Jurnal 2-Compressed 3

Zootaxa 4472 (3): 401–451 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4472.3.1
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DF1A207A-4FE1-4025-93BC-A3A3458AF37E
Revision of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900, with descriptions of

twelve new species and two new subspecies (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)
ANTON V. VOLYNKIN1,3 & KAREL ČERNÝ2

1
Altai State University, Lenina Av., 61, RF-656049, Barnaul, Russia; Tomsk State University, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Soil Sci-
ence, Agriculture and Forestry, Lenina Av., 36, RF-634050, Tomsk, Russia. E-mail: volynkin_a@mail.ru
2
Tiergartenstrasse 27, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail: natura.cerny@aon.at
3
Corresponding author
Table of contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Material and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Check-list of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
The N. suffusa species-group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Nephelomilta suffusa (Hampson, 1891) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Nephelomilta taprobana (Hampson, 1901), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
The N. sumatrana species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Nephelomilta sumatrana sumatrana (van Eecke, 1927), comb. & stat. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Nephelomilta sumatrana effractoida Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
The N. admiranda species-group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Nephelomilta admiranda Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
The N. gulmargensis species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Nephelomilta gulmargensis (N. Singh, Kirti & D.P. Singh, 2015), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
The N. kanchenjunga species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Nephelomilta kanchenjunga Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
The N. effracta species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Nephelomilta wolfgangspeideli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Nephelomilta effracta (Walker, 1854), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Nephelomilta pseudoeffracta (Kirti, Joshi & N. Singh, 2013), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
The N. klapperichi species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Nephelomilta klapperichi (Daniel, 1952), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Nephelomilta ranau Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Nephelomilta pellucida (Rothschild, 1936), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The N. bana species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Nephelomilta bana Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
The N. pusilla species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Nephelomilta martini Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Nephelomilta thomaswitti Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Nephelomilta babensis (Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Nephelomilta karenkonis (Matsumura, 1930), comb. & stat. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Nephelomilta fangae Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Nephelomilta angkorensis (Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016), comb. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Nephelomilta pusilla (Wileman, 1910), comb. & stat. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Nephelomilta hortensis hortensis Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Nephelomilta hortensis fansipana Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Nephelomilta melli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
The N. chalcedona species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Nephelomilta chalcedona (Černý, 2009), comb. nov.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Nephelomilta ferruginea Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
N. diehli species-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Nephelomilta diehli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Accepted by L. Pinheiro: 20 Jul. 2018; published: 11 Sept. 2018 401

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Abstract
The genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900 is revised. The genus Kailasha Singh & Kirti, 2015 is synonymized with Neph-
elomilta. Twelve new species, N. admiranda, sp. nov. (NE India), N. kanchenjunga, sp. nov. (NE India), N. wolfgangs-
peideli, sp. nov. (S Vietnam), N. ranau, sp. nov. (Sumatra), N. bana, sp. nov. (C Vietnam), N. martini, sp. nov. (N
Vietnam), N. thomaswitti, sp. nov. (Nepal, NE India), N. fangae, sp. nov. (China: Hainan), N. hortensis, sp. nov. (N Thai-
land), N. melli, sp. nov. (E and S China), N. ferruginea, sp. nov. (Sumatra) and N. diehli, sp. nov. (Sumatra), and two new
subspecies, N. sumatrana effractoida, ssp. nov. (N India and Indochina) and N. hortensis fansipana, ssp. nov. (N Vietnam)
are described. Barsine fuscobarsine, 2016 is synonymized with Nephelomilta suffusa (Hampson, 1891). Eleven new com-
binations are established and three taxa previously treated as junior synonyms of N. effracta are upgraded to species level:
N. taprobana (Hampson, 1901), comb. nov., N. sumatrana (van Eecke, 1927), comb. & stat. nov., N. gulmargensis (N.
Singh, Kirti & D.P. Singh, 2015), comb. nov., N. effracta (Walker, 1854), comb. nov., N. pseudoeffracta (Kirti, Joshi &
N. Singh, 2013), comb. nov., N. klapperichi (Daniel, 1952), comb. nov., N. pellucida (Rothschild, 1936), comb. nov., N.
babensis (Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017), comb. nov., N. karenkonis (Matsumura, 1930), comb. & stat. nov., N. angkorensis
(Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016), comb. nov., N. pusilla (Wileman, 1910), comb. & stat. nov. Lectotypes for Chionaema ef-
fracta sumatrana van Eecke, 1927, Chionaema pellucida Rothschild, 1936 and Chionaema pusilla Wileman, 1910 are
designated.
Key words: Lithosiini, Asia, new species, new subspecies, new combination, new synonym, new status, lectotype
Introduction
The Cyana generic complex currently includes two genera, the recently described Kailasha N. Singh & Kirti, 2015
and Cyana Walker, 1854. Cyana is widely distributed in Ethiopian, Oriental, Palaearctic and Australian Regions.
The genus includes a large number of species with different forewing coloration and genitalia structures. Karisch
(2013) revised the African taxa of the genus and offered the subdivision of the genus into 24 subgenera based on
the differences in venation, configuration of androconial forewing lobes in males, pattern and genitalia structure.
The status of some of those subgenera is disputable and needs a further clarification. The subgeneric subdivision of
Asiatic members of the genus is still unclear and needs revision (under preparation by A.V. Volynkin). In his recent
revision of the New Guinean species of Cyana, de Vos (2017) resurrected the name Clerckia Aurivillius, 1882 as a
subgenus for the narrow-winged species with black and orange or black and red wing coloration, and described a
new subgenus Cryptanaema de Vos, 2017 for broad-winged species with brown or creamy and brown wing
coloration. Nevertheless, the four species-groups of Cryptanaema, which were erected by de Vos (2017), have
significantly different male genitalia structures and their subgeneric or generic position is still unclear, and needs
revision.
The genus Kailasha N. Singh & Kirti, 2015 was erected for Cyana effracta (Walker, 1854) and its allies (Kirti
& Singh 2015). The genus was revised by Bayarsaikhan et al. (2017) with the inclusion of five species. In the
course of studies on Lithosiini of South-East Asia, we discovered that this genus is a junior synonym of the genus
Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900, which was previosly erroneously treated as a member of the ‘Asura / Miltochrista
generic complex’ (Volynkin 2016), and includes much more species, many of which are new for science. The
present paper is devoted to the revision of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900.
Material and methods
Abbreviations used: CAV = private collection of Anton Volynkin (Barnaul, Russia); CKC = private collection of
Karel Černý (Innsbruck, Austria); EIHU = Entomological Institute, Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Japan); MWM/
ZSM = Museum Witt Munich / The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Museum Witt München / Zoologische
Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany); NHMUK = Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum of
402 · Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press VOLYNKIN & ČERNÝ
Natural History, London, UK); PUDZES = the Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences Museum,
Punjabi University (Patiala, Punjab, India); ZFMK = Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig
(Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany); ZMA = Naturalis Biodiversity Center
(former Zoölogisch Museum van Amsterdam, Leiden, The Netherlands); ZMB = Museum of Natural History,
Berlin (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany). The genitalia were dissected and mounted in euparal on glass
slides. The photos of imagoes were taken using the camera Nikon D3100/AF-S Nikkor, 18–55 mm. The photos of
genitalia where taken by the same camera attached to a microscope with an LM-scope adapter. In descriptions of
wing pattern, the standard nomenclature of Noctuoidea pattern elements was used (Holloway 2001; Kononenko
2010).
Genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900
Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum 2: 468. Type species: Lyclene
suffusa Hampson, 1891, by the original designation.
= Kailasha N. Singh & Kirti, 2015, in Kirti & Singh, Arctiid Moths of India 1: 79 (Type species: Nephelomilta sumatrana
effractoida ssp. nov. (=Barsine effracta sensu Kirti & Singh (2015), nec Walker (1854)), syn. nov.
Remarks. 1. Members of the recently described genus Kailasha differ from Nephelomilta suffusa, the type species
of Nephelomilta by their white forewing coloration with the red or reddish-yellow pattern (whereas in N. suffusa
the forewing ground color is reddish and the pattern is fuscous) but the ground plans of the male and female
genitalia structures of these two taxa have no difference of generic level. Therefore we synonymize here Kailasha
with Nephelomilta. 2. As many species of the genus have a very similar external appearance and in many cases can
be determined only by the genitalia structures, numerous records of ‘Cyana effracta’ (e.g., Hampson 1894; 1900;
Fang 2000, Kishida 1993; 1994; 2010; Dubatolov et al. 2012, etc.) are doubtful and most probably belong to
several different species.
Diagnosis. Species of the genus Nephelomilta (Figs. 1–147) long time were treated as members of Cyana
(Figs. 148–151) due to the presence of the costal androconial lobe on the forewing underside of males, the similar
whitish forewing ground color with the reddish pattern, the presence of the medial costal angle and the heavily
sclerotized ventral costal plate in the medial part of the valve, which has the ampulla apically (such ampulla is
absent or more or less developed in different species-groups of Cyana). Nevertheless, the genitalia of Nephelomilta
have the following apomorphic features distinguishing them from those of Cyana: (1) the costa is heavily
sclerotized, long, reaches the valva apex, often with one or two lobes or processes apically (whereas in Cyana the
costa is weakly sclerotized, short, without processes apically, and the valva apex is membranous); (2) the distal
section of the sacculus is fused with the main part of the valve, only a short subapical process is present in many
cases (whereas in Cyana the sacculus with a long, robust distal process well separated from the main part of the
valve); (3) in the female genitalia there are two separated, sack-like pheromone glands situated ventrally-laterally
(whereas in Cyana the pheromone glands are unpaired, have two anterior lobes, situated ventrally, like in taxa of
the ‘Asura / Miltochrista generic complex’). In addition, in Nephelomilta, the female genitalia have the large
clusters of numerous robust spines (while in the most Cyana there are only signa or sclerotized plates or bands of
different size and shape; only some African species have narrow bands or small clusters of spines). According to
the male and female genitalia structure, the genus is subdivided here into eleven species-groups.
Redescription. Adults. Male forewing with modified venation and androconial pocket on underside at costa.
Forewing coloration mostly whitish with red pattern, in some groups brownish red, ochreous brown, yellow or
rusty- or reddish-brown with fuscous pattern. Forewing pattern consists of subbasal, antemedial, medial,
postmedial and terminal lines, three large spots in subterminal area, and medial and discal spot (Fig. 7). In some
groups, pattern modified to broad shadows, which may be connected. Male genitalia. Uncus long and slender,
almost straight or slightly S-like curved, with claw-shaped tip; tegumen medium-long and broad; juxta broad, X-
shaped, with narrow and short apical lobes; vinculum short, U-shaped. Valve basally narrowed; costa moderately
sclerotized, its medial angle more or less developed; distal section of costa with more or less developed apical lobe
and trigonal ventral-apical process directed ventrally; ventral plate of costa weakly sclerotized and broad, trigonal;
ampulla present, from short and trigonal to very long, lobe-like; sacculus often with subapical process, its apical
section reaches the costa (except the N. kanchenjunga species-group); distal membranous lobe of valve present,
REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 403

sometimes not developed. Aedeagus short, moderately broad; carinal plate heavily sclerotized and armed with one
or several dens or weakly sclerotized, band-like (the N. sumatrana species-group); subbasal diverticulum usually
well-developed, globular; medial diverticulum elongated, often with cluster of small cornuti apically; distal
diverticulum broad, globular, with a cluster of very small, trigonal cornuti. Female genitalia. Pheromone glands
large, sack-like, situated latero-ventrally (small in the N. suffusa and N. sumatrana species-groups); apophyses
thin; antevaginal plate often present (absent in the N. suffusa and N. sumatrana species-groups); ostium bursae
broad; ductus bursae elongated, dorso-ventrally flattened, membranous (in the N. suffusa and N. sumatrana
species-groups) or evenly sclerotized; antrum funnel-like (in the N. sumatrana species-group) or absent. Corpus
bursae pear-like, its medial section with clusters of short but robust spinules; anterior section membranous, with
elliptical signum covered with small dens, bisected by line-like concavity and surrounded by weak granulation;
appendix bursae globular, membranous, situated postero-laterally.
Distribution. The genus is widely distributed in Hindostan, Sri Lanka, Himalaya, southern China, Indochina
and Sundaland. No members of the genus are known from the Philippines including Palawan.
Below we present a check-list of the genus, accompanied by data on species distribution.
Check-list of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900
N. suffusa species-group
– suffusa (Hampson, 1891) (South India)
= fuscobarsine N. Singh & Kirti, 2016, syn. nov.
– taprobana (Hampson, 1901), comb. nov. (Sri Lanka)
N. sumatrana species-group
– sumatrana sumatrana (van Eecke, 1927), comb. & stat. nov. (Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo)
– sumatrana effractoida Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov. (North and North-East India, Indochina)
N. admiranda species-group
– admiranda Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (North-East India)
N. gulmargensis species-group
– gulmargensis (N. Singh, Kirti & D.P. Singh, 2015), comb. nov. (Nepal, North India, West Myanmar)
N. kanchenjunga species-group
– kanchenjunga Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (North-East India)
N. effracta species-group
– wolfgangspeideli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (South Vietnam)
– effracta (Walker, 1854), comb. nov. (Nepal, North-East India)
– pseudoeffracta (Kirti, Joshi & N. Singh, 2013), comb. nov. (North-East India)
N. pellucida species-group
– klapperichi (Daniel, 1952), comb. nov. (South-East China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar)
– ranau Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (Sumatra)
– pellucida (Rothschild, 1936), comb. nov. (Java)
N. bana species-group
– bana Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (Central Vietnam)
N. pusilla species-group
– martini Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (North Vietnam)
– thomaswitti Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (Nepal, North-East India)
– babensis (Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017), comb. nov. (Vietnam, Laos)
– karenkonis (Matsumura, 1930), comb. & stat. nov. (Taiwan)
– fangae Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (China: Hainan)
– angkorensis (Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016), comb. nov. (South-East Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam)
– pusilla (Wileman, 1910), comb. & stat. nov. (Taiwan)
– hortensis hortensis Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (North Thailand)
– hortensis fansipana Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov. (North Vietnam)
– melli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (East and South China)
N. chalcedona species-group
– chalcedona (Černý, 2009), comb. nov. (West and South Thailand, South Laos, Malay Peninsula)
– ferruginea Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (Sumatra)
N. diehli species-group
– diehli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov. (Sumatra)
The N. suffusa species-group
Diagnosis. Species of the species-group are characterized by the brownish red or ochreous forewing coloration.
For the male genitalia the combination of such features as the absence of an apical costal lobe, the presence of the
ventral-apical costal process, the absence of a subapical saccular process, and the absence of spines on the medial
diverticulum of the vesica is characteristic. The female genitalia resemble those of the N. sumatrana species-group
by the small pheromone glands situated ventrally and the absence of an antevaginal plate, but the long and heavily
sclerotized ductus bursae is unique within the genus; in addition, the apophyses anteriores in the N. suffusa species-
group are much shorter than the apophyses posteriores, like in other species-groups, except for the N. sumatrana
species-group.
Description of external morphology. Head brownish red; thorax blackish with two dark reddish spots;
abdomen blackish, with admixture of brownish red scales. Forewing coloration brownish red or ochreous brown,
with fuscous pattern which is variable within species; subbasal line as spot; antemedial line angled in cell, medial
line angled in cell, strongly broadened posteriorly, often connected with antemedial line; postmedial line as curved
broad shadow with slightly wavy margins, may be interrupted into several diffuse spots; three large spots in
subterminal area, may be connected with postmedial shade; terminal line interrupted into row of small spots on
veins; medial spot of cell diffuse, often connects antemedial and postmedial line; discal spot as complex of two
dots in males which usually connected with medial line, and V-shaped complex of three dots in females which
sometimes merged into V-shaped spot; cilia reddish brown or ochreous brown, with fuscous dots opposite veins.
Hindwing reddish brown or ochreous brown, with more or less developed fuscous suffusion; discal spot broad,
diffuse; cilia ochreous or blackish brown.
Nephelomilta suffusa (Hampson, 1891)

(Figs.1–4, 84, 126)
Lyclene suffusa Hampson, 1891, Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British
Museum 8: 49, pl. 139, fig. 18 (Type locality: "the Nilgiri District of Southern India" [Nilgiris, W slopes]).
= Barsine fuscobarsine N. Singh & Kirti, 2016, Arctiid Moths of India 2: 84, text fig. (Type locality: [South India] "Kerala,
Muccali"), syn. nov.
Type material examined. Holotype of Lyclene suffusa (Fig. 1): ♀ (without left wings, antennae and abdomen),
printed label “Nilgiris, Hampson Coll., 89–129” / handwritten label “Lyclene suffusa Hampson type” / handwritten
label "H" / round printel label with red circle “Type” / printed label with QR-code “NHMUK010604420” (Coll.
NHMUK); photograph of the holotype of Barsine fuscobarsine (Fig. 2): India, Kerala, Muccali, 20.IX.2004 (Coll.
PUDZES).

