Chapter 05

5
The Fourier Transform
Exercises 5.2.4
1 0 ∞
at −jωt
F (jω) = e e dt + e−at e−jωt dt
−∞ 0
2a
=
a2 + ω2
2
0 T
−jωt
F (jω) = Ae dt + −Ae−jωt dt
−T 0
T
= 2jA sin ωt dt
0
2jA
= (1 − cos ωT )
ω
4jA ωT
= sin2
ω 2
2 2 ωT
= jωAT sinc
2
3
0 T
At −jωt At
F (jω) = +A e dt + − + A e−jωt dt
−T T 0 T
T
At
=2 − + A cos ωt dt
0 T

2 ωT
= AT sinc
2
Exercise 2 is T × derivative of Exercise 3, so result 2 follows as (jω × T )

× result 3.
Sketch is readily drawn.

c Pearson Education Limited 2004
268 Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition
4
2
F (jω) = 2Ke−jωt dt = 8K sinc(2ω)
−2
1
G(jω) = Ke−jωt dt = 2K sinc(ω)
−1
H(jω) = F (jω) − G(jω) = 2K(4 sinc(2ω) − sinc(ω))
5
−1 1 2
−jωt −jωt
F (jω) = e dt + e dt + −e−jωt dt
−2 −1 1
1 jω
= 2(e − e−jω ) − (e2jω − e−2jω )
jω
= 4 sinc(ω) − 2 sinc(2ω)
6
π
1 a
F (jω) = (ejat − e−jat )e−jωt dt
2j π
−a
π π
1 a
jat −jωt 1 a
f¯(a) = e e dt = ej(a−ω)t dt
2j −a
π 2j π
−a
sin ω πa
=
j(a − ω)
2jω π
F (jω) = f¯(a) + f¯(−a) = sin ω
ω 2 − a2 a
7 ∞
F (jω) = e−at . sin ω0 t.e−jωt dt
0
= f¯(ω0 ) − f¯(−ω0 )
∞
1
¯
where f (ω0 ) = e(−a+j(ω0 −ω)t) dt
2j 0

1 1 1 1
= =
2j a − j(ω0 − ω) 2j (a + jω) − jω0
ω0
∴ F (jω) =
(a + jω)2 + ω02

Glyn James: Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Third edition 269
8 a
1
Fc (x) = (ejt + e−jt )(ejxt + e−jxt ) dt
4 0
a
define g(x, b) = ej(b+x)t dt
0
1
= [ej(b+x)a − 1]
j(b + x)
1
Fc (x) = [g(x, 1) + g(x, −1) + g(−x, 1) + g(−x, −1)]
4
1 sin(1 + x)a sin(1 − x)a
= +
2 1+x 1−x
a
9 Consider F (x) = 0
1.ejxt dt
−j
= (cos ax + j sin ax − 1)
x
sin ax
Fc (x) = Re F (x) =
x
1 − cos ax
Fs (x) = Im F (x) =
x
∞
10 Consider F (x) = 0
e−at ejxt dt
a + jx
=
a2 + x2
a
Fc (x) = Re F (x) =
+ x2 a2
x
Fs (x) = Im F (x) = 2
a + x2
Exercises 5.3.6
11 Obvious
12 (jω)2 Y (jω) + 3jωY (jω) + Y (jω) = U (jω)
1
Y (jω) = U (jω)
(1 − ω 2 ) + 3jω
1
H(jω) =
(1 − ω 2 ) + 3jω

13
ω
→ sinc
2

ω
→ e−iω3/2 + eiω3/2 sinc
2
2
= (sin(2ω) − sin(ω))
ω
= 4 sinc(2ω) − 2 sinc(ω)
14
T
2
F (jω) = cos(ω0 t)e−iωt dt
T
−2
1 T 1 T
= sin(ω0 − ω) + sin(ω0 + ω) ω = ±ω0
ω0 − ω 2 ω0 + ω 2
T
T sin(ω0 − ω) 2T
sin(ω0 + ω) 2
= +
2 (ω0 − ω) 2 T
(ω0 + ω) T2
Evaluating at ω = ±ω0 ⇒

