Industrial Ventilation vs.

IAQ

Heating
Ventilation
Air
Conditioning
Industrial Ventilation vs. IAQ

HVAC System Functions

 Heating
 Cooling
 Ventilation
 Filtration
 Dehumidification
 Humidification
 Distribution
Industrial Ventilation vs. IAQ
Industrial Ventilation vs. IAQ
Routes of Entry
• Inhalation

• Ingestion

• Absorption

• Injection
 Control Options
• Process change
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Ventilation
• Administrative control
• Personal protective equipment
Problem Characterization

AIRFLOW

EMISSION SOURCE
THE BEHAVIOR OF AIR
The Atmosphere
• Reaches 50 miles into
space.

• Pressure = 14.7
pounds per square
inch.
 Composition of Air
Percentage Composition by Volume

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Argon
 Pressure Measurement
Atmospheric Pressure Vacuum
14.7 psia
 Pressure Measurement

14.7 psia = 14.7 psia =

407in. Water 29.92 in. Mercury (Hg.)
How Do We Make Air Move ?
Pressure

• Differences in air
pressure cause
movement.
 Pressure Differential Causes
Movement

FLOW LOW HIGH

FAN
Negative Pressure = Less Than
Atmospheric
Positive Pressure = Greater
Than Atmospheric
Pressure Relationships
Pressure Terms

• Static Pressure

• Velocity Pressure

• Total Pressure
 Static Pressure

Flow SP

Static pressure
(SP) is
exerted in all
directions.
 Velocity Pressure

Flow SP VP

Velocity Pressure
(VP) is
kinetic (moving
pressure) resulting
from air flow.
 Total Pressure

Flow SP VP

TP

Total pressure
(TP) is the
algebraic sum of
the VP and SP.
 Pressure Upstream and
Downstream of the Fan

TP SP VP

Up-stream - - +

Down-stream + + +
What is use of the term
“Velocity Pressure” ?

• Determine the air

flow.

• To design the system.

• V = 4005(VP)1/2
 What is use of the term “Static
Pressure” ?
• Accelerate the air.

• Overcome resistance
to friction.
 Static Pressure and Velocity
Pressure are Mutually
Convertible
When air is accelerated, the static pressure is
converted to velocity pressure.

When air is decelerated, the velocity pressure can be

transformed back into static pressure.
 Conservation of Mass
• Mass in = Mass out.

• Air speeds up when

the duct area is
smaller.
Q = VA
Q = Cubic Feet Per Minute
V = Velocity
A = Area
 Dilution Ventilation
YES NO
• non-hazardous • toxic material
• gas, vapor, respirable • large particulate
particle • emission varies widely
• uniform time emission over time
• emissions not close to • large, point source
people emissions
• moderate climate • people in vicinity
• severe climate
• irritation or complaints
Volume Vapor Flow Rate
Estimating Dilution Air Volume
Poor Dilution
Good Dilution
 Example 4-1
What is q, the volume flow rate of
vapor formed, if 0.5 gallons of
toluene are evaporated uniformly
over an 8-hr. shift? What volume
flow rate Qd is required for dilution
to 10 ppm, if Kmixing = 2 ?
(Assume STP; d = 1.0)
What is the average face velocity of
air in a room 10ft. * 8ft. * 40ft for
these conditions?
 Strategy
Ex. 4-2
Step 1: Calculate the volume flow rate of the vapor
emitted q.
q = (387 * lbs. evaporated)/ (MW * t * d)
Note:lbs. Evaporated = gal. * 8.31 * SG
Step 2. Calculate the dilution air volume flow rate
Qd.
Qd = q * 106 * K mixing
Ca (ppm)
Step 3: Calculate the face velocity.
V face = Qd/A
Step 4: Calculate the air changes/ hour.
N = (Qd * 60)/Vr
 Purge and Buildup
• Purge and buildup
- predict
contaminant
buildup or purge
rate.
• Steady state -
equilibrium
maintained.
 Example 4-5
An automobile garage
was severely
contaminated with
carbon monoxide.

How long will it take

to purge the garage?
 Chapter 11 - Makeup Air
Balance
• Exhausted air must
be replaced.