Other material examined. 1 ♂, 5 ♀, S India: T.R. Bell B.M.1934-394 / Kaorage [?, illegibly written] 1909,
slide BMNH(E) Arct-6558♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, Indes Orient., Trichinopoly, R.P.G. Castets / Ex
Oberthüк Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927–3, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6557♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Hindostan
Mérid., Trichinopoly, R.P. Castets / Ex Oberthüк Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927–3 (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, S India: T.R. Bell
B.M.1934–394 / Santhal [?, illegibly written], 19.XI.[18]97 (Coll. NHMUK).
Remark. The width of blackish transverse lines and shadows of the forewing are highly variable; the forewing
discal spot in females varies from three dots to a whole V-like spot; the hindwing ground color varies from reddish
brown with a fuscous suffusion to almost black. The dark form of the species has been recently described as
Barsine fuscobarsine N. Singh & Kirti, 2016 (Kirti & Singh 2016). Both holotype and paratype of fuscobarsine
have the hindwings black with a slight reddish-brownish suffusion, whereas the holotype of suffusa and the other
specimens examined have the reddish brown hindwings with a fuscous suffusion. Nevertheless, the male genitalia
of the holotype of fuscobarsine (Kirti & Singh 2016: 84) have no differences from those of the paler specimens of
suffusa therefore here we synonymize Barsine fuscobarsine with Nephelomilta suffusa. The specimens of suffusa
from the NHMUK collection, including the holotype, are old and have the reddish coloration almost completely
faded. Nevertheless, in the original description of Lyclene suffisa, Hampson (1891) describes its forewing ground
color as 'pale red'. The real reddish coloration is well-visible in the fresh holotype and paratype specimens of
Barsine fuscobarsine.
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11–11.5 mm in males and 11.5–12.5 mm in females. The species differs
externally from all other congeners by its forewings with the reddish ground color and the fuscous pattern, and the
hindwings black or brown with the fuscous suffusion. In the male genitalia, the shape of the valve resembles that of
members of the N. sumatrana species-group, but the sacculus lacks the subapical process, and the medial
diverticulum is broad and short, without spines. The female genitalia are similar to those of the N. sumatrana
species-group due to their small pheromone glands and absence of an antevaginal plate, but the ductus bursae is
evenly sclerotized and the apophyses anteriores are significantly shorter than the apophyses posteriores (whereas in
the N. sumatrana species-group the antrum is sclerotized, and the anterior section of ductus bursae is
membranous).
Distribution. The species is known from South India.
Nephelomilta taprobana (Hampson, 1901), comb. nov.

(Figs. 5, 85)
Gymnasura taprobana Hampson, 1901, The annals and magazine of natural history (7) 8: 184 (Type locality: [Sri Lanka]
"Ceylon, Matelé").
Type material examined. Holotype (by monotypy) (Figs. 5, 85): ♂, printed label "Matale Nova" / handwritten
label Gymnasura taprobana type ♂. Hmpsn." / printed round label with a red circle "Type" / printed label with QR-
code "NHMUK010598143", slide BMNH(E) Arct-6582 / NHMUK010313171 Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 7.5 mm in the male. This is the smallest species within the genus.
Nephelomilta taprobana differs externally from other congeners by its small size, and the forewing ground color
ochreous with a fuscous pattern. The male genitalia are similar to those of N. suffusa, but can be easily
distinguished by the narrower distal section of costa with the ventral-apical process much narrower, claw-shaped
and apically pointed, the significantly smaller ampulla, which does not reach the ventral margin of the valve, the
weaker sclerotized plate of the carina, and the much smaller, spine-like cornuti on the distal diverticulum of the
vesica.
Female is unknown.
Distribution. Endemic of Sri Lanka Island.
The N. sumatrana species-group
Diagnosis. The sexual dimorphism is more strongly developed than in other subgenera: in the N. sumatrana
species-group, females are significantly larger than males. The male genitalia of the species-group are very similar
to those of the N. suffusa species-group by to the uncus S-like curved, the broad and rounded apical section of the
costa with the broad, trigonal ventral-apical process, and the very broad ventral plate of the costa directed ventrally
and having the small trigonal ampulla, but unlike the N. suffusa species-group, the subapical saccular process in the
N. sumatrana species-group is present, the carinal plate of aedeagus is band-shaped, weakly sclerotized and has no
dentation, and the medial diverticulum of the vesica has a cluster of thin spinules. The female genitalia of the N.
sumatrana species-group are unique within the genus in the apophyses anteriores of equal length as the apophyses
posteriores. With the exception of the length of the apophyses anteriores, the female genitalia of the N. sumatrana
species-group are mostly similar to those of the N. suffusa species-group in the pheromone glands very small and
situated dorsally, and the absence of a postvaginal plate, but the ductus bursae in the N. sumatrana species-group is
clearly subdivided into the heavily sclerotized antrum and the anterior membranous section, whereas in the N.
suffusa species-group the ductus bursae is evenly sclerotized.
Description of external morphology. Body covered with whitish scales. Forewing with whitish ground color
and pattern varying from red to orange and consisting of subbasal line W-like dentate and medially broadened,
antemedial line loop-like curved between veins R and 1A, broad medial and postmedial lines narrowed and
smoothly curved between veins R and 1A, three broad spots in submarginal area, terminal line interrupted into
spots on veins which sometimes merged in line, broad medial spot in cell between antemedial and medial lines, and
discal spot presented as complex of two spots of different size in males and V-like situated three spots in females;
cilia creamy whitish. Hindwing creamy whitish, sometimes with greyish suffusion; discal spot broad, dark grey,
diffuse; cilia creamy whitish.
Nephelomilta sumatrana sumatrana (van Eecke, 1927), comb. & stat. nov.
(Figs.7–12, 86–88, 127, 128)
Chionaema effracta sumatrana van Eecke, 1927, Zoölogische Mededelingen 10: 104; 1926, ibidem 9: pl. 4, fig. 12a, 12b
(without legend) (Type locality: [Sumatra] "Siantar, Sum. O. k. … Fort de Kock").
Type material examined. Lectotype (designated herein) (Fig. 7): ♂, “J.B. Corporaal, Sumatra’s O.K., Siantar
(printed), 30.XII.[19]20 (handwritten), 400 M (printed)” / “TYPE. (Handwritten), Museum Leiden (printed),
Chionaema effracta sumatrana (handwritten ), Det.: (handwritten) V-E ♂” (handwritten ) / “Cat. No. (printed) 1
(handwritten)”, printed red label “Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Syntype ♂, Chionaema effracta Walker, 1854 ssp.
sumatrana Van Eecke, 1927, Zoölogische Mededelingen 10: 104, EREBIDAE, Arctiinae, Lithosiini” / printed
label with QR-code “RMNH.INS.910399”, slide de Vos (Coll. ZMA). Paralectotypes: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same labels as in
the lectotype, Cat. Nos 2–4 (Coll. ZMA); 1 ♀, Fort de Kock (Sumatra), 920 M, April 1921, leg. E. Jacobson /
TYPE. Museum Leiden, Chionaema effracta sumatrana, Det.: V-E ♀ / 3 82 / Cat. No. 5 / printed red label
“Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Syntype ♀, Chionaema effracta Walker, 1854 ssp. sumatrana Van Eecke, 1927,
Zoölogische Mededelingen 10: 104, EREBIDAE, Arctiinae, Lithosiini” / label with QR-code RMNH.INS.910400,
slide de Vos (Coll. ZMA); 4 ♂, Fort de Kock (Sumatra), 920 M, April 1921, leg. E. Jacobson / TYPE. Museum
Leiden, Chionaema effracta sumatrana, Det.: V-E ♂ / 3 83 / Cat. Nos 6–9 (Coll. ZMA).
Other material examined. INDONESIA: 10 ♂, Indonesia, North Sumatra, 20 km NE Sipirok, 1350 m, Lake
Marsabut, 8.I.1994, leg. Karel Černý, slide AV2849♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 17 ♂, Indonesia, North Sumatra, 15
km NE Prapat, HW 4, 1150 m, 3–6.I.1994, leg. Karel Černý, slide AV4150♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Sumatra,
Prapat, 1250 m, Diehl, 7.I.1972 leg. (Coll. CKC); 3 ♂, North Sumatra, Prapat, HW 2, 30 km S Pematang Siantar,
2.48°N 98.55°E, 30.VIII-28.IX.1991, damaged primary forest, 1050 m, Graul & Schintlmeister [leg.] (Coll. CKC);
3 ♂, Indonesia, Sumatra (Batakland), HW 2, 1050 m, 2°47’N 89°56’E, 13–31.III.1993, [leg.] Dr. R. Brechlin, slide
AV4148♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀ Indonesia, N Sumatra, Prapat, Holzweg 2, 29.V.1986, leg. Dr. Diehl (Coll.
CKC); 1 ♀, N Sumatra, Prapat, Holzweg 3, 25.VI.1984, leg. Dr. Diehl (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀, same locality and
collector, but 27.VIII.1984, slide AV4154♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, N Sumatra, SW Toba Lake, Tolo, 1150 m,
21.VII.1984, Dr. Diehl leg (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, N Sumatra, Prapat, HW 2, 1150 m, 16.III.1989, Dr. Diehl leg, HS
coll. Kobes (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia, Sumatra, Simalungun, Tiga Dolok, 98°59’E 2°46’N, 1050 m, 16.VI.1986,
leg Plössl (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, [Indonesia ] N Sumatra, Simalungun, Prapat, HW 3, 3.III.1984, Dr. Diehl leg.. slide
AV4149♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); MALAYSIA: 2 ♂, Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu, 1580 m, Kundasang,
25.I.–10.II.2017, 6°00.422’E 116°32.045’E, leg. Thomas Ihle, slides AV4135♂, AV4136♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC);

1 ♀, Malaysia, Sabah, Mt. Kinabalu near Kundasan, 05.99547°N 116.5502°E, agrocenosis on the edge of the
secondary mountain rainforest, 1522 m, light trap, 9.VIII.2004 leg. M. Hoffmann, slide AV4137♀ Volynkin (Coll.
CKC); 6 ♂, W Malaysia, Pahang distr., Tanah Rata env., 1550–1650 m, 1–29.III.2009, leg. Karol Bucsek (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality and collector, but 10–24.IV.2010 (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂, Malaysia,
Pahang distr., Cameron Highlands, Tanah Rata env., 1450–1500 m, 4°28’25.3’’N, 101°22’43.7’’E, 2–23.X.2012,
leg. Karol Bucsek, slide MWM 31641 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, same locality and collector, but 10–
24.IV.2010, slide MWM 31645 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 23 ♂, 1 ♀, Malaysia, Perak, N Cameron
Highlands, 7 km S of road 4, 5°33’06.02’’ N, 101°36’44.42’’ E, 750–800 m, 25.III.–2.IV.2014, leg. Karol Bucsek,
slides MWM 31643 (♂), MWM 31644 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Malaysia, Pahang distr., 30 km
NE Raub, Lata Lembik, 3°56’N, 101°38’E, 200–400 m, 22.IV.–15.V.2002, S. Jendek & O. Šauša leg. (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Malaysia, Perak, 50 km NE Genik (aerial part), Belum-Temenggor: Titiwangsa, 5°36’17.4’’N,
101°32’34.0’’E, 30.III.–13.IV.2015, alt. 1100 m, S. Jendek & O. Šauša leg. (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂, Malaysia,
Pahang distr., Cameron Highlands, Kampung Kuala Boh vill. env., N4°27.9’ E101°34.8’, 850–1050 m, 26.III.–
3.IV.2001, L. Bucsek leg. (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10.5–12 mm in males and 15–16 mm in females. N. sumatrana is a variable
species: the size of moths, the hue of reddish pattern, the intensity of the dark suffusion of the hindwings, the width
of the valve, and the size of the medial and distal diverticula in the male genitalia vary widely within the same
subspecies. For the nominate subspecies the more orange hue of the forewing pattern, the more intense dark
suffusion on the hindwings, and the smaller signum in the female genitalia are characteristic.
Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra Island) and Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Bucsek 2012, as effracta) and
Borneo Island (Holloway 2001, as effracta).
Nephelomilta sumatrana effractoida Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov.

