism
Wikimedia Commons 3 Muscle attachments
3.1 Abdominal muscles
Languages
3.2 Back muscles
‫العربية‬ 3.3 Gluteal muscles
Ελληνικά 3.4 Lateral rotator group
Español
3.5 Hamstrings
Français
3.6 Anterior compartment of thigh
Italiano
3.7 Shoulder muscles
Polski
Português
4 Clinical significance
Русский 4.1 Fractures
中文 4.2 Preparation for childbirth
 5 Evolution of the pelvis in animals
28 more
6 Additional images
Edit links
7 References
8 External links

Structure ​[ edit ]

The hip bone is formed by three

parts: the ilium, ischium, and
pubis. At birth, these three
components are separated by
hyaline cartilage. They join each
other in a Y-shaped portion of
cartilage in the acetabulum. By the
end of puberty the three regions
will have fused together, and by
the age 25 they will have ossified.
The two hip bones join each other
The skeleton of the human pelvis:
at the pubic symphysis. Together 2–4. Hip bone (os coxae)
with the sacrum and coccyx, the 1. Sacrum (os sacrum), 2. Ilium (os ilium), 3. Ischium (os ischii)
4. Pubic bone (os pubis) (4a. corpus, 4b. ramus superior, 4c. ramus
hip bones form the pelvis.[2]
inferior, 4d. tuberculum pubicum)
5. Pubic symphysis, 6. Acetabulum (of the hip joint), 7. Foramen
Ilium ​[ edit ] obturatum, 8. Coccyx/tailbone (os coccygis)
Main article: Ilium (bone) Dotted. Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim

Ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost

and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the
body and the ala or wing of ilium; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line,
the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. The body of ilium
forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S-shaped iliac
crest which is easily located through the skin. The iliac crest shows clear marks of the
attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles.[2]

Ischium ​[ edit ]
Main article: Ischium

The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and
behind the pubis. The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is
divisible into three portions: the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus. The body
forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum.

The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium, also referred to colloquially as
the "sit bone". When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity. The
gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position.[2]

Pubis ​[ edit ]
 Main article: Pubis (bone)

The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is
divisible into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the
acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which
unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis.[2] The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies
between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is
called the interpubic disc.

Pelvic brim ​[ edit ]

The pelvic brim is a continuous oval ridge of bone that runs along the pubic symphysis, pubic
crests, arcuate lines, sacral alae, and sacral promontory.[3]

False pelvis, pelvic inlet, and ramus ​[ edit ]

The false pelvis is that portion superior to the pelvic brim; it is bounded by the alae of the ilia
laterally and the sacral promontory and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly.[3]

The true pelvis is the region inferior to the pelvic brim that is almost entirely surrounded by
bone.[3]

The pelvic inlet is the opening delineated by the pelvic brim. The widest dimension of the pelvic
inlet is from left to right, that is, along the frontal plane.[3] The pelvic outlet is the margin of the
true pelvis. It is bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the ischia, and posteriorly by
the sacrum and coccyx.[3]

The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator
foramen. It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the
opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions: a medial flattened part and a narrow
lateral prismoid portion. The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and
downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and
joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.

Development and sexual dimorphism ​[ edit ]

The hip bone is ossified from eight centers: three

primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and
five secondary, one each for the iliac crest, the anterior
inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male
than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the
pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in
the male), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at
the bottom of the acetabulum.

The centers appear in the following order: in the lower

part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic
notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the
superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in
Plan of ossification of the hip bone.
the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and
Left hip bone, external surface.
fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite
separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the
ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous.

By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely
united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended
their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y-
shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more
centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about the age of twelve, between the ilium and
pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum.
The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the
intervention of this Y-shaped portion.

At about the
age of puberty,
ossification
takes place in
each of the
remaining
portions, and
they join with
the rest of the The female pelvis is wider than the
The male pelvis, formed by left and male pelvis to accommodate childbirth.
bone between
right hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
the twentieth
and twenty-fifth years. Separate centers are frequently
found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis. The
proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth.

Muscle attachments ​[ edit ]

Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic, abdominal
muscles, back muscles, all the gluteal muscles, muscles of the lateral rotator group, hamstring
muscles, two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh.

Abdominal muscles ​[ edit ]

The abdominal external oblique muscle attaches to the iliac crest.

The abdominal internal oblique muscle attaches to pecten pubis.
The transversus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic crest and pecten pubis via a
conjoint tendon

Back muscles ​[ edit ]

The multifidus muscle in the sacral region attaches to the medial surface of posterior
superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and several places to the sacrum.

Gluteal muscles ​[ edit ]

 The gluteus maximus muscle arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium,
and the rough portion of bone including the iliac crest, the fascia covering the gluteus
medius (gluteal aponeurosis), as well as the sacrum, coccyx, the erector spinae
(lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament.
The gluteus medius muscle: originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac
crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below. The gluteus
medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface.
Gluteus minimus muscle originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and from
the margin of the greater sciatic notch.