T T T
F (jω) = sinc(ω0 − ω) + sinc(ω0 + ω)
2 2 2
15 T
F (jω) = cos ω0 t.e−jωt dt
0
1
= [f¯(ω0 ) + f¯(−ω0 )]
2
T
where f¯(ω0 ) = ej(ω0 −ω)t dt
0

1
= [ej(ω0 −ω)T − 1] ω = ω0
j(ω0 − ω)

1 1
F (jω) = (ej(ω0 −ω)T − 1)
2 j(ω0 − ω)

1 −j(ω0 +ω)T
− (e − 1)
j(ω0 − ω)
jω0 T /2
−jωT /2 e T
=e sin(ω0 − ω)
ω0 − ω 2
−jω0 T /2

e T
+ sin(ω0 + ω) ω = ±ω0
ω0 + ω 2
Checking at ω = ±ω0 gives

T −jωT /2 jω0 T /2 T −jω0 T /2 T
F (jω) = e e sinc(ω0 − ω) + e sinc(ω0 + ω)
2 2 2
16 1
F (jω) = sin 2t.e−jωt dt
−1
1
1
= e−j(ω−2)t − e−j(ω+2)t dt
2j −1
1
¯
f (a) = e−j(ω−a)t dt = 2 sinc(ω − a)
−1
1 1
F (jω) = f¯(a) − f¯(−a), a = 2
2j 2j
= j[sinc(ω + 2) − sinc(ω − 2)]
Exercises 5.4.3
17
1
I H(s) = h(t) = (e−t − e−2t )ξ(t)
s2 + 3s + 2
∞
1 1
H(jω) = (e−t − e−2t )e−jωt dt = −
0 1 + jω 2 + jω
1
= as required.
2− + 3jω ω2
√ √
s+2 3 √ 3
II H(s) = 2 h(t) = e−1/2t cos t + 3 sin t ξ(t)
s +s+1 2 2

∞
Consider G(ω0 ) = e−(1/2tjω−jω0 )t dt
0
1
= 1
2 + j(ω − ω0 )
√ √
1 1 3 3
H(jω) = G(ω0 ) + G(−ω0 ) + (G(ω0 ) − G(−ω0 )), ω0 =
2 2 2j 2
2 + 4jω 6
So H(jω) = 2
+
4 + 4jω − 4ω 4 + 4jω − 4ω 2
2 + jω
=
1 − ω 2 + jω
18
P (jω) = 2AT sinc ωT
So F (jω) = (e−jωτ + eiωτ )P (jω)

= 4AT cos ωτ sinc ωT
(s )2 −ω 2
19 G(s ) = √ G(jω) = √
(s )2 + 2s + 1 1 − ω 2 + 2jω
1
= 1
√
ω2 − 1 + 2 ωj
Thus | G(jω) |→ 0 as ω → 0
and | G(jω) |→ 1 as ω → ∞
High-pass filter.
2a
20 g(t) = e−a|t| −→ G(jω) =
a2 + ω2
1
f (jt) = G(jt) −→ πg(−ω) = πe−a|ω|
2

1 1
21 F{f (t) cos ω0 t} = F (j(ω − ω0 )) + F (j(ω + ω0 ))
2 2
F (jω) = 2T sinc ωT
∴ F{PT (t) cos ω0 t}

= T sinc(ω − ω0 )T + sinc(ω + ω0 )T
Exercises 5.5.3
22 ∞ ∞
1 1
πδ(ω − ω0 )e jωt
dω + πδ(ω + ω0 )ejωt dω
2π −∞ 2π −∞
1 jω0 t
= (e + e−jω0 t )
2
= cos ω0 t
23
F{e±jω0 t } = 2πδ(ω ∓ ω0 )
1
∴ F{sin ω0 t} = {2πδ(ω − ω0 ) − 2πδ(ω + ω0 )}
2j
= jπ[δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 )]
∞
1
jπ[δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 )]ejωt dω
2π −∞
j
= [e−jω0 t − e+jω0 t ] = sin ω0 t
2
∞ ∞
24 G(jω) = g(t)e−jωt dt; G(jt) = −∞
g(ω)e−jωt dω
−∞
∞
So f (t)G(jt) dt
−∞
∞ ∞
−jωt
= f (t) g(ω)e dω dt
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
−jωt
= g(ω) f (t)e dt dω
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
= g(ω)F (jω)dω = g(t)F (jt) dt
−∞ −∞