• Negative pressure
without makeup air.
 Make up Air

• Fresh air supplied

into the breathing
zone of the
associate.
 Overcoming Negative Static
Pressure
• Changes in static • Changes in static
pressure involving pressure involving
radial (squirrel cage) axial (propeller) fans
fans cause a small cause a large change
change in the in the volumetric
volumetric flow rate. flow rate.
 Good Makeup Air

INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION 2-4

 Bad Makeup Air

INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION 2-4

Reentrainment
Reentrainment
Avoiding Reentrainment
10-50-3000 RULE
 Recirculation of Exhaust Air
• Good for non-toxic
particulate control.

• Can recover 40-60%

of heat energy.
Types of Ventilation Systems
Why Choose Local Ventilation?
• No other controls
• Containment
• Employee in vicinity
• Emissions vary with
time
• Sources large and
few
• Fixed source
• Codes
 Exercise 5-3
Form your group and try exercise 5-3.
Compare the operation to the parameters
listed below:
• No other controls available
• Hazardous contaminant
• Employee in immediate vicinity
• Emissions vary with time
• Emission sources large and few
• Fixed emission source
• Codes & standards
Components of a Local
Exhaust System
Static Pressure Review
Energy Conservation
 Basic Air Flow Equations
• Q=V*A

• TP = SP + VP

• V = 4005(VP/d)0.5
Static Pressure Loss
• Static Pressure Loss
= Kloss * VP * d
 Elbow Loss
Air moving through elbows spends
static pressure because of:
• directional change
• friction
• shock losses
• turbulent mixing
• air bunching up
• SP(loss) = K(elbow )* VP * d
Elbow Loss Ex. 5-8
What is the elbow
loss factor K(elbow)
where the elbow
radius of curvature
is R/D = 2.0 in a
smooth transition
elbow.
 Elbow Loss Exercise 5-9
What is the actual loss in inches of water of air
flowing through a 60-degree, 3-piece elbow at
V = 3440 fpm? R/D = 1.5, STP, d=1.
 Elbow Loss Exercise 5-9
• SPloss = K * VP * d

• Use Chart 13, Appendix pg. 25 for information

on a 90-degree 3- piece elbow with R/D = 1.5

• Let K = (angle/90) * K 90

• VP = (V/4005)2
 Friction Loss as a Function of
Duct Length
Friction Loss = K * VP * L * R * d
• K is a value taken from Chart #5,
appendix page 9
• VP is duct velocity pressure, in w.g.
• L is the length of the duct in feet
• d is the density correction factor
• R is roughness correction factor
 Exercise 5-10
What is the friction loss for a length of
galvanized duct with the following parameters?
D = 8in., Q = 1000scfm, L = 43 ft. R = 1.
Tee Losses
 Tee Losses Ex. 5-12
What is the estimated static pressure loss in
inches of water for a branch entry of 30 degrees
where the branch entry velocity is 4500 fpm?
Converting Static Pressure To
Velocity Pressure

At the hood, all of the available static pressure

is converted to velocity pressure and hood entry
loss.

SPh = VP + he
 Measuring Hood Static
Pressure
Measure hood static pressure 4-6 duct
diameters downstream from the hood.

4-6 D
 Hood Entry Losses
The hood entry loss is the sum total of all losses
from the hood face to the point of measurement
in the duct.

SP(loss) = K * VP * d
he = K * VP * d
 Example 6-1
What is the hood static pressure when the duct
velocity pressure is VP = 1.10 in. w.g. and the
hood entry loss is
he = 1.00 in w.g.
SPh = VP + he
SPh = 1.10+ 1.00
= -2.10 in w.g.
Vena Contracta
The greatest loss
normally occurs at
the entrance to the
duct, due to the
vena contracta
formed in the
throat of the duct.
 Hood Efficiency
A hood’s efficiency can be
described by the ratio of
actual to ideal flow. This
ratio is called the
Coefficient of Entry, Ce.