(Figs.13–16, 89, 90, 129, 130)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 13, 89): ♂, “India W[est] B[engal], Darjeeling, 5 km oberh. [above] Rambi, 800
m, 30.VII.1990, leg. W. Thomas”, slide AV2347♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK, ex coll. CKC).
Paratypes: INDIA: 1 ♂, India: Lt. Col. G.T. Oakes / Brit. Mus. 1925-463., slide BMNH(E) Arct-6535♂
Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, [NE India, Meghalaya] Khasia Hills, Assam, Nissary (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂,
39 ♀, Khasis, Nat. Coll. (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Khasis, VI.1895, Nat. Coll. (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, Khasis, IV.1896,
Nat. Coll. (Coll. NHMUK); 2 ♀, India, Sikkim, Pemayangtse, 2000 m, 23–28.VIII.1990, leg. W. Thomas (Coll.
CKC); 1 ♀, same data, slide AV2560♀ Volynkin (NHMUK, ex coll. CKC); 12 ♂, 4 ♀, India W[est] B[engal],
Darjeeling, 5 km above Rambi, 800 m, 21.VII.1990, leg. W. Thomas (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, India W[est] B[engal],
Darjeeling, Manjitar, 700 m, 1.VIII.1990, leg. W. Thomas, slide AV2559♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, India,
W.[est] B.[engal], Darjeeling, 5 km above Rambi, 800 m, 21.VII.1990, leg. W. Thomas, slide MWM 31650
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, NE India, Assam, Pan Bari Reserve Forest, 27°08'N, 94°00'E, 4–
7.VII.1997, leg. Sinjaev & Murzin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, NE India, Assam, Kaziranga Wild Life, Pan Bari
Reserve Forest, 26°45'N, 93°10'E, 100 m, 12–21.XI.1997, leg. V. Siniaev & M. Murzin, slide MWM 31649 (♂)
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, NE India, Assam, Kaziranga Wild Life Res., 27°08'N, 93°56'E, 200 m, 2–
3.VII.1997, leg. Siniaev (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, India W[est] B[engal], Darjeeling, 5 km above Rambi, 800 m,
21.VII.1990, leg. W. Thomas, slide MWM 31650 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, NE India, W
Meghalaya, Umran, 33 km N Shillong, 26°06’N, 92°23’E, 800 m, 14–23.VII.1997, leg. Sinjaev & Afonin, slides
ZSM 35/2017 (♂), ZSM 36/2017 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, India, Sikkim, Pemayangtse, 1200 m,
above Rimbi, light-trap, 26.VIII.1988, leg. W. Thomas (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♀, NE India, Assam, W Meghalaya,
Garo Hills, Nokrek National Park, 25°40'N, 91°04'E, 1150 m, 2–13.VII 1997, leg. Afonin & Sinajev (Coll. MWM/
ZSM); THAILAND: 8 ♂, C Thailand, Saraburi [prov.], Khao Yai NP, Khao Khieo, 752 m, 14°24’20’’N,
101°22’14’’E, 1.VI.2005, leg. K. Černý, slides AV2845♂, AV2846♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 5 ♂, SW Thailand,
Ranong [prov.], Ranong, 380 m, 10°01’32’’N, 98°40’13’’E, 17, 20.XI.2006, leg. K. Černý, slide AV2557♂
Volynkin (Colls. CKC, CAV); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, SW Thailand, Chumphon prov., Pa Toh, Ban Lang Tang, 162 m,
9°46’5’’N, 98°46’59’’E, 19, 21.XI.2006, leg. K. Černý, slides AV2847♂, AV4159♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, 1
♀, SW Thailand, Chumphon prov., Pa Toh distr., Ban Lang Tang, 162 m, 9°46’5’’N, 98°46’59’’E, 7.XII.2005, leg.
K. Černý, slides AV4156♂, AV2848♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀, same locality and collector, but 7.XII.2005
(Coll. CKC); 2 ♂, SW Thailand, Surat Thani prov., Khao Sok NP, 89 m, 8°54’16”N, 98°31’52”E, 5.XII.2005, leg.
K. Černý, slide AV4160♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀, SW Thailand, Surat Thani prov., Khao Sok NP, 199 m,
8°53’23”N, 98°30’25”E, 6.XII.2005, leg. K. Černý (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, SW Thailand, Surat Thani prov., Khao Sok
NP, 89 m, 8°54’16”N, 98°31’52”E, 23.XI.2005, leg. K. Černý, slide AV4158♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, S
Thailand, Betong prov., Gunung Cang dun vill, Yala dist, 25.III.–22.IV.1993, J. Horák leg. (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, 4 ♀,
N Thailand, Chiang Mai prov., between Chiang Dao and Kariang, 900 m, 98°48’E; 19°25’N, 26.X.2002 leg B.
Herczig & G. Ronkay, slides AV2842♂, AV2843♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, W. Thailand, Tak [prov.], Doi
Mussoe, 812 m, 16°45.369’N, 98°56.4’E, V.2014, leg. T. Ihle, slide AV2856♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, W
Thailand, Tak [prov.], Doi Mussoe, 821 m, 16°45.317’N, 98°56.438’E, 11.V.2008, leg. K. Černý (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂,
Chae Son NP 1200 m, Chiang Mai [prov.], Thailand, 26.IX.2008 leg. Kenichiro Nakao (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Thailand,
Chiang Mai prov., Doi Inthanon NP., 39 km road N of Chong Thong, 1820 m, lower mont. forest, 1–3.VI.1998, leg.
Dr. R. Brechlin, slide MWM 31666 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, SW Thailand, Chumphon prov., Pa Toh
distr., Ban Lang Tang, 162 m, 9°46’5’’N, 98°46’59’’E, 7.XII.2005, leg. K. Černý, slide ZSM Arct. 43/2017 (♂)
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); LAOS: 1 ♂, S Laos, Prov. Khammouane, Phu Hin Bun, 500 m, 18°10.435’N
104°29.042’E, V.2014, leg. T. Ihle, slide AV2558♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); VIETNAM: 2 ♂, Vietnam, Prov. Nghe
An, Distr. Que Phong, Ban Khom, 280 m, 19°40.5’N 104°54.1’E, 21–23.I.1999, leg. G. Ronkay, slide MWM
31674 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 8 ♂, Vietnam, Prov. Tuyen Quang, Na Hang Nature Reserve, 300 m,
105°5’E, 22°3’N, 22.II.–5.III.1997, leg. G. Csorba, slide MWM 31675 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 5 ♂, N
Vietnam, 200 m, Ben En Nat. Park, 40 km SW Than Hoa, 18.40’ N 105.40’E, 22–30.XI.1994, leg. Sinjaev &
Simonov, slides MWM 31676 (♂), ZSM Arct. 44/2017 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM);
Remark. Long time the subspecies was erroneously considered by authors as N. effracta (Holloway 2001;
Kirti & Singh 2015; Bayarsaikhan & Bae 2016; Bayarsaikhan et al. 2017).
Diagnosis. The subspecies widely varies in its size: the length of forewing is 9.5–11.5 mm in males and 14–
17.5 mm in females. N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. differs from the nominate subspecies in its red forewing
pattern, the paler hindwings and the significantly larger signum in the female genitalia. The male genitalia of two
subspecies have no significant differences.
Distribution. North and North-East India, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam.
Etymology. The subspecies name refers to the long time confusion of it with N. effracta.
The N. admiranda species-group
Diagnosis. The coloration and the pattern are similar to those of the N. sumatrana species-group. In the male
genitalia, the N. admiranda species-group differs from other species-groups in the combination of such features as
the broad, almost elliptical valve, the presence of the ventral-apical costal process, the thin, spike-shaped distal-
ventral costal process, the ventral costal plate directed at a small angle to the costa, the very large ampulla, the
absence of a subapical saccular process, and the extremely long and broad medial diverticulum of vesica armed
with spines apically. In the female genitalia, the fascia-shaped, inflated postvaginal plate and the reduction of the
appendix bursae are unique within the genus.
Nephelomilta admiranda Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs.17, 18, 91, 92)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 17, 91): ♂, “NE India, Assam, Pan Bari Reserv [Reserve] Foorest [Forest],
27°08'N, 94°00'E, 4–7.VII.1997, leg. Sinjaev & Murzin”, slide MWM 31652 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Paratypes: 3 ♂, NE India, Assam, Nambor Reserve Forest, Garampani, h=100 m, 26°30'N, 93°56'E, 21–
29.XI.1997, leg. V. Siniaev & M. Murzin, slides MWM 31651 (♂), MWM 31736 (♂), ZSM Arct. 30/2017 (♂)
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10.5–11 mm in males. The forewing pattern is very similar to that of other
small or medium-sized congeners with red pattern (e.g., N. effracta, N. effractoida and N. gulmargensis also known
from NE India), but the transverse lines are narrower. A reliable identification is possible only by the genitalia

structure. The male genitalia of N. admiranda differ clearly from those of other congeners by the medially curved
uncus, the almost elliptical valve (whereas in other Nephelomilta species the valve is more or less elongated), the
very narrow distal section of the costa with the ventral-apical process short, thin, apically pointed, and directed
distally (only N. taprobana has similar thin and pointed process, but it is directed ventrally), the extremely large,
spearhead-like ampulla (whereas in other congeners the ampulla is short and trigonal), and the unique vesica
configuration characterized by the combination of the small distal and the extremely long medial diverticula.
The female is unknown.
Distribution. North-East India (Assam).
Etymology. 'Admiranda' means 'astonishing' in Latin. The species name refers to its male genitalia
characterized by a complex of features unique in the genus.
The N. gulmargensis species-group
Diagnosis. The coloration and the pattern are similar to those of the N. sumatrana species-group. The species-
group is similar to the N. admiranda species-group, but its male genitalia differ in the significantly narrower valve,
the short and rounded distal-ventral costal process directed ventrally, the short, robust and rounded ampulla, and
the much shorter and narrower medial diverticulum of the vesica.
Nephelomilta gulmargensis (N. Singh, Kirti & D.P. Singh, 2015), comb. nov.
(Figs.19–22, 93, 131)
Kailasha gulmargensis N. Singh, Kirti & D.P. Singh, 2015, in Kirti & Singh, Arctiid Moths of India 1: 81 (Type locality: [NW
India] “Kashmir: Gulmarg”).
Type material examined. Photograph of the holotype: ♂, Kashmir: Gulmarg, 13.v.2013 (Coll. PUDZES).
Other material examined. INDIA: 22 ♂, 3 ♀, NE India, W Meghalaya, Umran, 33 km N Shillong, 26°06’N,
92°23’E, 800 m, 14-23.VII.1997, leg. Sinjaev & Afonin, slides MWM 31648 (♂), ZSM 31/2017 (♂), ZSM 32/
2017 (♂), ZSM 33/2017 (♂), ZSM 34/2017 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); NEPAL: 5 ♂, Nepal, Tanaboun
distr., Baisakhe Ghat, 10 km W Duleguunda, 630 m, 10.X.1994, leg. Csorba & Ronkay, slide MWM 31661 (♂)
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); MYANMAR: 1 ♂, Myanmar, Chin Hills, 2 km E Kanpetlet, 1700 m, 2.X.2002, leg.
W. Mey / Natma Taung NP, area of Mt. Victoria, slide AV4233♂ Volynkin (Coll. ZMB).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10–10.5 mm in males and 13 mm in females. N. gulmargensis is very similar
externally to some other species of the genus with a red pattern (e.g., N. admiranda sp. nov., N. klapperichi, small
specimens of N. sumatrana effractoida), and can be distinguished from them only by the genitalia structures. The
male genitalia of N. gulmargensis are very characteristic and differ clearly from those of other congeners by the
valve significantly narrowed distally, the thin distal section of the costa without an apical process but with the short
and rounded ventral-apical process, the ventral costal plate directed at a small angle to the costa and having the
ampulla short, but robust and apically rounded, and the aedeagus smaller compared to the genital capsule, whereas
in other species the valve is only slightly narrowed distally (except for N. bana sp. nov. having the valve much
more strongly narroved distally), the distal section of the costa is broader and has an apical process or lobe (except
for N. kanchenjunga sp. nov. having no processes of the costa), the ventral costal plate is directed at a greater angle
to the costa and having the ampulla trigonal or lobe-like, and the aedeagus is larger compared to the genital
capsule. The female genitalia differ from those of other congeners in the presence of the fascia-shaped, inflated
postvaginal plate, the extremely broad antevaginal plate, and the reduced appendix bursae.
Distribution. North-West and North-East India (Jammu and Kashmir, Meghalaya), Nepal, West Myanmar.
The N. kanchenjunga species-group
Diagnosis. The single known species of the species-group has the whitish forewing coloration and the reddish
pattern similar to those of most other species-groups. In the male genitalia, both a distal-ventral costal, and a distal
saccular processes are absent, and the distal section of the sacculus does not reach the distal section of the costa,
which is unique within the genus.
Nephelomilta kanchenjunga Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 23, 24, 94)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 23, 94): ♂, [NE India] “Sikkim, Mt. Kanchenjunga SE, 2000 m, 22–31.VII.1995,
27°30’N 88°20’E, leg. E. Afonin & V. Siniaev”, slide MWM 31642 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Paratypes: 12 ♂, same data as in the holotype, slide MWM 31653 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 10 ♂,
Sikkim, Mt. Kanchenjunga SE, 27°30’N 88°20’E, 2600 m, 9–10.VIII.1995, leg. E. Afonin & V. Sinjaev, ex coll.
Schintlmeister, slide MWM 34449 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 8 ♂, Sikkim, Pemayangtse, 22.VII.1995, 1900
m, leg. E. Afonin & V. Sinjaev, ex coll. Schintlmeister, slide MWM 34448 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 12.5–13 mm in males. Nephelomilta kanchenjunga sp. nov. is similar
externally to the sympatric N. thomaswitti sp. nov., and differs only in the slightly more strongly curved medial and
postmedial lines, and the slightly smaller discal spots. A reliable identification is possible only by the genitalia
structure: compared to those of N. thomaswitti sp. nov., the male genitalia of N. kanchenjunga sp. nov. have the
uncus narrower basally, the apical processes of the juxta significantly shorter, the valve slightly narrower, the distal
section of the costa without processes, the ampulla significantly smaller, the distal section of the sacculus narrower,
without subapical process, and not reaching the distal section of the costa, the aedeagus is more slender, and the
medial diverticulum of the vesica short and broad, without spinules, the character found only in the species of the
N. suffusa species-group; the reduction of spines is characteristic also for N. melli sp. nov., but the medial
diverticulum of N. melli sp. nov. is long and narrow, as in many other species of Nephelomilta.
Distribution. North-East India (Sikkim).
Etymology. The species name refers to its type locality, Mount Kanchenjunga, located on the Indian-Nepalese
border.
The N. effracta species-group
Diagnosis. All three species of the species-group have the whitish ground color of forewings and the red pattern,
which is significantly reduced in N. pseudoeffracta. The male genitalia of the species-group are characterized by
the weakly developed medial costal angle, the broadened distal section of the valve, which forms a broad but short
apical costal lobe, the distally broadened ventral costal plate, the broad, lobe-like ampulla with rounded margin,
and the absence of a distal membranous lobe of valva. The female genitalia structure has no significant differences
from that of the N. pusilla and N. chalcedona species-groups.
Nephelomilta wolfgangspeideli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 29, 95)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 29, 95): ♂, “XI.2015, South Vietnam, Lam Dong province, Lac Duong district,
Tay Nguyen Highlands, Nui Ba National Park, leg. Vo Van Nhon”, slide AV2343 (Coll. NHMUK, ex coll. CAV).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11.5 mm in male. The species is similar externally only to Javanese N.
pellucida due to its red subterminal forewing area (in all other red patterned species the subterminal area is white
with three large red spots) and the dark greyish hindwings, but differs by the narrower forewings, the broader
transverse lines, the larger medial spot, and the larger discal spots. The male genitalia differ clearly from those of
N. pellucida in the narrower apical lobes of the juxta, the less developed medial costal angle, the much broader
distal section of the costa, the much larger, lobe-like apical process of the costa, the larger ventral-apical costal
process, the broader sacculus with the shorter subapical process, the slightly larger carinal plate of the aedeagus,
the smaller distal diverticulum of the vesica having the cluster of larger spines, the absence of a subbasal
diverticulum, and the medial diverticulum narrower and directed basally. The male genitalia of N. wolfgangspeideli

sp. nov. differ from those of it relatives N. effracta and N. pseudoeffracta in the broader distal section of the costa,
the broader ventral-apical costal process, the smaller, broadly trigonal ampulla, the broader subapical saccular
process, the smaller aedeagus, the significantly narrower vesica, the absence of a subbasal diverticulum, and the
significantly smaller medial and distal diverticula.
Distribution. South Vietnam (Lam Dong province).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Dr. Wolfgang Speidel (Munich, Germany), a famous expert in
the Noctuoidea and Pyraloidea taxonomy and the authors' friend.
Nephelomilta effracta (Walker, 1854), comb. nov.