25 Write result 24 as
∞ ∞
f (ω)F{g(t)}dω = F{f (t)}g(ω)dω
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
so f (ω)F{G(jt)}dω = F{f (t)}G(jω)dω
−∞ −∞

g(t) → G(jω) 
Now G(jt) → 2πg(−ω) symmetry

G(−jt) → 2πg(ω)
∞ ∞
Thus f (ω).2πg(ω)dω = F (jω)G(−jω)dω
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
1
or f (t)g(t) dt = F (jω)G(−jω)dω
−∞ 2π −∞
26 F{H(t) sin ω0 t}
∞
1 1
= πj δ(ω − u + ω0 ) − δ(ω − u − ω0 ) πδ(u) + du
2π −∞ ju

j 1 1 1
= πδ(ω + ω0 ) − πδ(ω − ω0 ) + −
2 2 ω + ω0 ω − ω0
πj ω0
= δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 ) − 2
2 ω − ω02
27 d/2
A Ad nω0 d
an = e−nω0 t dt = sinc , ω0 = 2π/T
T −d/2 T 2
∞
Ad nω0 d nω0 t
f (t) = sinc e ,
T n=−∞ 2
∞
2πAd nω0 d
F (ω) = sinc δ(ω − nω0 )
T n=−∞ 2
Exercises 5.6.6
28
π
T = 1, N = 4, ∆ω = 2π/(4 × 1) =
2

3

G0 = gn e− ×n×0×π/2 = 2
n=0
3

G1 = gn e− ×n×1×π/2 = 0
n=0
3

G2 = gn e− ×n×2×π/2 = 2
n=0
3

G3 = gn e− ×n×3×π/2 = 0
n=0
G = {2, 0, 2, 0}
29
N = 4, W n = e− nπ/2
    
1 0 1 0 1 2
 0 1 0 10 0
gn =    =  
1 0 −1 0 1 0
0 1 0 −1 0 0
      
G00 1 1 0 0 2 2
G  1 −1 0 00 2
G =  10  =    =  
G01 1 0 1 − 0 0
G11 0 0 1  0 0
Bit reversal gives
 
2
0
G= 
2
0
30 Computer experiment.
31 Follows by direct substitution.

Review exercises 5.9

1
1 2
sin x cos 2x
FS (x) = t sin xt dt + sin xt dt = −
0 1 x2 x
2
π πt π
f (t) = − H(−t − 2) + (H(t + 2) − H(t − 2)) + H(t − 2)
2 4 2
1
F{H(t)} =
+ πδ(ω)
ω

−2jω 1
F{H(t − 2)} = e + πδ(ω)
jω

2jω −1 2jω −1
F{H(−t − 2)} = e + πδ(−ω) = e + πδ(ω)
jω jω
π
π π 2 −jωt
F{f (t)} = F{− H(−t − 2)} + te dt + F H(t − 2)
2 4 −2 2
−πj
= sinc 2ω
ω
3
ωT
F {H(t + T /2) − H(t − T /2)} = T sinc
2
F {cos ω0 t} = π [δ(ω + ω0 ) + δ(ω − ω0 )]
Using convolution
∞
π T
F {f (t)} = T sinc (ω − u) (δ(u + ω0 ) + δ(u − ω0 ))du
2π −∞ 2

T T T
= sinc(ω − ω0 ) + sinc(ω + ω0 )
2 2 2
4
1 1
F {cos ω0 tH(t)} = [πδ(ω − ω0 ) + πδ(ω + ω0 )] ∗ πδ(ω) +
2π jω
∞
1 1
= {πδ(ω − u − ω0 ) + πδ(ω − u + ω0 )} πδ(u) + du
2π −∞ ju

π jω
= [δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )] + 2
2 ω0 − ω 2
5
F{f (t) cos ωc t cos ωc t}
F (jω + jωc ) + F (jω − jωc )
= ∗ π [δ(ω − ωc ) + δ(ω + ωc )]
2