Ce = Q(actual)/Q(ideal)
Hood Static Pressure and Entry
Losses Example 6-5
The average velocity in a duct serving a hood is
V = 2000 fpm. The loss factor for the hood has
been obtained from the manufacturer as Khood
= 2.2. What are the he and SPh? (Assume
STP, d = 1)
 Hand Grinding Table
Example 6-6
Assume that a special hand
grinding table hood has
been built and the following
data have been measured:
SPh = -2.50 in w.g., V =
4000fpm, and the duct
diameter is 18 in. (Assume
STP, d=1)
 Types of Hoods
• Receiving

• Capturing

• Enclosing
Hood Types

• SLOTTED HOOD
Hood Types

• ENCLOSED HOOD
Hood Types

• ENCLOSING
HOOD
Hood Types

• CAPTURING
HOOD
Grinding Wheel Hood Example
Example 6-9
Determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh, for a grinding
wheel hood, wheel
diameter = 13in. (low
surface speed), straight
take off [sto], STP)
 EXERCISE 6-10
USEFUL FORMULAS
Q =V*A
V = 4005(VP)1/2
VP = (V/4005)2
he = K * VP
SPh = VP + he
 Exercise 6-10a
Where appropriate, determine the volume flow rate,
transport velocity, duct diameter, loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a grinding wheel hood with a wheel
diameter of 14 in. (low surface speed, tapered takeoff
[tto]. Note: the picture in the book is for a buffing
hood.
 Exercise 6-10a
Strategy

1. Use Chart 11C, appendix pg. 18 to find Q, Vtrans., K,

and Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in appendix pg. 9 to find the diameter of
the pipe needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
 Exercise 6-10b

Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he, and
SPh for a hand grinding
table 10 feet long by 2
feet wide.
Exercise 6-10b Strategy
1. Use Chart 11C, appendix
pg. 18 to find Q, Vtrans.,
K, and Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
 Exercise 6-10c

Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a band
saw used to cut wood
that has a blade width
of 1 inch.
 Exercise 6-10c Strategy
1. Use Chart 11E, appendix
pg. 20 to find Q, Vtrans.,
K, and Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
 Exercise 6-10d
Where appropriate,
determine the volume
flow rate, transport
velocity, duct diameter,
loss factor K, Ce, he,
and SPh for a bell-
mouthed hood used for
welding. X=10 in., Vc =
100 fpm, Vtrans = 3000
fpm.
Exercise 6-10d Strategy
1. Use Chart 11A, appendix
pg. 16 to find Q, K, and
Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
 Exercise 6-10e
Where appropriate,
determine the
volume flow rate,
transport velocity,
duct diameter, loss
factor K, Ce, he, and
SPh for a canopy
hood used for a hot-
liquid open surfaced
tank. P = 16 ft., X =
3 ft., Vcontrol = 125
fpm, Vtrans =
2000fpm.
 Exercise 6-10e Strategy
1. Use Chart 11B, appendix
pg. 17 to find Q, K, and
Ce.
2. Use Chart 5A in
appendix pg. 9 to find
the diameter of the pipe
needed and it’s area.
3. Calculate Vactual = Q/A
4. VP = (Vactual/4005)2
5. he = K * VP
6. SPh = VP + he
 Factors Influencing Hood
Performance

• Competition
• Mixing
• Work practices
 Canopy Hoods
• Use only for hot processes with rising air.
• Estimate initial and terminal velocities of rising air
stream.
• The volume of air exhausted from the hood must
exceed the volume of air arriving at the hood face.
• Warm rising air expands as it rises. Make the
cross-sectional area of the hood face 125% larger
than the plume of hot air.
• Avoid canopy hoods if an employee must work over
the source.
 Chapter 7
Selection and Design of
Ductwork
 Exercise 7-2
Standard air (d=1) moves through
an 8 in. galvanized duct system at
4000 fpm. Estimate VP, find the
loss factors K from the Charts, and
then estimate static pressure loss
for each component in each
branch. (Note: treat the branch
entry as two 45-degree entries and
use the ACGIH value for K on
Chart 14.)
Exercise 7-2a, Flanged Hood
Exercise 7-2b, Plain Duct Hood
Exercise 7-2c, Elbow, 3-piece
Exercise 7-2d, Elbow, 5-piece
Exercise7-2e, Elbow, 4-piece
Exercise 7-2f, Branch Entry
Exercise 7-2g, 50 ft. of Duct
 Roughness
Example 7-1
Standard air is flowing in 40 feet of a 24 in. concrete
pipe at the 4000 fpm. What is the correction factor, R?
The loss factor K?
Duct Shapes
Use round duct
whenever possible, it
resists collapsing,
provides better
aerosol transport
conditions, and may
be less expensive.
Pressure Diagrams
 Chapter 8
Fan Selection and Operation