(Figs. 25–28, 96, 97, 132)
Barsine effracta Walker, 1854, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum 2: 546
(Type locality: [Nepal] "Nepaul"]).
Type material examined. Holotype (Fig. 28): ♀ without abdomen, “Nepal” (handwritten) / “2. BARSINE
EFFRACTA” (printed) / “Hardwicke Bequest” (printed) / round printed label with a green circle “Type” / printed
label with QR-code NHMUK010597960” (Coll. NHMUK).
Other material examined. NEPAL: 16 ♂, 3 ♀, Nepal, Annapurna Himal, Geirigan village, 1340 m, 83°45É,
28°20Ń, 25.VI.1996, leg. Gy. M. László & G. Ronkay, slides MWM 31655 (♂), MWM 31660 (♂), MWM 31656
(♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 11 ♂, 2 ♀, Nepal, Annapurna Himal, valley of Kali Gandaki, 1300 m, near
Tatopani, 83°39'E, 28°29'N, 03.VI.1996, leg. Gy. M. László & G. Ronkay, slides MWM 31657 (♂), MWM 31658
(♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Nepal, Annapurna Himal, 1200 m, 8 km SW of Tatopani, 83´37´É,
28´27´Ń, 25.VI.1996, leg. Hreblay & Szaboky, slide MWM 31659 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, East
Nepal, Milke Danda, Nesum, 1500 m, 21.VIII.2000, leg. Csóvari & Hreblay, slide MWM 31662 (♂) Volynkin
(Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Nepal, 1850 m, Mt. Kalinchok, 8 km E of Barabise, 5.VII.1997, leg. M. Hreblay & K.
Csak (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, Nepal, Annapurna Himal, 1200 m, 8 km SW of Tatopani, 83´37´É, 28´27´Ń,
25.VI.1996, leg. Hreblay & Szaboky (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, same locality, but 31.VIII.1996, leg. Chenga Sherpa
(Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Nepal, Kathmandu, 1235 m, 14–15.IX.1994, leg. Márton Hreblay & Tibor Csõvari (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, same locality and collectors, but 25–27.IX.1994 (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, East Nepal, Milke
Danda, Nesum, 1500 m, 21.VIII.2000, leg. Csővari & Hreblay (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Nepal, Annapurna Himal,
1200 m, 1 km N of Syange, 84´25´É, 28´24´Ń, 07.VI.1996, leg. Hreblay & Szaboky (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂,
Nepal: 1570 m, Godavari, 20.VII.[19]80, Lt. Col. M.G. Allen / Allen Coll. BMNH 1983-254, slide
NHMUK010313525 Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); INDIA: 1 ♂, NE India, Assam, Nameri Nat. Park, 40 km N
Tezpur, 150 m, 27°20'N, 93°15'E, 24.VII.–2.VIII.1997, leg. Sinjaev & Murzin, slide MWM 34450 Volynkin (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, [NE India, Meghalaya] Khasis, IX.1895, Nat. Coll., slide BMNH(E) Arct-6554♂
Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK).
Remark. Long time N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. was erroneously considered by authors as N. effracta.
Unfortunately, the female holotype of N. effracta is damaged and has no abdomen. Nevertheless, the correct
treatment of the species is possible because of its external differences from N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. and
the second externally similar species, N. gulmargensis, which is also distributed in Nepal and has the similar size
and the forewing red pattern: in the female of N. effracta the medial line is strongly loop-like curved in the cell,
whereas in the females of both N. gulmargensis and N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. the medial line is more
smoothly, arcuate curved in the cell. In addition, N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. is not found in Nepal, while N.
effracta is the most widespread species of the genus in this country.
Diagnosis. Forewing length 11–11.5 mm in males and 12–13.5 mm in females. The species is most similar
externally to N. gulmargensis, N. klapperichi and N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov., but males can be
distinguished from those of N. gulmargensis and N. klapperichi by the slightly broader posterior section of the
medial line, and the smaller discal spots of the forewing; from those of N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. they can
be separated only by the genitalia structure; the females differ from those of N. gulmargensis, N. sumatrana
effractoida ssp. nov. and N. klapperichi in the medial line strongly loop-like curved in the cell. In many cases a
reliable identification is possible only by the genitalia structure. The male genitalia of N. effracta are very similar to
those of N. pseudoeffracta, and differ only in the larger apical lobes of the juxta, the slightly broader valve, the
slightly more developed medial costal angle, and the larger spikes on the aedeagus carina. The female genitalia of
N. effracta differ from those of N. pseudoeffracta more significantly and can be separated by the slightly broader
antevaginal plate, the more robust spines in the medial cluster of the corpus bursae, and the significantly larger
signum.
Distribution. Nepal and North-East India (Assam, Meghalaya).
Nephelomilta pseudoeffracta (Kirti, Joshi & N. Singh, 2013), comb. nov.

(Figs. 30–33, 98, 99, 133)
Cyana pseudoeffracta Kirti, Joshi & N. Singh, 2013, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Science 3 (2): 1302, figs. 1–
5 (Type locality: "India, Meghalaya, Jowai, 1290 m").
Type material examined. Photograps of the holotype (Fig. 32): ♀, India: Meghalaya, Jowai, 1290 m, 08.ix.2009
(Coll. PUDZES).
Other material examined. 5 ♂, 1 ♀, [NE India, Meghalaya] Khasis, 5000 ft., Shillong, 21.IX.1927, Fletcher
coll., slide BMNH(E) Arct-6266♂ (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, same locality and collector, but 25.IX.1927, slide
BMNH(E) Arct-6542♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, same locality and collector, but 8.IX.1927, slide
BMNH(E) Arct-6543♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, [NE India] Assam, W.F. Badgley, VI., 1906-185, slide
BMNH(E) Arct-6544♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, [NE India, Meghalaya] Shillong, Y.R. Rao coll., at light,
30.VI.[19]18 / Brit. Mus. 1926-142., slide BMNH(E) Arct-6545♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, [NE India,
Meghalaya] Shillong, VI.1896, Assam (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, [NE India, Meghalaya] Shillong, VII.1896, Assam
(Coll. NHMUK).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10–11 mm in males and 13–14.5 mm in females. The species differs clearly
from all other congeners in its significantly reduced red pattern of forewings in both sexes. The male genitalia of N.
pseudoeffracta are very similar to those of N. effracta, and differ only in the smaller apical lobes of the juxta, the
slightly broader valve, the only slightly curved medial section of the costa (whereas in N. effracta the medial costal
angle is slightly more developed), and the smaller spikes on the aedeagus carina. The female genitalia of N
pseudoeffracta differ from those of N. effracta by the slightly narrower antevaginal plate, the weaker spines in the
medial cluster of the corpus bursae, and the significantly smaller signum
Distribution. North-East India (Meghalaya, Assam).
The N. klapperichi species-group
Diagnosis. The coloration and the pattern are similar to those of the N. sumatrana species-group. The male
genitalia of the N. klapperichi species-group are similar to those of the N. effracta species-group, but differ in the
narrower distal section of the costa, the significantly narrower apical process of the costa, the presence of the distal
membranous lobe of valva, and the presence of one or several denticles on the ventral margin of the ampulla. The
female genitalia of the N. klapperichi species-group are characterized in the presence of the subostial lobes of the
ductus bursae.
Nephelomilta klapperichi (Daniel, 1952), comb. nov.

(Figs. 34–39, 100, 101, 134)
Chionaema klapperichi Daniel, 1952, Bonner zoologische Beiträge 3 (3–4): 314, pl. 2, fig. 51 (Type locality: [China, Fujiang]
"Fukien: Shaowu, 500 m").
Type material examined. Holotype (Figs. 34, 100): ♂, printed violet label “Shaowu—Fukien (500 m), J.
Klapperich, 3.VI.1937” / hanwritten red label “Holotype Chionaema klapperichi Daniel”, slide AV1908♂
Volynkin (Coll. ZFMK).
Other material examined. MYANMAR: 21 ♂, 16 ♀, Lower Burma [S Myanmar], slides BMNH(E) Arct-

6537♂, BMNH(E) Arct-6538♂, BMNH(E) Arct-6539♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); THAILAND: 1 ♂, N
Thailand, Chiang Mai Prov., between Chiang Dao and Kariang, 900 m, 98°48’E, 19°25’N, 26.X.2002, leg. B.
Herczig & G. Ronkay, slide AV2840♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, N Thailand, Nan prov., 785 m, road 1081,
18°52’26’’N, 100°31’44’’E, 31.V.2011, leg. K. Černý, slide AV2841♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, W Thailand,
Kanchanaburi, Three Pagodas Pass, 348 m, sec. forest, 15°18.401’N 98°23.912’E, 21.IX.2008, leg. K. Černý, slide
AV2844♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 3 ♂, C Thailand, Saraburi, Khao Yai NP, Khao Khieo, 752 m, 14°24’20’’N
101°22’14’’E, 1.VI.2005, leg. K. Černý, slides AV2555♂, AV2845♂, AV2846♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); LAOS: 17
♂, Laos centr., Khammouan prov., Nakai env., 17°43’N, 105°09’E, 22.V.-8.VI.2001, alt. 500-600 m, E. Jendek &
O. Šauša leg., slide MWM 31646 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, Laos centr., Khammouan prov., Ban
Khoun Ngeun vill. env., 17.V.–6.VI.2007, 300 m, M. Štrba & R. Mlčoch leg., slide MWM 31647 (♀) Volynkin
(Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 9.5–10 mm in males and 12–12.5 mm in females. The species is very similar
externally to the small specimens of N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. and sometimes to the pale specimens of N.
hortensis hortensis, which both are sympatric with N. klapperichi, and can be distinguished from them only by the
genitalia structures, which are clearly different in the males of all three species. The female genitalia of N.
klapperichi differ from those of N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. in the large pheromone glands, the much
shorter apophyses anteriores, the presence of the antevaginal plate, the evenly sclerotized and slightly curved
ductus bursae with the subostial lobes, and the weaker spines in the medial cluster of the corpus bursae; from N.
hortensis hortensis they differ in the shorter antevaginal plate, the presence of the subostial lobes of the ductus
bursae, the less curved ductus bursae, and the broader cluster of spines in the medial section of the corpus bursae.
The differences between N. klapperichi and its closest relative N. ranau sp. nov. are described in the diagnosis of
the latter.
Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, North-East China (Fujian).
Nephelomilta ranau Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 40–42, 102, 103, 135)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 40, 102): ♂, “Indonesia, Sumatra, South Sumatra, 900 m, Lake Ranau, Tebah
Hemi, 4°65’03’’S, 103°57’15’’E, 18.XI.2003, leg. Černý”, slide AV4151♂ Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM, ex coll.
CKC).
Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as in the holotype, slides AV4147♂ Volynkin (coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia,
Sumatra, Bandar Lampung, Bukit Rigis Mts., Gunung Terang, 1022 m, 5°3’43’’S, 104°27’6’’E, 13–15.XI.2003,
leg. Černý, slide AV4153♂ Volynkin (coll. CKC); 1 ♀, Indonesia, N Sumatra, Huta Padang, 175 m, 10.VIII.1989,
leg. E. Diehl, slide AV2346♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK, ex coll. CKC).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 9.5–10 mm in males and 10.5–11.5 mm in females. The new species is a
closest relative of N. klapperichi, from which it differs externally in its ochreous-yellow thorax and forewing
pattern. The male genitalia of N. ranau sp. nov. differ from those of N. klapperichi in the more developed medial
costal angle, the significantly larger apical costal lobe, the significantly larger ventral-apical costal process, the
slightly larger subapical saccular process, the slightly narrower distal diverticulum of the vesica with smaller
cluster of small cornuti, and the significantly narrower medial diverticulum with smaller spines on its tip. The
female genitalia of N. ranau sp. nov. differ from those of N. klapperichi in the narrower, trigonal ventral processes
of subostial lobes, the significantly smaller spinules in the appendix bursae and the posterior section of the corpus
bursae, and the stronger setose scobination around the signum.
Distribution. Endemic of Sumatra Island (Indonesia).
Etymology. The species’ name refers to its type locality, Lake Ranau in South Sumatra.
Nephelomilta pellucida (Rothschild, 1936), comb. nov.

(Figs. 43–45, 104, 136)
Chionaema pellucida Rothschild, 1936, The Annals and magazine of natural history (10) 17: 487 (Type locality: [Indonesia]
“Singolangoe, Tengger, Java”).
Type material examined. Lectotype (designated herein) (Fig. 43): ♂, printed label “Singolangoe, Tengger,
5.000’, IV.1934 (F.P.A. Kalis)” / printed label “Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-I” / hanwritten label “Chionaema
pellucida Type Rothsch.” / round printed label with a red circle “Type” / printed label with QR-code “BMNH(E)
1377275” (Coll. NHMUK); Paralectotypes: 3 ♂, Singolangoe, Tengger, 5.000’, IV.1934 (F.P.A. Kalis) /
Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-I, slide NHMUK010313555 Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK).
Other material examined. 1 ♂, same data, as in the types, but V.1934, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6464♂ (Coll.
NHMUK); 1 ♂, W Java, Cidahu, Halimun-Salak NP, 10–13.IV.2016, leg. W. Mey, slide AV2902♂ Volynkin (Coll.
ZMB); 1 ♀, W Java, Cikaniki Stn., Halimun-Salak NP, 15–20.IV.2016, leg. W. Mey, slide AV2903♀ Volynkin
(Coll. ZMB).
Remark. In the original description, Rothschild (1936) cited four specimens with the date ‘April 1934’, which
are syntypes. The specimen with the date V.1934 does not belong to the type series. Here we designate as a
lectotype the syntype specimen labelled as “Type”.
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10–11 mm in males and 13 mm in females. The species is similar externally
only to Vietnamese N. wolfgangspeideli sp. nov. due to its red subterminal forewing area and the dark greyish
hindwings, but differs from it by the broader forewings, the narrower transverse lines, the smaller medial spot, and
the larger discal spots. The male genitalia differ clearly from those of N. wolfgangspeideli sp. nov. in the broader
apical lobes of the juxta, the more developed medial costal angle, the significantly narrower distal section of the
costa, the significantly smaller, stick-like apical process of the costa, the smaller ventral-apical costal process, the
narrower sacculus with the larger subapical process, the slightly smaller carinal plate of the aedeagus, the larger
distal diverticulum of the vesica having the cluster of smaller spines, the presence of a subbasal diverticulum, and
the medial diverticulum broader and directed perpendicular to the aedeagus axis. The male genitalia of N. pellucida
are more similar to those of its closest relatives N. klapperichi and N. ranau sp. nov., but differ clearly in the
significantly smaller apical lobe of the costa, the significantly smaller ampulla with wavy ventral margin having
only one small thorn (whereas in N. klapperichi and N. ranau sp. nov. the ampulla is much broader, with the almost
straight ventral margin having numerous small denticles), the significantly longer subapical saccular process, the
more weakly sclerotized carinal plate of the aedeagus with the less numerous and weaker spikes, the significantly
smaller distal diverticulum of the vesica covered with very weak spinules, and the significantly shorter medial
diverticulum without lateral granulation. Compared those of N. klapperichi and N. ranau sp. nov., the female
genitalia of N. pellucida have the much broader antevaginal plate, the rounded subostial lobes of the ductus bursae
without ventral processes, the significantly shorter and narrower ductus bursae, the much smaller spinules in the
medial cluster of the corpus bursae, and the much smaller signum.
Distribution. Endemic of Java Island (Indonesia).
The N. bana species-group
genitalia of the species group are similar to those of the N. pusilla species-group, but the valve is significantly
narrower distally (the character found also only in N. gulmargensis species-group), the subapical saccular process
is reduced and presented as a small rounded protrusion, and the apical costal lobe is heavily sclerotized, elongated,
thorn-like, apically pointed, whereas in the species of the N. pusilla species-group is shorter the apical costal lobe is
shorter and apically rounded or tapered.
Nephelomilta bana Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 46, 47, 105)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 46, 105): ♂, “VIII.2015, Central Vietnam, Da Nang Province, Ba Na Mt., 1450 m,
leg. Le Luong Thanh”, slide AV1620♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK, ex coll. CAV).
Paratype: 1 ♂, the same data as in the holotype (Coll. CAV).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 12–12.5 mm in males. The new species is very similar externally to N.

sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov. and N. hortensis fansipana, ssp. nov., which are also distributed in Vietnam,
differs from them only in its slightly larger size and slightly narrower forewings, and can be certainly distinguished
from both species only by the genitalia structures, which are clearly different from those of N. sumatrana
effractoida ssp. nov. and are more similar to those of N. hortensis fansipana, ssp. nov., but differ in the valve
significantly narrower distally, the apical costal lobe heavily sclerotized, elongated, thorn-like, and apically
pointed, the ventral costal plate directed at a greater angle to the costa, the slightly larger ampulla, the reduced
subapical saccular process presented as a small rounded protrusion, the shorter aedeagus with the larger spikes on
the carinal plate, the significantly more numerous spines on the medial diverticulum of vesica, and the weaker and
less numerous spines on the tip of the medial diverticulum.
Distribution. Central Vietnam (Da Nang Province).
Etymology. The species name refers to its type locality, Mount Ba Na in Central Vietnam.
The N. pusilla species-group
genitalia of the N. pusilla species-group are characterized in the presence of both, the apical costal lobe and the
ventral-apical costal process, the presence of the distal membranous lobe of the valve, the narrow trigonal ampulla,
the presence of the subapical saccular process, the elongated basal section of the aedeagus vesica, the absence of
the subbasal diverticulum of the vesica (present only in N. martini sp. nov.). The female genitalia are similar to
those of the N. effracta and the N. klapperichi species-groups, but biffer from those of the N. effracta species-group
in the significantly longer and broader antevaginal plate, the narrower ostium bursae with strongly sclerotized
margins, and the more sclerotized and curved ductus bursae; from the N. klapperichi species-groups they differ in
the absence of subostial lobes of the ductus bursae.
Nephelomilta martini Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 48, 49, 106, 137)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 48, 106): ♂, “Vietnam, Vinh Phuc Province, Tam Dao, N21°27.053'
E105°38.798', 19.IX.2014, 944 m, at light, G. Martin, BMNH(E) 2014-174”, slide BMNH(E) Arct.-6546♂
Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK).
Paratypes: 1 ♀, same data as in the holotype (Coll. NHMUK); 2 ♀, Vietnam, Vinh Phuc Province: Tam Dao,
roof of Hoang Lonh Hotel, N21°27.471' E105°38.679', 09.IX.2014, 925 m, at light, G. Martin, BMNH(E) 2014-
174, slide BMNH(E) Arct.-6547♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Vietnam sept, Tam Dao, 950 m, V.1990
leg. V. Kubáň (Coll. CKC).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 12.5–13 mm in males and 14–15.5 mm in females. The species is externally
similar to N. hortensis fansipana, ssp. nov. due to its orange-reddish forewing pattern, but differs in its more
yellowish coloration of the pattern elements, and the slightly more elongated male forewing. The male genitalia of
N. martini sp. nov. are very characteristic and differ clearly from other species of the N. pusilla species-group in
the very broad and long apical lobe of the valve and the small subapical saccular process; the aedeagus structure is
similar to that of some other related species (e.g., N. thomaswitti sp. nov., N. fangae sp. nov., N. hortensis sp.
nov.), but differ in the presence of the subbasal diverticulum of the vesica. The female genitalia of N. martini sp.
nov. are most similar to those of N. karenkonis and N. hortensis sp. nov., but differ in the significantly longer
antevaginal plate, the slightly broader ductus bursae, and the slightly larger signum.
Distribution. North Vietnam (Vinh Phuc Province).
Etymology. The new species’ name is dedicated to Mr. Geoff Martin (NHMUK, London), a collector of the
holotype and three paratypes.
Nephelomilta thomaswitti Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.
(Figs. 50–52, 107, 108, 138)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 50, 107): ♂, [NE India] “Sikkim, Mt. Kanchenjunga SE, 27°30'N, 88°20'E, 2600
m, 9–10.VIII.1995, leg. E. Afonin & V. Sinjaev, ex coll. A. Schintlmeister”, slide MWM 31654 Volynkin (Coll.
MWM/ZSM).
Paratypes. INDIA: 3 ♂, the same data as in the holotype (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Sikkim, Mt. Kanchenjunga
SE, 27°30'N, 88°20'E, 22–31.VII.1995, 2000 m, leg. E. Afonin & V. Sinjaev, ex coll. A. Schintlmeister (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, Sikkim, Pemayangtse, 22.VII.1995, 1900 m, leg. E. Afonin & V. Sinjaev, ex coll. A.
Schintlmeister, slide MWM 34451 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, India, W[est] B[engal], Darjeeling, 2100 m,
29.VII.1990, leg. W. Thomas (Coll. CKC); NEPAL: 3 ♂, East Nepal, Deorali Danda, Anpan, 1900 m, 6.VIII.2000,
leg. Csővári & Hreblay, slide MWM 31663 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, East Nepal, Milke Danda, Gursa,
2100 m, 22.VIII.2000, leg. Csővari & Hreblay, slide MWM 31664 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 13–14 mm in males and 17.5 mm in females. This is one of the largest
species within the genus. It is similar externally to the sympatric N. kanchenjunga sp. nov., and differs only in its
slightly larger size, the slightly less curved postmedial line, and the slightly larger discal spots. In most cases the
correct determination is possibble by the genitalia structure only. The male genitalia of N. thomaswitti sp. nov. are
very different from those of N. kanchenjunga sp. nov. and are most similar to those of N. babensis and the ‘N.
pusilla species-complex’, especially to N. fangae sp. nov., but differ clearly from N. babensis in the significantly
larger apical lobes of the juxta, the broader apical lobe of the costa, the broader ventral costal plate with the
ampulla significantly larger and broadly trigonal, the presence of the weak basal dentation of the costa, the shorter
but broader subapical saccular process, the smaller thorn on the carinal plate of the aedeagus, and the larger spines
on the medial and distal diverticula of the vesica; from N. fangae sp. nov. they differ in the significantly larger
apical lobes of the juxta, the valve slightly narrower medially, the broader apical lobe of the costa, the slightly
narrower ventral-apical costal process, the slightly shorter ampulla, the presence of the weak basal dentation of the
costa, the longer subapical saccular process, the smaller thorn on the carinal plate of the aedeagus, the shorter
medial diverticulum of the vesica, and the larger spines on the medial and distal diverticula. The female genitalia of
N. thomaswitti sp. nov. are very similar to those of N. babensis and differ in the slightly shorter antevaginal plate,
the more weakly sclerotized margin of the ostium bursae, the narrower and more weakly sclerotized duscus bursae,
the smaller appendix bursae, the larger spinules of the medial cluster of the corpus bursae, and the significantly
larger signum; from N. fangae sp. nov. they differ in the significantly smaller antevaginal plate, the margin of the
ostium bursae without V-shaped concavity, the less numerous spinules of the medial cluster of the corpus bursae,
and the slightly larger signum.
Distribution. East Nepal and North-East India (Sikkim and north of West Bengal).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Dr. Thomas J. Witt (Munich, Germany), a famous lepidopterist
and a founder of the Museum Witt Munich.
Nephelomilta babensis (Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017), comb. nov.

(Figs. 53–55, 109, 139)
Kailasha babensis Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017, Zootaxa 4216 (1): 91, figs. 3a, 3b, 9, 14 (Type locality: “Vietnam,
Prov. Backan, NP. BaBe (N22˚20’–22˚30’, E105˚30’–105˚45’)”).
Material examined. 1 ♀, Laos centr., Khammouan prov., Nakai env., 17°43’N, 105°09’E, 22.V.-8.VI.2001,
alt. 500-600 m, E. Jendek & O. Šauša leg., slide MWM 33708 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10 mm in males (Bayarsaykhan et al. 2017) and 12.5–13 mm in females. The
species is similar externally to the sympatric N. klapperichi and N. angkorensis, but differs in the darker male
hindwings and the narrower transverse lines of the forewing. The male genitalia differ clearly from both the
externally similar species and are most similar to those of N. thomaswitti sp. nov. and N. hortensis sp. nov., but
differ from N. thomaswitti sp. nov. in the significantly smaller apical lobes of the juxta, the narrower apical lobe of
the costa, the narrower ventral costal plate with the much smaller ampulla, the absence of a weak basal dentation of
the costa, the significantly longer and basally narrower subapical saccular process, the much larger thorn on the

aedeagus carinal plate, and the more weak spines on the medial and distal diverticula of the vesica; from N.
hortensis sp. nov. they differ in the smaller apical costal lobe, the slightly smaller ampulla, the much larger
subapical saccular process, the much larger thorn on the aedeagus carinal plate, and the larger spines on the medial
and distal diverticula of the vesica. The female genitalia of N. babensis are most similar to those of N. thomaswitti
sp. nov. and differ in the slightly more elongated antevaginal plate, the more strongly sclerotized margin of the
ostium bursae, the broader and more heavily sclerotized duscus bursae, the larger appendix bursae, the smaller
spinules of the medial cluster of the corpus bursae, and the significantly smaller signum.
Distribution. North Vietnam (Bac Kan Province) (Bayarsaykhan et al. 2017) and South Laos (Khammouan
Province).
Nephelomilta karenkonis (Matsumura, 1930), comb. & stat. nov.

(Figs. 56–58, 110, 140)
Chionaema effracta Wlk. [f.] karenkonis Matsumura, 1930; Insecta matsumurana 5: 36–37 (Type locality: “Formosa; … at
Karenko”).
Type material examined. Photographs of the holotype (Fig. 56): ♂, printed label “[Taiwan] Formosa, Karenko,
19.VII.–20.VIII.[190]4, T. Okuni, J. Sonan, K. Miy, M. Yosh” / handwritten label “effracta Wk. karenkonis Mats.”
/ red printed label “Type Matsumura” (Coll. EIHU).
Other material examined. 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Wushe Nan-Tow, Formosa [Taiwan], 1964 / Inoue Coll. B.M. 1992-71,
slides 10719♂, 10720♀ Inoue (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Wushe, C Formosa [Taiwan], 1966 / Inoue Coll. B.M. 1992-
71 (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Kuantaochi, Nantou, Formosa [Taiwan], 31.X.1972, E. Yamane [leg.] / Inoue Coll. B.M.
1992-71 (Coll. NHMUK); 9 ♂, 2 ♀, Taiwan, prov. Ilan, 1150 m, Ming Chir, 24°39’N 121°28’E, 11-12.IX.1999, leg
G. Csorba & B. Herczik (Coll. CKC); 2 ♂, Taiwan, prov. Ilan, 700m, Fushan, 24°45’N 121°34’E, 9-10.IX.1999,
leg G. Csorba & B. Herczik (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, S Taiwan, Kaohsiung CO, Tengir Forest Res. Station, 23°07’N
120°47’E, 1600 m, 6-10.VII.2000, leg. W. Schacht (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Central Taiwan, Nantou Co[unty], 1300
m, Chun-Yang, near Lushan Hot Springs, 24°01’25’’N 121°09’54”E, light trap, 17.IX.2002, leg. M.-Y.Chan & U.
Buchsbaum (Coll. CKC); 120 ♂, 92 ♀, Taiwan, Prov. Ilan, 1200 m, Ming Chyr Forest Recreation Area, 4–
5.VI.1997, leg. B. Herczig & L. Ronkay, slide MWM 31637 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 27 ♂, 45 ♀, Taiwan,
Prov. Taoyuan, Ming Chyr Forest Recreation Area, 1160 m, 29.V.1997, leg. Gy.M. László & G. László, slide
MWM 31638 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 25 ♂, 56 ♀, same locality, but 5–6.X.1996, Gy. Fábián & F. Nemes
(Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Taiwan, Prov. Ilan, 3 km S of Suao, 121°15’E, 24°34’N, 400 m, 26.V.1995, leg. M.
Hreblay & P. Steger (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 5 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Taipei, 10 km NE Pinglin, Pihou, 550 m, 01.VI.1997,
leg. Gy.M. László & G. László (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, but 450 m, 4.X.1996, Gy. Fábián & F.
Nemes (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 6 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Hualien, 6 km SE Juisui, 200 m, 22.V.1997, leg. Gy.M. László &
G. László (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Pingtung, 10 km E of Mutan, 400 m, 12.VI.1997, leg. B. Herczig
& L. Ronkay (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♀, Taiwan, Prov. Taitung, Chihpen Hot Springs, 400 m, 6.VII.1997, leg. B.
Herczig & S.T. Kovács (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11.5–13 mm in males and 15.5–16 mm in females. This and the next three
species (N. fangae sp. nov., N. angkorensis and N. pusilla) form a complex of the closely related taxa (so called ‘N.
pusilla species-complex’), with the male genitalia characterized by the valve slightly narrowed distally, the short
and broad apical costal lobe, the large trigonal ampulla, and the large aedeagus and its vesica (compared to the
genital capsule). Nephelomilta karenkonis is one of the unmistakable species of the genus, which can be easily
distinguished from other red patterned species by its thin antemedial transverse line, which is strongly V-like
curved in the cell, the thin postmedial line, and the broad area between the medial and postmedial lines. The male
genitalia of N. karenkonis are most similar to those of N. fangae sp. nov. due to the absence of a basal dentation of
the costa, but differ by the larger apical lobes of the juxta, the slightly narrower valve with the more strongly
prominent medial costal angle, the apical costal lobe slightly narrower and more prominent, the ventral costal plate
significantly narrower and almost straight, the much smaller ampulla, the slightly shorter subapical saccular
process, the more numerous spines on the distal diverticulum of the aedeagus vesica, and the larger and more
numerous spines on the tip of the medial diverticulum. The female genitalia of N. karenkonis differ clearly from
those of N. fangae sp. nov. in the shorter and narrower antevaginal plate, the ostium bursae margin smoothly
arcuate (whereas in N. fangae sp. nov. it has the deep V-like ventral concavity), the larger appendix bursae, and the
narrower cluster of spines in the medial section of the corpus bursae.
Distribution. Endemic of Taiwan Island.
Nephelomilta fangae Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 59, 60, 111, 141)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 59, 111): ♂, “China, Hainan Isl., Wuzhi-Shan Mts., 18°53’N, 109°43’E, 1500 m,
20.II.–10.IV.2001, leg. local collector, ex coll. Dr. Ronald Brechlin” / “Cyana effracta Walker, 1854, det. de Vos,
2005”, slide MWM 31679 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Paratypes: 2 ♂, same data as in the holotype, slide MWM 31739 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, same
locality, but 18–28.II.2003, leg. Siniaev & his team, slide MWM 31681 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀,
same locality and collectors, but III.2003, slide MWM 31682 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11–11.5 mm in males and 13 mm in female. Nephelomilta fangae sp. nov. is
very similar externally to N. pusilla, and can be distinguished from it only by the genitalia structure. The male
genitalia of N. fangae sp. nov. are most similar to those of N. angkorensis and N. pusilla, and differ from N.
angkorensis in the narrower apical processes of the juxta, the shorter and broader apical costal lobe, the slightly
larger ventral-apical costal proces, the absence of a basal dentation of the costa, the significantly smaller aedeagus,
the carinal plate smaller, more weatly sclerotized and with only one thorn, the significantly smaller distal
diverticulum of the aedeagus vesica with the much smaller cluster of spines, and the significantly narrower medial
diverticulum with the much smaller spines on its tip; from N. pusilla they differ in the slightly shorter uncus, the
narrower apical processes of the juxta, the significantly broader apical costal lobe, the extremelly small distal
membranous lobe of the valve (whereas in N. pusilla this lobe is large and clearly protrudes beyond the costa apex,
the significantly larger ampulla, the absence of a basal dentation of the costa, the larger subapical saccular process,
the significantly smaller aedeagus, the carinal plate with only one thorn, the significantly smaller distal
diverticulum of the aedeagus vesica with the much smaller cluster of spines, and the narrower medial diverticulum
with the much smaller spines on its tip. The female genitalia of N. fangae sp. nov. differ clearly from those of both,
N. angkorensis and N. pusilla in the presence of the deep V-like ventral concavity of the ostium bursae, the smaller
appendix bursae, and the broader cluster of spines in the medial section of the corpus bursae.
Distribution. Endemic of Hainan Island (China).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Dr. Fang Chenglai (Beijing, China), an author of the
fundamental work "Fauna Sinica, 19, Lepidoptera, Arctiidae" (Fang 2000).
Nephelomilta angkorensis (Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016), comb. nov.