1 ∞
= [F (j(u + ωc )) + F (j(u − ωc ))] ×
4 −∞
[δ(ω − u − ωc ) + δ(ω − u + ωc )] du
1 1
= F (jω) + [F (jω + 2jωc ) + F (jω − 2jωc )]
2 4
Or write as
1
f (t) (1 + cos 2ωc t)
2
etc.
6
H(t + 1) − H(t − 1) ↔ 2 sinc ω
By symmetry
2 sinc t ↔ 2π(H(−ω + 1) − H(−ω − 1)) = 2π(H(ω + 1) − H(ω − 1))
7(a) Simple poles at s = a and s = b . Residue at s = a is eat /(a − b) , at s = b

it is ebt /(b − a) , thus
1 at
f (t) = e − ebt H(t)

a−b
7(b) Double pole at s = 2 , residue is

d 2 es t
lim (s − 2) = te2t
s→2 ds (s − 2)2
So f (t) = te2t H(t)

7(c) Simple pole at s = 1 , residue e−t , double pole at s = 0 , residue

d es t
lim = (t − 1)H(t)
s→0 ds s+1
Thus f (t) = (t − 1 + e−t )H(t)
8(a) ∞
y(t) = h(t − τ )u(τ ) dτ
−∞
Thus ∞
− sin ω0 t = h(t − τ ) cos ω0 τ dτ = f (t), say
−∞
If u(τ ) = cos ω0 (τ + π/4)

∞
y(t) = h(t − τ ) cos ω0 (τ + π/4) dτ
−∞
∞
= h(t − (τ − π/4)) cos ω0 τ dτ = f (t + π/4)
−∞
= − sin ω0 (t + π/4)
8(b) Since sin ω0 t = cos ω0 (t − π/2ω0 )

∞
y(t) = h(t − τ ) sin ω0 t dτ
−∞
∞
= h(t − τ ) cos ω0 (τ − π/2ω0 ) dτ
−∞
∞
= h(t − (τ + π/2ω0 )) cos ω0 τ dτ
−∞
= f (t − π/2ω0 ) = − sin(ω0 t − π/2) = cos ω0 t
8(c)
ejω0 t = cos ω0 t + j sin ω0 t
This is transformed from above to
− sin ω0 t + j cos ω0 t = j ejω0 t

8(d) Proceed as above using
e−jω0 t = cos ω0 t − j sin ω0 t
9
2
F(sgn(t)) = F(f (t)) = F (jω) = , obvious
jω
Symmetry,
2
F (jt) = ↔ 2/πf (−ω) = 2πsgn(−ω)
jt
That is
1
↔ −πsgn(ω)
jt
or
1
− ↔ jsgn(ω)
πt
10 ∞ ∞
1 1 f (τ ) 1 f (τ )
g(t) = − ∗ f (t) = − dτ = dτ = FHi (t)
πt π −∞ t−τ π −∞ τ −t
so ∞
1 f (t)
g(x) = dt = FHi (x)
π −∞ t−x
So from Exercise 9
FHi (jω) = jsgn(ω) × F (jω)
so
|FHi (jω)| = |jsgn(ω)| |F (jω)| = |F (jω)|
and
arg(FHi (jω)) = arg(F (jω)) + π/2, ω ≥ 0
Similarly
arg(FHi (jω)) = arg(F (jω)) − π/2, ω < 0
11 First part, elementary algebra.

∞
1 t
FHi (x) = dt
π −∞ (t2 + a2 )(t − x)

∞
1 1 a2 t xt
= + − dt
π x + a2
2
−∞ t2 + a2 t − x t2 + a2
a
= 2
x + a2
12(a) ∞
1 f (t)
H{f (t)} = dt = FHi (x)
π −∞ t − x

1 ∞ f (a + t)
H{f (a + t)} = dt
π −∞ t − x

1 ∞ f (t)
= dt = FHi (a + x)
π −∞ t − (a + x)
12(b)
1 ∞ f (at)
H{f (at)} = dt
π −∞ t − x