AXIAL FANS CENTRIFUGAL FANS

• propeller fans • radial fans
• forward inclined
• backward inclined
 Fan Total Pressure
The fan total pressure (FTP) represents all energy
requirements for moving air through the ventilation
system.
The fan total pressure is often referred to as the fan
total static pressure drop.
FTP = TP outlet - TP inlet
FTP = SPout - VP out - SPin - VP in
FTP = SPout - SPin
 Exercise 8-1
Find the Fan Total Pressure
given that the SPin = -5.0 in
w.g, SPout = +0.40 in w.g.
VPin = VPout = 1.0 in. w.g.

FTP = SPout - SPin =

0.40 - (-5.0) = 5.4 in w.g.
 Exercise 8-2
Fan Static Pressure
The fan static pressure out of the fan is defined as the
fan total pressure minus the average velocity pressure
out of the fan.

FSP = Fan TP - VPout

 SOP and Fan Curves
To develop a system
curve, the fan should be
turned at different rpms
and the flow and the
absolute values of the
static pressures at the fan
are plotted.
Developing Fan Curves
SOP on Steep Part of Curve
 Example 8-1

Choose an
appropriate fan for
a system operating
point of Q = 10,000
scfm and FTP = 1.5
in. w.g.
Exercise 8-3
Find a fan and
appropriate
rpm for a fan
exhausting
15,000 cfm at a
fan TP = 2.0 in.
w.g.
 Exercise8-4
Find a suitable fan
and the
appropriate rpm
for a ventilation
system exhausting
480 cfm at a fan
TP = 13.8 in. w.g.
Commercial Fan Curves
Commercial Fan Curves
Commercial Fan Curves
System Effect Losses
Six-and-Three Rule
 Air Horsepower
Air horsepower refers to the
minimum amount of power
to move a volume of air
against the fan total
pressure. It represents the
power to get the air through
the duct system.
ahp = ( FTP * Q * d)/6356
 Brake Horsepower
Brake horsepower refers
to the actual power
required to operate the fan
so that it fulfills the job of
moving the specified cfm
against the FTP. It takes
into account fan
inefficiencies, i.e. losses in
the fan.
bhp = ahp/ME
 Shaft Horsepower
Shaft horsepower is bhp
plus any power required
for drive losses, bearing
losses, and pulley losses
between the fan and the
shaft of the motor.
shp = bhp * Kdl
 Rated Horsepower

• Rated horsepower is the

nameplate horsepower on
the motor.
 Example 8-4
What is the required power
for the system and what
rated power motor would
you use?
FTP = 5.0 in. w.g. ,
Q = 12000 scfm
ME = 0.60, Kdl = 1.10, d = 1,
f = 6356
 Exercise 8-7
Estimate the ahp, bhp,
shp, and the rated power
motor you would choose
for the following system.
Fan TP = 10.0 in. w.g.,
Q = 5000 scfm
Kdl = 1.15, STP(d=1),
f = 6356, ME = 0.65
Fan Laws
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Design
Plenum Design
BALANCING
Balancing during the
design phase means
adjusting losses in duct
runs leading to a
junction that the
predicted loss in each
run is essentially equal.
 Example 9-2
Design an local
exhaust system
based on the
criteria listed in
the example.
 Name: Project: Example 9-2 8 in. duct 7 in. duct
Row Item Source Units (US)
PLANS 1. Duct ID Plans FROM -TO A-B A-B
2. Design Q Chart 11 cfm 1000 1000
3. Transport vel. Chart 9, 11 cfm 3000 3000

4. Slotted hood? Y-R5, N-R12 NO NO

5. Slot velocity Chart 11 fpm
6. Slot area R2/R5 sq. ft.
SLOTS/ 7. Slot VP Chart 7 in. w .g.
PLENUM 8. Slot entry loss factor -1.78
9. Acceleration factor -1
10. Plenum loss factor -2.78
11. Plenum SP R7*R10