(Figs. 61–64, 112, 142)
Cyana angkorensis Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016, Zootaxa 4114 (4): 449, pl. 1, figs. 1a, 1b; pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 5, fig. 1 (Type locality:
“Cambodia, Samkos (N12˚12’40’’, E102˚52’13’’)”).
Material examined. THAILAND: 1 ♂, SE Thailand, Prov. Ubon Ratchatani, 220 m, border of Nam Yuem NP,
14°25.37’N, 104°52.07’E, 2–3.XI.2010, leg. K. Černý, slide AV4155♂ (Coll. CKC); CAMBODIA: 3 ♂, 1 ♀,
Cambodia, Kirirom Nat. Res., 650 m, 1–9.XI.2007, leg. S. Murzin, slides MWM 31639 (♂), MWM 31640
(♀)Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♀, Cambodia, Kirirom Nat. Res., 780 m, 11°21’23’’N, 104°4’38’’E, 2–
17.I.2000, leg. M. & S. Murzin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); VIETNAM: 16 ♂, 4 ♀, South Vietnam, Bao Loc (sec. forest),
Rung Cat Tien, 1500 m (11.32’N 107.48’E), 10–20.XII.1992, leg. Sinajev & Simonov, slides MWM 31671 (♂),
MWM 31672 (♂), MWM 31673 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, S Vietnam, Nha Trang, Ninh Phuoc, 20
m, 12°25.646’N 109°27.340’E, 30.IX.–8.X.2013, leg. K. Černý, slide AV2554♂ (Coll. CKC).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 9.5–11 mm in males and 12.5–13 mm in females. Nephelomilta angkorensis
is similar externally to N. sumatrana effractoida ssp. nov., N. klapperichi, N. fangae sp. nov. and N. pusilla, but
can be distinguished from them by the medial line V-like curved on the vein 1A; the similar shape of the medial
line is also characteristic for N. hortensis hortensis sp. nov. and N. hortensis fansipana ssp. nov., but N.

angkorensis differs from the nominate subspecies of N. hortensis sp. nov. in the narrower posterior section of the
medial line and the slightly paler hindwings, and from N. hortensis fansipana ssp. nov. it differs in its more reddish
pattern and also the narrower posterior section of the medial line. In many cases a reliable identification of N.
angkorensis is possible only by the genitalia structure. The male genitalia of N. angkorensis are very similar to
those of N. pusilla, but differ in the longer apical costal lobe, the significantly smaller distal membranous lobe of
the valve, the slightly smaller ventral-apical costal process, the larger ampulla, the significantly smaller area of the
basal dentation of the costa, the slightly larger subapical saccular process, the larger and more heavily sclerotized
carinal plate of the aedeagus with the much larger distal thorn, the significantly broader medial diverticulum with
the larger spines on its tip, the smaller distal diverticulum with the narrower cluster of spines, which are thinner
than those in N. pusilla. The female genitalia of N. angkorensis are similar to those of N. pusilla, but differ in the
shorter and slightly broader antevaginal plate, the asymmetric lateral margins of the ostium bursae, and the slightly
smaller appendix bursae.
Distribution. SE Thailand (Ubon Ratchatani Province), Cambodia, South Vietnam (Lam Dong and Khanh
Hoa Provinces).
Nephelomilta pusilla (Wileman, 1910), comb. & stat. nov.

(Figs. 65–68, 113, 143)
Chionaema pusilla Wileman, 1910, The Entomologist 43: 177 (Type locality: [Taiwan] “from Kanshirei”).
Type material examined. Lectotype (designated herein) (Fig. 65): ♂, “♂ (hanwritten) [Taiwan] Kanshirei,
Formosa, 1,000 ft. (printed), 22.IV.1906 (hanwritten), A.E. Wileman. (printed)” / printed label “Wileman Coll.
B.M. 1929–261” / hanwritten label “Chionaema pusilla Type ♂ sp. n.” / hanwritten label “758T+” / round printed
label with a red circle “Type” / printed label with QR-code “NHMUK010597961” (Coll. NHMUK).
Other material examined. 1 ♂, [Taiwan] Formosa, Kanshirei, 1.IV.1909, A.E. Wileman [leg.], 1913-180,
slide BMNH(E) Arct-6541♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Paling, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan, 2.VIII.1985, A.
Kawabe / Inoue Coll. B.M. 1992-71, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6540♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 4 ♂, Taiwan, Prov.
Taitung, 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 14.VII.1997, 120°52’E, 22°28’N, leg. Tibor Csővári & László Mikus, slide
MWM 31634 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality and collectors, but 3.VII.1997 (Coll. MWM/
ZSM); 3 ♂, 4 ♀, Taiwan, Prov. Taitung, 7 km E of Taimali, 710 m, 13.VII.1997, 120°53’’E, 22°35’’N, lg. Csővari
& Mikus (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 7 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality and collectors, but 4.VII.1997 (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂,
Taiwan, Prov. Taitung, 350 m, 3 km W village Hungyeh, 5.VII.1997, 120°52’’E, 22°28’’N, leg. Csővari & Mikus
(Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, same locality and collectors, but 12.VII.1997 (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Taiwan,
Prov. Taitung, Chihpen Hot Springs, 400 m, 6.VII.1997, leg. B. Herczig & S.T. Kovács (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂,
Taiwan, Prov. Ping-Tung, 5 km W of Chipen, 470 m, 27–28.IV.1997, leg. Gy. Fábián & S. Kovács, slide MWM
31635 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 3 ♂, same locality, but 15–16.V.1997, leg. Gy.M. László & G. László (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Ping-Tung, 10 km SE of Mutan, 470 m, 26.IV.1997, leg. Gy. Fábián & S. Kovács
(Coll. MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Ping-Tung, Huang-Lian Forest Recreation Area, 210 m, 6.III.1996, leg.
Gy. Fábián & L. Németh (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Ping-Tung, 300 m, Kenting N.P., Kenting Forest
Recreation Area, 21°57’62’’N, 120°48’89’’E, 17–18.IV.1997, leg. L. Peregovits & A. Kun (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1
♀, Taiwan, Prov. Nan-Tou, 15 km N of Puli, Uisun Forest Area, 500 m, 09-10.VII.1996, leg. G. Csorba et L.
Németh, slide MWM 31636 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 4 ♂, Taiwan, Prov. Nantou, 16 km E of Kuohsing,
121°00’E, 24°05’N, 560 m, Uisun Forest, 24.V.1997, leg. C. Szaboky & I. Soos (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Taiwan,
Prov. Nantou, 3 km E of Tili, 120°58’E, 23°47’N, 555 m, 27–28.V.1997, leg. C. Szaboky & I. Soos (Coll. MWM/
ZSM).
Remark. In the original description, Wileman (1910) mentions two specimens, a male with the date “April
22 , 1906” and a female with the date “May 2nd, 1907”, which should be treated as syntypes. We did not find the
nd
female specimen in the NHMUK collection. Therefore, to avoid any confusion with N. karenkonis, here we
designate the male syntype as the lectotype.
Diagnosis. The species significantly varies in size: the length of forewing is 9–11 mm in males and 13–13.5
mm in females. Nephelomilta pusilla is most similar externally to N. fangae sp. nov., and can be distinguished
from it only by the genitalia structure (see the diagnosis of N. fangae sp. nov.). The male genitalia of N. pusilla are
very similar to those of N. angkorensis, but differ in the shorter apical costal lobe, the significantly larger distal
membranous lobe of the valve, the slightly larger ventral-apical costal process, the significantly larger area of the
basal dentation of the costa, the smaller ampulla, the slightly smaller subapical saccular process, the narrower and
more weakly sclerotized carinal plate of the aedeagus with the smaller thorns, the significantly broader distal
diverticulum with the broader cluster of spines, which are more robust than those in N. angkorensis, and the
narrower medial diverticulum with the smaller spines on its tip. The female genitalia of N. pusilla are similar to
those of N. angkorensis, but differ in the antevaginal plate slightly longer, narrower, and more heavily sclerotized,
the symmetric lateral margins of the ostium bursae, and the slightly broader appendix bursae.
Distribution. Endemic to Taiwan Island.
Nephelomilta hortensis hortensis Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 69–71, 114, 144)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 69, 114): ♂, “N. Thailand, Chiang Mai prov., Fang distr., Doi Ang Khang, 1425 m,
29°54’11”N 99°2’32”E, 11–15.IX.2007, leg. T. Ihle”, slide AV2850♂ Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM, ex coll. CKC).
Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same data as in the holotype (Coll. CKC); 4 ♂, same locality and collector, but 19-
23.IX.2006, slide AV2851♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀, N Thailand, Chiang Mai, Fang, Doi Ang Khang, 1425 m,
11–15.IX.2007, 29°54’11’’N 99°2’32’’E, leg. T. Ihle, slide AV2852♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 7 ♂, 2 ♀, N Thailand,
Chiang Mai [prov.], Doi Inthanon NP, 1416 m, 18°30’59”N, 98°28’13”E, 6–7.VI.2005, leg. K. Černý, slides
AV2556♂, AV2853♂, AV2854♂, AV2855♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Thailand, Changwat Chiang Mai, 2 km S
of Ban Kum, 1700 m, 13–14.VI.1998, lg. István Soós & Atilla Szabó (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, Thailand,
Changwat Nan, 30 km E of Pua, 1700 m, 10.XI.1999, leg. Márton Hreblay, slide MWM 31665 (♂) Volynkin (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 2 ♂, same locality, but 22–23.X.1999, leg. A. Szabó & Z. Czere, slide ZSM Arct. 40/2017 (♂)
Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♀, Thailand, Changwat Nan, 22 km N of Bo Luang, 1100 m, 29–30.VI.1998, leg.
István Soós & Atilla Szabó, slide ZSM Arct. 41/2017 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11 mm in males and 14–14.5 mm in females. The new species is very similar
externally to N. melli sp. nov. and N. angkorensis, and differs only in the broader posterior section of the medial
line. In many cases a reliable identification is possible only by the genitalia structure: compared to those of N. melli
sp. nov., the male genitalia of N. hortensis sp. nov. have the shorter apical costal lobe, the smaller and more weakly
sclerotized carinal plate of the aedeagus with the much smaller thorn, and the significantly longer and broader
medial diverticulum of the vesica with spines on its tip; compared to those of N. angkorensis, the male genitalia of
N. hortensis sp. nov. have the valve narrower basally, the narrower distal section of the costa, the narrower apical
costal lobe, the narrower ventral costal plate with the smaller ampulla, the larger distal membranous lobe of the
valve, the significantly smaller aedeagus, the smaller and more weakly sclerotized carinal plate of the aedeagus
with the much smaller thorn, the much narrower vesica, the much smaller distal diverticulum with the cluster of the
smaller and less numerous spines, and the much shorter and narrower medial diverticulum with the much smaller
spines on its tip. The female genitalia of N. hortensis sp. nov. differ from those of N. angkorensis in the
significantly smaller antevaginal plate, the symmetric lateral margins of the ostium bursae, the longer ductus
bursae, and the larger signum.
Distribution. The nominate subspecies is known from North Thailand (Chiang Mai and Nan provinces).
Etymology. ‘Hortensis’ means ‘garden’ in Latin, the species name refers to its type locality, the botanical
garden in Doi Ang Khang (Chiang Mai Province of Thailand).
Nephelomilta hortensis fansipana Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov.

(Figs. 72–74, 115, 116, 145)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 72, 115): ♂, “N-Vietnam / Tonkin, 1600 m, Mt. Fan-si-pan (Nord), Nebelwald
[cloud forest] (22.15’N 103.45’E), 2–4.III.1995, 2240 m, leg. Dr. R. Brechlin”, slide MWM 31668 Volynkin (Coll.
MWM/ZSM).