Lateral rotator group ​[ edit ]

The piriformis muscle originates from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well
as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament and part of the spine and
sacrum.
The superior gemellus muscle arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine
The obturator internus muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero-lateral wall of the
hip bone, where it surrounds the greater part of the obturator foramen, being attached to the
inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone
below and behind the pelvic brim, reaching from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen
above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front. It also arises from the pelvic
surface of the obturator membrane except in the posterior part, from the tendinous arch, and
to a slight extent from the obturator fascia, which covers the muscle.
The inferior gemellus muscle arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium,
immediately below the groove for the obturator internus tendon.
The obturator externus muscle arises from the margin of bone immediately around the
medial side of the obturator foramen, from the rami of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of
the ischium; it also arises from the medial two-thirds of the outer surface of the obturator
membrane, and from the tendinous arch.

Hamstrings ​[ edit ]

The long head biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of
the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus, and from
the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament;[4]
The semitendinosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the
ischium, by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris; it also arises
from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent
of about 7.5 cm. from their origin.
The semimembranosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the
ischium

Anterior compartment of thigh ​[ edit ]

The rectus femoris muscle arises by two tendons: one, the anterior or straight, from the
anterior inferior iliac spine; the other, the posterior or reflected, from a groove above the rim
of the acetabulum.
 The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the anterior superior iliac spine,

Shoulder muscles ​[ edit ]

The latissimus dorsi muscle attaches to the iliac crest and several places on the spine and
ribs.

Clinical significance ​[ edit ]

Fractures ​[ edit ]
Main article: Pelvic fracture

Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip
fractures, which are actually femoral fractures[5] that occur in the proximal end of the femur.

Preparation for childbirth ​[ edit ]

Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis[6] in relation to the birth of a baby in order to
detect an increased risk for obstructed labor.

Evolution of the pelvis in animals ​[ edit ]

The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to
which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at
the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to
the vertebral column.[7]

In the early tetrapods, this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the
ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod-like in form, but soon adding a larger
bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In
these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of
ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found
in most subsequent forms.[7]

In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure,
based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen is generally very small in such
animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred
to as the thyroid fenestra, which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in
mammals. In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are
usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs.[7]

In therapsids, the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relative to its position in reptiles,
so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same
pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have
merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is
much larger in ungulates and humans, in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles.
Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones, the prepubes or "marsupial
bones", which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and,
in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in
females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young.[7]

The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known
to play a role in sexual selection.[8]

Additional images ​[ edit ]

Position of the hip bones Right hip bone. Right hip bone. External
(shown in red). Animation. surface.
Animation.

Right hip bone. Internal Left hip-joint, opened by Hip bone.Medial view.
surface. removing the floor of the
acetabulum from within
the pelvis.

Hip bone. Lateral view.

References ​[ edit ]

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 231 of the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)

1. ^ "hip bone" . Merriam Webster.

2. ^ abcde Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.).
 pp. 237–239. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
3. ^ a b c d e Multiple citations to "(J Bridges)" embedded in text.[full citation needed]
4. ^ "Gray's Anatomy" . 1918. Archived from the original on 22 December 2009.
5. ^ "hip fracture" . McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. 2002 – via
TheFreeDictionary.
6. ^ "pelvimetry " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
7. ^ a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body.
Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188–192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
8. ^ Dines, James P., et al. "Sexual selection targets cetacean pelvic bones ." Evolution 68.11
(2014): 3296-3306.

External links ​[ edit ]

hip/hip%20bones/bones3 at the Dartmouth

Wikimedia Commons has
Medical School's Department of Anatomy media related to Hip bone.

v·t·e Bones of the pelvis [hide]

General sacrum · coccyx · hip bone

body arcuate line

gluteal lines posterior · anterior · inferior

Ilium anterior superior · anterior inferior · posterior superior ·
wing iliac spines
posterior inferior

other: crest · tuberosity · tubercle · fossa

body ischial spine · lesser sciatic notch

Ischium superior ramus tuberosity of the ischium

inferior ramus no substructures

body
(pubic crest) · superior ramus
(pubic tubercle · obturator crest) · inferior ramus
Pubis
(pectineal line)
acetabulum
(acetabular notch) · iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line · linea terminalis ·
ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch · Foramina
(obturator foramen · greater sciatic foramen /
Compound
greater sciatic notch · lesser sciatic foramen) · Landmarks
(pelvic inlet · pelvic brim ·
pelvic outlet)

Anatomy portal

Authority control TA98: A02.5.01.001

Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Bones of the lower limb Bones of the pelvis Irregular bones Skeletal system Pelvis

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