12. Duct diameter Chart 5 inches 8 7

13. Duct area Chart 5 sq. ft. 0.0391 0.2673
DUCT 14. Duct velocity R2/R13 fpm 2865 3740
15. Duct VP Chart 7 inches 0.51 0.87
16. Duct length from plans feet 25 25
17. Friction R, duct Chart 10 or from mfg 2.4 2.4
18. Friction K Chart 5 0.03 0.035

19. Friction K, duct R16*R17*R18 1.8 2.1

20. Hood entry Chart 11 0.25 0.25
LOSS 21. Acceleration 1.0 at hoods 1 1
FACTOR 22. Elbow s Chart 13 0.27 0.27
K 23. Branch entry Chart 14 ACGIH 0 0
24. System effect Chart 16 0 0
25. Other K loss 0 0
26. Total K sum R19-R25 3.32 3.62

27. Duct SP R26*R15 inch 1.69 3.15

STATIC 28. SP at FROM location R33 inch 0 0
PRESSURE 29. Jxn. VP change at FROM Chart 14 inch 0 0
30. Other SP loss inch 0 0
31. Total SP at TO R11+(R27toR30) inch 1.69 3.15

32. Is this Governing SP y/n

JUNCTION 33. Governing SP at TO location inch
34. Actual Q = [R2*(R33/R31)^0.5

35. SPh [R11+(R15*(R20+R21)) inch 0.64 1.09

HOOD 36. Total slot length plans feet
37. Slot w idth 12(R6/R36) inch
 Example 9-3
Design a local exhaust
system based upon the
criteria listed on this
page.
 Name: Group Exercise Project: Example 9-3
Row Item Source Units (US)
PLANS 1. Duct ID Plans FROM -TO A-B B-C C-D D-E
2. Design Q Chart 11 cfm 2400 1000 3421 3421
3. Transport vel. Chart 9, 11 cfm 3000 3000 3000 3000

4. Slotted hood? Y-R5, N-R12 YES NO NO NO

5. Slot velocity Chart 11 fpm 2000
6. Slot area R2/R5 sq. ft. 1.2
SLOTS/ 7. Slot VP Chart 7 in. w .g. 0.25
PLENUM 8. Slot entry loss factor 1.78
9. Acceleration factor 1
10. Plenum loss factor 2.78
11. Plenum SP R7*R10 0.7

12. Duct diameter Chart 5 inches 12 8 14 14

13. Duct area Chart 5 sq. ft. 0.7854 0.3491 1.069 1.069
DUCT 14. Duct velocity R2/R13 fpm 3056 2865 3200 3200
15. Duct VP Chart 7 inches 0.58 0.51 0.64 0.64
16. Duct length from plans feet 25 25 40 20
17. Friction R, duct Chart 10 1 2.4 1 1
18. Friction K Chart 5 0.018 0.03 0.015 0.015

19. Friction K, duct R16*R17*R18 0.45 1.8 0.6 0.3

20. Hood entry Chart 11 0.25 0.5 0 0
LOSS 21. Acceleration 1.0 at hoods 1 1 0 0
FACTOR 22. Elbow s Chart 13 0.39 0 1.95 0
K 23. Branch entry Chart 14 ACGIH 0 0.28 0 0
24. System effect Chart 16 0 0 0 0
25. Other K loss 0 0 0 0
26. Total K sum R19-R25 2.09 3.58 2.55 0.3

27. Duct SP R26*R15 inch 1.21 1.83 1.63 0.19

STATIC 28. SP at FROM location R33 inch 0 0 1.91
PRESSURE 29. Jxn. VP change at FROChart 14 inch 0 0 0.1
30. Other SP loss inch 0 0 4
31. Total SP at TO R11+(R27toR30) inch 1.93 1.83 7.64

32. Is this Governing SP y/n YES NO

JUNCTION 33. Governing SP at TO location inch 1.91
34. Actual Q = [R2*(R33/R31)^0.5 1021

35. SPh [R11+ (R15*(R20+R21) inch 1.43 0.77

HOOD 36. Total slot length plans feet 10
37. Slot w idth 12(R6/R36) inch 1.44