Paratypes: 18 ♂, 11 ♀, N Vietnam, 1600 m, Mt. Fan-si-pan (North), Cha-pa, primary forest, 22.17''N,
103.44''E, 25–30.III.1995, leg. V. Sinjaev & A. Schintlmeister, slides MWM 31667 (♂), ZSM Arct. 37/2017 (♀),
ZSM Arct. 38/2017 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 6 ♂, 2 ♀, North Vietnam, Cuc Phuong, 60 km SW Hanoi,
400 m (20.15’N 105.20’E), 18.XI.–3.XII.[19]92, leg. Sinajev & Simonov, slides MWM 31669 (♂), ZSM Arct. 39/
2017 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, N Vietnam, Cuc Phuong, 60 km SW Hanoi, 20.15’N 105.20’E,
21.XI.1994, leg. Sinajev & Simonov, ex coll. Schintlmeister, slide MWM 31670 (♂) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM);
1 ♂, 2 ♀, N Vietnam, 200 m, Ben En Nat. Park, 40 km SW Than Hoa, 18.40’ N 105.40’E, 22–30.XI.1994, leg.
Sinjaev & Simonov, slide MWM 31680 (♀) Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, North Vietnam, Tam Dao, 60 km
NW Hanoi, 950 m (21.34'N 105.20'E), 17.X.1994, leg. V. Sinajev (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 11.5–12 mm in males and 15.5–16 mm in females. Nephelomilta hortensis
fansipana ssp. nov. differs externally from the nominate subspecies in its orange-reddish forewing pattern and
paler hindwings. The male genitalia differ from those of N. hortensis hortensis sp. nov. only by the broader medial
costal plate, the length of the medial diverticulum of the vesica significantly varies in both subspecies. The female
genitalia of N. hortensis fansipana ssp. nov. differ from those of the nominate subspecies in the slightly larger right
lateral protrusion of the ductus bursae.
Distribution. The subspecies is known from North Vietnam.
Etymology. The subspecies name refers to its type locality, Fan-si-pan Mountains in North Vietnam.
Nephelomilta melli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 75–77, 117–119)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 75, 117): ♂, “China, Wuy Shan, Jiangxi-Fujian border, 50 km SE of Yingtan,
27°56’ N, 117°25’ E, 1600 m, III.2002, leg. Siniaev & local coll.”, slide MWM 31677 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/
ZSM).
Paratypes: 3 ♂, same data as in the holotype, slide MWM 31738 Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, China,
Sichuan, Emei Shan, 600–700 m, 18–21.VIII.1984, coll. Nr. 204, leg. Görgner, slide MWM 31678 Volynkin (Coll.
MWM/ZSM); 1 ♂, China, ex coll. R. Mell / Te [Anhui, Quianshan Mts.], 24.VIII. / Ch. effracta Wlkr., slide
AV4231♂ (Coll. ZMB); 1 ♂, China, ex coll. R. Mell / Lp [Guandong, Lienping], 10.IX.[19]20, slide AV4232♂
(Coll. ZMB).
Diagnosis. The species significantly varies in size: the length of forewing is 9–11.5 mm in males. The apical
costal lobe and the ampulla are also variable in size, but we have no enough material to make any decision
concerning the value of these differences. N. melli sp. nov. is a closest relative of N. hortensis sp. nov., and can be
reliably distinguished from it only by the genitalia structure. The male genitalia of N. melli sp. nov. differ from
those of N. hortensis sp. nov. in the larger apical costal lobe, the larger and more heavily sclerotized carinal plate of
the aedeagus with the significantly larger thorn, and the significantly shorter and narrower medial diverticulum of
the vesica without spines on its tip.
Distribution. South and South-East China (Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guandong and Sichuan Provinces).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to Rudolf E. Mell (Germany), a researcher of Chinese insects and a
collector of the part of the type series.
The N. chalcedona species-group
Diagnosis. The male and female genitalia of the species of the species group have no differences from those of the
N. pusilla species-group, except for the shape of the ampulla (which is lobe-like in the N. chalcedona species-group
and trigonal the N. pusilla species-group), but due to their unusual appearance N. chalcedona and N. ferruginea sp.
nov. are separated here into a different species group.
Description of external morphology. Body covered with whitish scales with admixture of brown scales.
Forewing pattern consists of broad brown subbasal spot, blackish brown antemedial line curved in cell, broad
rusty- or reddish-brown area from antemedial line to outer wing margin, dark brown shades along cell and in
submarginal area, dark brown spot opposite forewing androconial pocket, diffuse blackish-brown medial spot and
diffuse blackish-brown discal spot presented as complex of two dots of different size in males and V-like situated
three dots in females; areas between subbasal spot and antemedial line, along costa and at wing apex creamy white;
cilia creamy white. Hindwing creamy white, with intense dark grey suffusion; discal spot large, diffuse, dark grey.
Nephelomilta chalcedona (Černý, 2009), comb. nov.

(Figs. 78, 79, 120–122, 146)
Cyana chalcedona Černý, 2009, Moths of Thailand 6: 55, pl. 11, figs. 111a, 111b (Type locality: “SW Thailand, Chumphon, Pa
Toh, Ban Lang Tang, 162 m, 9°46’5”N, 98°46’59”E”).
Type material examined. Holotype (Fig. 78): ♂, “SW Thailand, Chumphon [prov.], Pa Toh, Ban Lang Tang, 162
m, 9°46’5’’N, 98°46’59’’E, 19, 21.XI.2006, leg. K. Černý” (Coll. NHMUK).
Paratypes: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, same data as in the holotype, slide AV2553♀ Volynkin (Colls. CKC, CAV); 3 ♂♂ same
locality and collector, but 7.XII.2005, slide AV2552♂ Volynkin (Colls. CKC, CAV); 1 ♀, SW Thailand, Surat
Thani [prov.], Khao Sok NP, 300 m, 8.III.2005, leg. K. Černý (Coll. CKC); 2 ♂, SW Thailand, Surat Thani [prov.],
Khao Sok NP, 199 m, 8°53’23’’N, 98°30’25’’E, 6.XII.2005, leg. K. Černý, slide AV4140♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC);
1 ♀, W Thailand, Tak [prov.], Doi Mussoe, 821 m, 16°45.317’N, 98°55.438’E, 11.V.2008, leg. K. Černý (Coll.
CKC).
Other material examined: THAILAND: 2 ♂, 3 ♀, W Thailand, Tak [prov.], Doi Mussoe, 821 m,
16°45.317’N, 98°55.438’E, 11–12.XI.2010, leg. K. Černý, slides AV2553♀, AV4138♂, AV4139♀, AV4141♂
Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♀, same locality, but 12–20.VIII.2011, leg. Thomas Ihle (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, SW Thailand,
Ranong [prov.], 543 m, 10°02’01”N, 98°40’17,66”E, 7.IV.2013, leg. K. Černý (Coll. CKC); LAOS: 1 ♂, SE Laos,
Khammouane [prov.], Phu Hin Boun, 500 m, 18°10.435’N 104°29.042’E, 24-25.V.2013, leg. T. Ihle, slide
AV4143♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); MALAYSIA: 1 ♂, Genting Tea Estate, 610 m, W Pahang, Malaysia, slide
BMNH(E) Arct-6548♂ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK); 1 ♀, Malay Penins., Pahang, F.M.S., Fraser’s Hill, 4000 ft., at
light, 3.VI.[19]41 / Ex F.M.S. Museum, B.M. 1955–354, slide AV2398♀ Volynkin (Coll. NHMUK).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 8.5–9 mm in males and 10.5–11.5 mm in females. Nephelomilta chalcedona
differs externally from N. ferruginea sp. nov. in the reddish-brown area from the antemedial line to the outer wing
margin and the absence of a dark dash in the apical white area. The male genitalia of N. chalcedona differ clearly
from those of N. ferruginea sp. nov. in the significantly larger apical costal lobe, the presence of the basal dentation
of the costa, the nuch larger distal membranous lobe of the valve, and the slightly larger spines on the distal
diverticulum of the aedeagus vesica. The male genitalia of N. chalcedona are similar also to N. hortensis sp. nov.,
but can be distinguished in the broader ventral costal plate, the presence of the basal dentation of the costa, the
ampulla lobe-like, with two small dens on its ventral surface (whereas in N. chalcedona the ampulla is trigonal),
and the slightly larger thorn on the carinal plate of the aedeagus. The female genitalia of N. chalcedona differ from
those of N. ferruginea sp. nov. in the longer and narrower antevaginal plate, the narrower ostium bursae, the
slightly narrower ductus bursae, the narrower cluster of spinules in the medial section of the corpus bursae, and the
slightly larger signum; from N. hortensis sp. nov. they differ in the significantly longer and broader antevaginal
plate, the significantly shorter and narrower ductus bursae with the much smaller right lateral protrusion, and the
smaller signum.
Distribution. The species is known from West and South Thailand (Tak, Chumphon and Surat Thani
Provinces), South Laos (Khammouane Province) and Malaysia (Malay Peninsula).
Nephelomilta ferruginea Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs. 80, 81, 123, 124, 147)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 80, 123): ♂, “Indonesia, N Sumatra, Berastagi, Mt. Sibayak, 1500 m, 10.I.1994,
leg. Karel Černý”, slide AV2549♂ (Coll. NHMUK, ex coll. CKC).
Paratypes: 1 ♀, Sumatra, W Dairi, 1150 m, 7.III.1981, Dr. Diehl leg., slide AV2550♀ Volynkin (Coll.
NHMUK, ex coll. CKC); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Indonesia, North Sumatra, 15 km NE Prapat, HW 4, 1150 m, 3–6.I.1994, leg.

Karel Černý, slide AV2663♀ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia, Sumatra, Dairi, 1000 [m], 28.XII.1980, [leg.]
Dr. Diehl, slide AV4146♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia, N Sumatra, Pematang Siantar, HW II, 8.XI.1986,
leg. E. Diehl, slide AV4142♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, N Sumatra, Simelungun, Prapat, HW 3, 20.VIII.1983,
Dr. Diehl leg., slide MWM 3301 (Coll. MWM/ZSM).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10–10.5 mm in males and 12 mm in females. Nephelomilta ferruginea sp.
nov. differs externally from N. chalcedona in the rusty-brown area from the antemedial line to the outer wing
margin and the presence of the dark dash in the apical white area of the forewing. The male genitalia of N.
ferruginea sp. nov. differ clearly from those of N. chalcedona in the significantly smaller, poorly developed apical
costal lobe, the absence of a basal dentation of the costa, the nuch smaller distal membranous lobe of the valve, and
the slightly smaller spines on the distal diverticulum of the aedeagus vesica. The male genitalia of N. ferruginea sp.
nov. also resemble those of N. diehli sp. nov., but can be distinguished in the broader valve, the less developed
medial costal angle, the significantly smaller apical costal lobe, the broader ventral costal plate, the significantly
shorter ampulla, which is lobe-like, and has two small dens on its ventral surface (whereas in N. diehli sp. nov.the
ampulla is elongated, trigonal), the slightly longer subapical saccular process, the significantly longer and narrower
aedeagus, the larger and more heavily sclerotized carinal plate, the much narrower medial and distal diverticula of
the vesica, and the ansence of a subbasal diverticulum. The female genitalia of N. ferruginea sp. nov. differ from
those of N. chalcedona in the shorter and significantly broader antevaginal plate, the broader ostium bursae, the
slightly broader ductus bursae, the broader cluster of spinules in the medial section of the corpus bursae, and the
slightly smaller signum.
Distribution. Endemic to Sumatra Island (Indonesia).
Etymology. ‘Ferrugineus’ is ‘ferruginous’ in Latin, the species name refers to its rusty-brown forewing
coloration.
The N. diehli species-group
Diagnosis. The single known member of the species group differs clearly from other congeners in its unusual
ochreous-yellow body and wing coloration, only N. taprobana has similar forewing coloration, but it is darker,
ochreous, and, in addition, it differs from N. diehli sp. nov. in the whitish upperside of the abdomen (which if
ochreous-yellow in N. diehli sp. nov.) the much smaller size, the absence of longitudinal dark strokes in the
postmedial area, and the presence of dark suffusion on hindwings. In the male genitalia the broad vesica with the
very large, curved subbasal diverticulum is characteristic for the species-group.
Description of external morphology. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow, abdomen pale ochreous, with yellow
suffusion. Forewing ground color ochreous-yellow; pattern diffuse, dark grey; subbasal line as small dot;
antemedial line thin, S-like curved; medial line broad, shade-like, slightly curved; postmedial line thin, slightly
curved; in subterminal area diffuse strokes along veins, which may merge into broad shade; terminal line as row of
dots on veins, sometimes connected with strokes on veins; medial spot absent; discal spot presented as complex of
two short and thin strokes of different size in males; cilia ochreous-yellow. Hindwing pale yellowish; medial
transverse line as diffuse grayish shade; discal spot narrow, V-shaped; cilia pale yellowish.
Nephelomilta diehli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

(Figs.82, 83, 125)
Type material. Holotype (Figs. 82, 125): ♂, “Indonesia, N Sumatra, 15 km NE Prapat, HW 4, 1150 m, 3–6.I.1994,
leg. K. Černý”, slide AV2663♂ Volynkin (Coll. MWM/ZSM, ex coll. CKC).
Paratypes: 1 ♂, same data as in the holotype (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia, N Sumatra, 15 km NE Sipirok,
1350 m, Lake Marsabut, 8.I.1994, slide AV2662♂ Volynkin (Coll. CKC); 1 ♂, Indonesia, Sumatra, Holzweg 3,
1987, leg. Diehl (Coll. CKC); 2 ♂, N Sumatra, C Samosir, Toba lake, Partunghoan, 2.37 N 98.44 E, 1600 m,
20.IX.1991, secondary forest, leg. Graul & Schintlmeister [in German], slides AV4144♂, AV4145♂ Volynkin
(Coll. CKC).
Diagnosis. Length of forewing is 10–11.5 mm in males. The new species differs clearly from other congeners
in its unusual ochreous-yellow body and wing coloration. The male genitalia are most similar to those of N.
ferruginea sp. nov., but can be distinguished in the narrower valve, the more developed medial costal angle, the
significantly larger apical costal lobe, the narrower ventral costal plate, the significantly longer, trigonal ampulla
(whereas in N. diehli sp. nov.the ampulla is short, lobe-like, with two small dens on its ventral surface), the slightly
shorter subapical saccular process, the significantly shorter and broader aedeagus, the smaller and more weakly
sclerotized carinal plate, the presence of the extremely large subbasal diverticulum, the much broader medial and
distal diverticula of the vesica, and the much more numerous and robust spines on the distal diverticulum.
Distribution. Endemic to Sumatra Island (Indonesia).
Etymology. The species name is dedicated to memory of Dr. Eduard W. Diehl, a famous collector of insects in
Sumatra.
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Thomas J. Witt (MWM, Munich, Germany) and Dr. Wolfgang Speidel (ZSM,
Munich, Germany) for the opportunity and their kind assistance provided during our work in the MWM/ZSM
collection; Dr. Alberto Zilli and Mr. Geoff Martin (NHMUK, London, UK) for their kind assistance provided
during senior author's work in the NHMUK collection; Dr. Rob de Vos (ZMA, Leiden, The Netherlands) for the
pictures and dissections of the Nephelomilta sumatrana sumatrana syntypes; Dr. Marianne Espeland (ZFMK,
Bonn, Germany) for her kind assistance during the senior author’s work in the ZFMK collection; Dr Wolfram Mey
(ZMB, Berlin, Germany) for his kind assistance during the senior author’s work in the ZMB collection; Dr. Shipher
Wu and Dr. Y.-L. Chen (Taichung, Taiwan) for the pictures of the Nephelomilta karenkonis holotype provided; Dr.
Navneet Singh (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India) for the pictures of the Nephelomilta pseudoeffracta, N.
gulmargensis and Barsine fuscobarsine holotypes provided; Dr. Vladimir V. Dubatolov (Novosibirsk, Russia) for
valuable comments and corrections; anonymous reviewer for valuable comments.
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FIGURES 1–12. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 1, N. suffusa, holotype ♀, S India (©NHMUK); 2, N. suffusa, holotype ♂ of
fuscobarsine, S India (PUDZES, photo by N. Singh); 3, N. suffusa, ♂, S India (©NHMUK); 4, N. suffusa, ♀, S India
(©NHMUK); 5, N. taprobana, holotype ♂, Sri Lanka (©NHMUK); 6, N. sumatrana sumatrana, lectotype ♂, Sumatra (ZMA,
photo by R. de Vos); 7, N. s. sumatrana, ♂, Sumatra (CKC); 8, N. s. sumatrana, ♀, Sumatra (CKC); 9, N. s. sumatrana, ♂,
Malay Peninsula (MWM/ZSM); 10, N. s. sumatrana, ♀, Malay Peninsula (MWM/ZSM); 11, N. s. sumatrana, ♂, Borneo
(CKC); 12, N. s. sumatrana, ♀, Borneo (CKC).