1 ∞ f (t)
= dt = FHi (ax), a > 0
π −∞ t − ax
12(c)
1 ∞ f (−at)
H{f (−at)} = dt
π −∞ t − x

1 ∞ f (t)
=− dt = −FHi (−ax), a > 0
π −∞ t + ax
12(d) ∞
df 1 f (t)
H = dt
dt π −∞ t−x
∞ ∞
1 f (t) f (t)
= + dt
π t − x −∞ −∞ (t − x)
2
Provided lim f (t)/t = 0 then

|t|→∞
∞ ∞
df 1 f (t) 1 d f (t)
H = 2
dt = dt
dt π −∞ (t − x) π dx −∞ t−x
d
= FHi (x)
dx

12(e)
∞ ∞ ∞
x f (t) 1 1 tf (t)
dt + f (t) dt = dt
π −∞ t−x π −∞ π −∞ t−x
= H{tf (t)}
13 From Exercise 10
1
FHi (t) = − ∗ f (t)
πt
So from Exercise 9,
F{FHi (t)} = jsgn (ω) × F( ω)
so
F(jω) = −jsgn (ω) × F{FHi (t)}
Thus ∞ ∞
1 1 1
f (t) = FHi (τ )dτ = − FHi (x)dx
−∞ π(t − τ ) π −∞ (x − τ )
14
fa (t) = f (t) − jFHi (t)
F{fa (t)} = F (jω) − j(jsgn (ω))F (jω) = F (jω) + sgn (ω)F (jω)

2F (jω), ω > 0
=
0, ω<0
15
1
F{H(t)} = + πδ(ω) = F (jw)
jω
Symmetry
1
F ( t) = + πδ(t) ↔ 2πH(−ω) = 2π[1 − H(ω)]
jt
= 2π[Fδ(t) − H(ω)]
or
j 1
H(ω) ↔ + δ(t)
2πt 2
Thus
j 1
F −1 {H(ω)} = + δ(t)
2πt 2

Then
ˆ 1 j 1
f (t) = 2 δ(t) + ∗ f (t) = f (t) − j − ∗ f (t)
2 2πt πt
= f (t) − jFHi (t)
When f (t) = cos ω0 t, ω0 > 0 , then
F (jω) = π[δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )]
so
F{fˆ(t)} = 2πδ(ω − ω0 )
whence
fˆ(t) = f (t) − jFHi (t) = ejω0 t = cos ω0 t + j sin ω0 t
and so
FHi (t) = − sin ω0 t
When g(t) = sin ω0 t, ω0 > 0
G(jω) = jπ[δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 )]
and thus
ĝ(t) = −jejω0 t = −j(cos ω0 t + j sin ω0 t)
so
H{sin ω0 t} = cos ω0 t
16 If h̄(t) = 0, t < 0 , then when t < 0
1 1
h̄e (t) = h̄(−t), and h̄o (t) = − h̄(−t)
2 2
i.e. h̄o (t) = −h̄e (t)
When t > 0 then

1 1
h̄e (t) = h̄(t), and h̄o (t) = h̄(t)
2 2
i.e. h̄o (t) = h̄e (t)
That is
h̄o (t) = sgn (t)h̄e (t) ∀t

Thus
h̄(t) = h̄e (t) + sgn (t)h̄e (t)
When h(t) = sin t H(t)

 1

 sin t, t > 0
2
h̄e (t) =

 − 1 sin t, t < 0
2
and since
1
sgn (t) h̄e (t) = sin t ∀t
2
the result is comfirmed.
Then taking the FT of the result,
!
H̄(jω) = H̄e (jω) + F sgn (t)h̄e (t)

1 2
= H̄e (jω) + ∗ H̄e (jω)
2π jω
!
= H̄e (jω) + jH H̄e (jω)
When ∞
a ω
H̄(jω) = e−at e−jwt dt = − 2
−∞ a2 +ω 2 a + ω2
then
a ω
H =−
a + ω2
2 a2 + ω2
or
a x
H =−
a + t2
2 a2 + x2
Finally ∞
at x 1 a a2
H = −x 2 + dt =
a + t2
2 a +x 2 π −∞ a2 + t2 a2 + x2
So
t a
H =
a + t2
2 a2 + x2
17(a)
∞
a + 2πs
FH (s) = e−at (cos 2πst + sin 2πst) dt =
0 a2 + 4π 2 s2

