Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Robin R. Wang
ROBIN R. WANG
The Southern Mountain (Nanyue 南岳) in Hunan is one of the five cen‑
tral Daoist mountains, with a long history of living masters. According to
legend, the Yellow Emperor lived there, and Zhang Daoling 張道陵, the
founder of the Celestial Masters, visited the site. The female matriarch
Wei Huacun 魏華存 (252‑334), one of the key revealing deities of Highest
Clarity, had a sanctuary there, and the Huangting jing 黃庭經 (Yellow
Court Scripture), a major meditative manual, is associated with the site.
Today, the mountain is home to thirteen temples with over forty female
and thirty male Daoists.
There is an Academy of Female Daoists (Kundao Xueyuan 坤道學院)
in the main temple (Damiao 大庙) at the bottom of the Southern March‑
mount. 1 Part of the Chinese Daoist College (Zhongguo Daojiao Xueyuan
中國道教學院), originally founded by the Chinese Daoist Association in
1990, the Academy houses a two‑year program committed to train fe‑
male Daoists.
Both the academy and the mountain are under the leadership of the
well‑known female master Huang Zhian 黃至安, president of the Hunan
Daoist Association and also vice‑president of the Chinese Daoist Asso‑
ciation. She is one of the most prominent female Daoists in China today,
at least in terms of political and social involvement. A member of the
1 For more detailed information about this school, its trainees, and curricu‑
lum, see my “To Become a Female Daoist Master: Kundao in Training” in Internal
Alchemy: Energetic Transformations for Vitality and Transcendence (forthcoming in
2009).
177
178 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008)
jing to Changsha (about two hours) then arranged a private car to get to
Nanyue in two hours. After concluding my work there, I took a train
from to Mount Wudang 武儅山, Hubei, which took about seven hours.
During my stay, I roomed as a temple guest. Most temples offer low‑
price accommodation for relatives and friends of Daoists.
Although these Daoist mountains are also tourist sites with easy
access for anyone, talking to female practitioners is a challenge and quite
impossible without an internal introduction. I was accompanied by ei‑
ther a professor who also serves as an academy teacher or by people
from local Bureau of Religious Affairs. I found that female Daoists are
much more shy and discriminating than their male counterparts, but will
open upon proper introduction through one of their teachers. The best
way to undertake meaningful field work in Daoist mountains is thus
through academics. All four Daoist mountains I visited have strong ties
with professors in nearby universities. Through them I received initial
contacts, then had to make my own way. Even then, talking with indi‑
viduals presents many difficulties, not least local dialect and inherent
reticence.
Most of the students in the Nanyue academy are from the country‑
side and have about nine years of schooling, with only few attaining a
high school diploma. Their reasons and motivations for becoming a Dao‑
ist are multifaceted and complex; everyone has her own story. Personal
tragedy, such as a death in the family; emotional stress in relationships
with men or escape from an abusive marriage; as well as difficulties in
finding a job and extreme poverty: those are all factors that can contrib‑
ute to their choice. When they arrive at the mountain they have to go
through a three‑month probation period that allows them to try out the
lifestyle of the temple and see whether they are suited to it. They also
have to find a personal master who is willing to accept and guide them.
Only those accepted can stay and become part of the highly select group
of elite students.
I visited Nanyue several times over the last few years. Students are
commonly busy with course work and test preparation, cramming for
exams and writing essays. They have no time to talk to a stranger. How‑
ever, some of the other other Daoists in the temple were willing to chat,
and I heard many fascinating stories about their lives, challenges, and
faith. For example, once I asked a 23‑year old who was then in the three‑
180 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008)
month probation period, why she wanted to be a Daoist. She shouted: “I
want to penetrate the dust of this world” (kan po hong che 看破紅塵), and
ran away.
Li, 32 years old and quite beautiful, is in charge of a small courtyard
in the temple. Inspired by immortal and martial arts novels as a teenager,
she left her poor home in Anhui province and went to Mount Wudang
for Daoist training. However she got involved with a male Daoist there
and became pregnant. Both of them were forced to leave the mountain
and return to his hometown.
Soon after her son was born, the father left to go back to Wudang,
unable to make a living in the village, Li with her young boy had no
place to go and started to wander the city streets. Eventually she met a
kind man who took them in and supported them. After a few years of a
calm yet hard farming life, Li wanted to pursue her Daoist dream again.
She discussed this with her generous partner and asked him to take care
of her son.
Thus she left her boy behind and returned to Mount Wudang. There
she requested permission to visit different Daoist mountains. I learned
that there is an internal policy among Daoist mountains that allows prac‑
titioners to rotate every three years among them as long as one is willing
to be the host. When I saw Li, she had been at Nanyue for one year. After
two more years she hopes to move on to Mount Hua in Shaanxi.
I asked her about the life in temple and whether she misses her son.
Although she is getting a stipend of only 20 yuan ($3) per month, all her
living expenses are taken care of. She is enjoying the temple life very
much because she has the freedom and luxury to read books, play the
erhu and pipa (Chinese musical instruments), and be far away from all
kinds of stress. She is also very confident that her boy, now eight years
old, is in good hands and that there is no reason for her to worry about
him.
Other reasons for choosing the Daoist life included material security,
personal training, and a will to serve the community. Many of the young
women are truly inspiring in their dedication and, having undergone
their advanced training, will serve the religion in a variety of functions.
As for myself, I hope to return to Nanyue every so often and learn more
about the lives, hopes, and careers of the kundao.