FIGURES 13–24. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 13, N. sumatrana effractoida, holotype ♂, NE India (©NHMUK); 14, N. s.
effractoida, paratype ♂, NE India (CKC); 15, N. s. effractoida, paratype ♂, SW Thailand (CKC); 16, N. s. effractoida, paratype
♀, SW Thailand (CKC); 17, N. admiranda, holotype ♂, NE India (MWM/ZSM); 18, N. admiranda, paratype ♂, NE India
(MWM/ZSM); 19, N. gulmargensis, ♂, W Myanmar (ZMB); 20, N. gulmargensis, ♂, Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 21, N.
gulmargensis, ♂, NE India (MWM/ZSM); 22, N. gulmargensis, ♀, Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 23, N. kanchenjunga, holotype ♂, NE
India (MWM/ZSM); 24, N. kanchenjunga, paratype ♂, NE India (MWM/ZSM).
FIGURES 25–36. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 25, N. effracta, ♂, Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 26, N. effracta, ♀, Nepal (MWM/ZSM);
27, N. effracta, ♂, NE India (©NHMUK); 28, N. effracta, holotype ♀, Nepal (©NHMUK); 29, N. wolfgangspeideli, holotype
♂, S Vietnam (©NHMUK); 30, N. pseudoeffracta, ♂, NE India (©NHMUK); 31, N. pseudoeffracta, ♀, NE India (©NHMUK);
32, N. pseudoeffracta, holotype ♀, NE India (PUDZES, photo by N. Singh); 33, N. pseudoeffracta, ♀, NE India (©NHMUK);
34, N. klapperichi, holotype ♂, China, Fujiang (ZFMK); 35, N. klapperichi, ♂, SE Laos (MWM/ZSM); 36, N. klapperichi, ♂,
N Thailand (CKC).

FIGURES 37–49. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 37, N. klapperichi, ♂, W Thailand (CKC); 38, N. klapperichi, ♂, S Myanmar
(©NHMUK); 39, N. klapperichi, ♀, S Myanmar (©NHMUK); 40, N. ranau, holotype ♂, Sumatra (MWM/ZSM); 41, N. ranau,
paratype ♀, Sumatra (CKC); 42, N. ranau, paratype ♀, Sumatra (CKC); 43, N. pellucida, lectotype ♂, Java (©NHMUK); 44,
N. pellucida, ♂, Java (ZMB); 45, N. pellucida, ♀, Java (ZMB); 46, N. bana, holotype ♂, C Vietnam (©NHMUK); 47, N. bana,
paratype ♂, C Vietnam (CAV); 48, N. martini, holotype ♂, N Vietnam (©NHMUK); 49, N. martini, paratype ♀, N Vietnam
(©NHMUK).
FIGURES 50–60. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 50, N. thomaswitti, holotype ♂, NE India (MWM/ZSM); 51, N. thomaswitti,
paratype ♂, E Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 52, N. thomaswitti, paratype ♀, E Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 53, N. babensis, ♀, SE Laos
(MWM/ZSM); 54, N. babensis, holotype ♂, N Vietnam (after Bayarsaikhan et al. 2017); 55, N. babensis, paratype ♀, N
Vietnam (after Bayarsaikhan et al. 2017); 56, N. karenkonis, holotype ♂, Taiwan (EIHU, photo by Y.-L. Chen); 57, N.
karenkonis, ♂, Taiwan (MWM/ZSM); 58, N. karenkonis, ♀, Taiwan (MWM/ZSM); 59, N. fangae, holotype ♂, China, Hainan
(MWM/ZSM); 60, N. fangae, paratype ♂, China, Hainan (MWM/ZSM).

FIGURES 61–70. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 61, N. angkorensis, ♂, Cambodia (MWM/ZSM); 62, N. angkorensis, ♀,
Cambodia (MWM/ZSM); 63, N. angkorensis, ♂, S Vietnam (MWM/ZSM); 64, N. angkorensis, ♂, S Vietnam (MWM/ZSM);
65, N. pusilla, lectotype ♂, Taiwan (©NHMUK); 66, N. pusilla, ♂, Taiwan (©NHMUK); 67, N. pusilla, ♂, Taiwan (MWM/
ZSM); 68, N. pusilla, ♀, Taiwan (MWM/ZSM); 69, N. hortensis hortensis, holotype ♂, N Thailand (MWM/ZSM); 70, N.
hortensis hortensis, paratype ♂, N Thailand (MWM/ZSM).
FIGURES 71–83. Nephelomilta spp.: adults. 71, N. hortensis hortensis, paratype ♀, N Thailand (CKC); 72, N. hortensis
fansipana, holotype ♂, N Vietnam (MWM/ZSM); 73, N. h. fansipana, paratype ♂, N Vietnam (MWM/ZSM); 74, N. h.
fansipana, paratype ♀, N Vietnam (MWM/ZSM); 75, N. melli, holotype ♂, China, Jiangxi/Fujian border (MWM/ZSM); 76, N.
melli, paratype ♂, China, Jiangxi/Fujian border (MWM/ZSM); 77, N. melli, paratype ♂, China, [Anhui, Quianshan Mts.]
(ZMB); 78, N. chalcedona, holotype ♂, SW Thailand (©NHMUK); 79, N. chalcedona, paratype ♀, W Thailand (CKC); 80, N.
ferruginea, holotype ♂, Sumatra (©NHMUK); 81, N. ferruginea, paratype ♀, Sumatra (CKC); 82, N. diehli, holotype ♂,
Sumatra (MWM/ZSM); 83, N. diehli, paratype ♂, Sumatra (CKC).

FIGURES 84–86. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 84, N. suffusa, S India, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6557 Volynkin
(©NHMUK); 85, N. taprobana, holotype, Sri Lanka, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6582 Volynkin (©NHMUK); 86, N. sumatrana
sumatrana, Sumatra, slide AV2345♂ Volynkin.
FIGURES 87–89. Nephelomilta sumatrana sspp.: male genitalia. 87, N. s. sumatrana, Malay Peninsula, slide MWM 31643
Volynkin; 88, N. s. sumatrana, Borneo, slide AV4135 Volynkin; 89, N. s. effractoida, holotype, NE India, slide AV2347
Volynkin.

FIGURES 90–92. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 90, N. s. effractoida, paratype, SW Thailand, slide AV2847 Volynkin; 91,
N. admiranda, holotype, NE India, slide MWM 31652 Volynkin; 92, N. admiranda, paratype, NE India, slide MWM 31736
Volynkin.
FIGURES 93–95. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 93, N. gulmargensis, Nepal, slide MWM 31661 Volynkin; 94, N.
kanchenjunga, holotype, NE India, slide MWM 31642 Volynkin; 95, N. wolfgangspeideli, holotype, S Vietnam, slide AV2343
Volynkin (©NHMUK).

FIGURES 96–98. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 96, N. effracta, Nepal, slide MWM 31660 Volynkin; 97, N. effracta, NE
India, slide MWM 34450 Volynkin; 98, N. pseudoeffracta, NE India, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6544 Volynkin (©NHMUK).
FIGURES 99–101. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 99, N. pseudoeffracta, NE India, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6543 Volynkin
(©NHMUK); 100, N. klapperichi, holotype, China, Fujian, slide AV1908 Volynkin; 101, N. klapperichi, W Thailand, slide
AV2844 Volynkin.

FIGURES 102–104. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 102, N. ranau, holotype, Sumatra, slide AV4151 Volynkin; 103, N.
ranau, paratype, Sumatra, slide AV4147 Volynkin; 104, N. pellucida, Java, slide AV2902 Volynkin.
FIGURES 105–107. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 105, N. bana, C Vietnam, slide AV1620 Volynkin (©NHMUK); 106,
N. martini, holotype, N Vietnam, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6546 Volynkin (©NHMUK); 107, N. thomaswitti, holotype, NE India,
slide MWM 31654 Volynkin.

FIGURES 108–110. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 108, N. thomaswitti, paratype, E Nepal, slide MWM 31663 Volynkin;
109, N. babensis, holotype, N Vietnam (after Bayarsaikhan et al. 2017); 110, N. karenkonis, Taiwan, slide MWM 31637
Volynkin.
FIGURES 111–113. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 111, N. fangae, holotype, China, Hainan, slide MWM 31679 Volynkin;
112, N. angkorensis, Cambodia, slide MWM 31639 Volynkin; 113, N. pusilla, Taiwan, slide MWM 31635 Volynkin.

FIGURES 114–116. Nephelomilta hortensis sspp.: male genitalia. 114, N. h. hortensis, holotype, N Thailand, slide AV2850
Volynkin; 115, N. h. fansipana, holotype, N Vietnam, slide MWM 31668 Volynkin; 116, N. h. fansipana, paratype, N Vietnam,
slide MWM 31667 Volynkin.
FIGURES 117–119. Nephelomilta melli: male genitalia. 117, holotype, China, Jiangxi/Fujian border, slide MWM 31677
Volynkin; 118, paratype, China, Jiangxi/Fujian border, slide MWM 31677 Volynkin; 119, paratype, China, [Anhui, Quianshan
Mts.], slide AV4231 Volynkin.

FIGURES 120–122. Nephelomilta chalcedona: male genitalia. 120, paratype, SW Thailand, slide AV4140 Volynkin; 121, W
Thailand, slide AV4141 Volynkin; 122, Central Laos, slide AV4143 Volynkin.
FIGURES 123–125. Nephelomilta spp.: male genitalia. 123, N. ferruginea, holotype, Sumatra, slide AV2549 Volynkin
(©NHMUK); 124, N. ferruginea, paratype, Sumatra, slide AV4142 Volynkin; 125, N. diehli, holotype, Sumatra, slide AV2663
Volynkin.

FIGURES 126–133. Nephelomilta spp.: female genitalia. 126, N. suffusa, S India, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6558 Volynkin
(©NHMUK); 127, N. sumatrana sumatrana, Sumatra, slide AV4154 Volynkin; 128, N. s. sumatrana, Malay Peninsula, slide
MWM 31645 Volynkin; 129, N. s. effractoida, paratype, NE India, slide ZSM Arct. 36/2017 Volynkin; 130, N. s. effractoida,
paratype, SW Thailand, slide AV2848 Volynkin; 131, N. gulmargensis, NE India, slide ZSM Arct. 34/2017 Volynkin; 132, N.
effracta, Nepal, slide MWM 31656 Volynkin; 133, N. pseudoeffracta, NE India, slide Volynkin (©NHMUK).
FIGURES 134–141. Nephelomilta spp.: female genitalia. 134, N. klapperichi, S Myanmar, slide Volynkin (©NHMUK); 135,
N. ranau, paratype, Sumatra, slide AV4152 Volynkin; 136, N. pellucida, Java, slide AV2903 Volynkin; 137, N. martini,
paratype, N Vietnam, slide BMNH(E) Arct-6547 Volynkin (©NHMUK); 138, N. thomaswitti, paratype, Nepal, slide MWM
31664 Volynkin; 139, N. babensis, C Laos, slide MWM 33708 Volynkin; 140, N. karenkonis, Taiwan, slide MWM 31638
Volynkin; 141, N. fangae, paratype, China, Hainan, slide MWM 31682 Volynkin.

FIGURES 142–147. Nephelomilta spp.: female genitalia. 142, N. angkorensis, Cambodia, slide MWM 31640 Volynkin; 143,
N. pusilla, Taiwan, slide MWM 31636 Volynkin; 144, N. hortensis hortensis, paratype, N Thailand, slide AV2855 Volynkin;
145, N. hortensis fansipana, paratype, N Vietnam, slide ZSM Arct. 38/2017 Volynkin; 146, N. chalcedona, W Thailand, slide
AV4139 Volynkin; 147, N. ferruginea, paratype, Sumatra, slide AV2550 Volynkin.
FIGURES 148–151. Cyana detrita, the type-species of Cyana. 148, adult ♂, Nepal (MWM/ZSM); 149, adult ♀, N India, Uttar
Pradesh (MWM/ZSM); 150, male genitalia, N India, Punjab, slide AV2077 Volynkin; 151, female genitalia, N India, Uttar
Pradesh, slide AV2078 Volynkin.

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Zootaxa 4472 (3): 401–451 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

Revision of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900, with descriptions of

ANTON V. VOLYNKIN1,3 & KAREL ČERNÝ2

Accepted by L. Pinheiro: 20 Jul. 2018; published: 11 Sept. 2018 401

Material and methods

Genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 403

Check-list of the genus Nephelomilta Hampson, 1900

The N. suffusa species-group

Nephelomilta suffusa (Hampson, 1891)

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 405

Nephelomilta taprobana (Hampson, 1901), comb. nov.

The N. sumatrana species-group

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 407

Nephelomilta sumatrana effractoida Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov.

The N. admiranda species-group

Nephelomilta admiranda Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 409

The N. gulmargensis species-group

The N. kanchenjunga species-group

Nephelomilta kanchenjunga Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

The N. effracta species-group

Nephelomilta wolfgangspeideli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 411

Nephelomilta effracta (Walker, 1854), comb. nov.

Nephelomilta pseudoeffracta (Kirti, Joshi & N. Singh, 2013), comb. nov.

The N. klapperichi species-group

Nephelomilta klapperichi (Daniel, 1952), comb. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 413

Nephelomilta ranau Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

Nephelomilta pellucida (Rothschild, 1936), comb. nov.

The N. bana species-group

Nephelomilta bana Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 415

The N. pusilla species-group

Nephelomilta martini Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

Nephelomilta babensis (Bae & Bayarsaikhan, 2017), comb. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 417

Nephelomilta karenkonis (Matsumura, 1930), comb. & stat. nov.

Nephelomilta fangae Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

Nephelomilta angkorensis (Bayarsaikhan & Bae, 2016), comb. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 419

Nephelomilta pusilla (Wileman, 1910), comb. & stat. nov.

Nephelomilta hortensis hortensis Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

Nephelomilta hortensis fansipana Volynkin & Černý, ssp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 421

Nephelomilta melli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

The N. chalcedona species-group

Nephelomilta chalcedona (Černý, 2009), comb. nov.

Nephelomilta ferruginea Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 423

The N. diehli species-group

Nephelomilta diehli Volynkin & Černý, sp. nov.

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 425

REVISION OF NEPHELOMILTA Zootaxa 4472 (3) © 2018 Magnolia Press · 427

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