17(b)
T
1
FH (s) = (cos 2πst + sin 2πst) dt = sin 2πst
−T πs
18 ∞ ∞
E(s) = f (t) cos 2πst dt O(s) = f (t) sin 2πst dt
−∞ −∞
∞
E(s) −  O(s) = f (t)e−j2πst dt = F (js)
−∞
From 17(a)
1 + πs
FH (s) =
2 + 2π 2 s2
whence
1 πs
E(s) = , O(s) =
2 + 2π 2 s2 2 + 2π 2 s2
so
1 − jπs
F ( s) =
2 + 2π 2 s2
agreeing with the direct calculation
∞
1 − jπs
F (js) = e−2t e−j2πst dt =
0 2 + 2π 2 s2
19 ∞
H{f (t − T )} = f (t − T ) cas 2πst dt
−∞
∞
= f (τ ) [cos 2πsτ (cos 2πsT + sin 2πsT )+
−∞
sin 2πsτ (cos 2πsT − sin 2πsT )] dt
= cos 2πsT FH (s) + sin 2πsT FH (−s)
20 The Hartley transform follows at once since
1 1
FH (s) = {F (js)} − {F (js)} = δ(s) +
2 sπ
From time shifting

1 1 1 1
FH (s) = sin πs δ(−s) − + cos πs δ(s) +
2 sπ 2 sπ

1 cos πs − sin πs
= δ(s) +
2 πs
21 ∞
H{δ(t)} = δ(t) cas 2πst dt = 1
−∞
From Exercise 18 it follows that the inversion integral for the Hartley transform is
∞
f (t) = FH (s) cas 2πstds
−∞
and so the symmetry property is simply
f (t) ↔ FH (s) =⇒ FH (t) ↔ f (s)
Thus
H{1} = δ(s)
At once ∞
H{δ(t − t0 )} δ(t − t0 ) cas 2πst dt = cas 2πst0
−∞
By symmetry
H{cas 2πs0 t} = δ(s − s0 )
22
1 1
FH (s − s0 ) + FH (s + s0 )
2 2
∞
1
= f (t) {cos 2π(s − s0 )t + sin 2π(s − s0 )t
2 −∞
+ cos 2π(s + s0 )t + sin 2π(s + s0 )t} dt

∞
= f (t) cos 2πs0 t [cos 2πst + sin 2πst] dt
−∞
= H{f (t) cos 2πs0 t}
From Exercise 21, setting f (t) = 1
1
H{cos 2πs0 t} = (δ(s − s0 ) + δ(s + s0 ))
2

also
H{sin 2πs0 t} = H{cas 2πs0 t} − H{cos 2πs0 t}
1 1
= δ(s − s0 ) − (δ(s − s0 ) + δ(s + s0 )) = (δ(s − s0 ) − δ(s + s0 ))
2 2
23 t
π
(1 + τ 2 )−1 dτ = tan−1 t +
−∞ 2
Thus t π
−1 2 −1
F{tan t} = F (1 + τ ) dτ −F
−∞ 2
∞ π
=F (1 + τ 2 )−1 H(t − τ )dτ −F
−∞ 2
π
1
=F ∗ H(t) − F
1 + t2 2

1 1 π
=F 2
× + πδ(ω) − × 2πδ(ω)
1+t ω 2
But from Exercise 1 2
F e−|t| =
1 + ω2
and so by symmetry
1
F = πe−|ω|
1 + t2
whence
−1
! −|ω| 1 π
F tan t = πe × + πδ(ω) − × 2πδ(ω)
jω 2
and so
! πe−|ω|
F tan−1 t =
jω
24
1 1
[1 + cos ω0 t] ↔ [2πδ(ω) + πδ(ω − ω0 ) + πδ(ω + ω0 )]
2 2
and
H(t + T /2) − H(t − T /2) ↔ 2T sinc ω
so ∞
F {x(t)} = 2T sinc (ω − u)
−∞


1
× πδ(u) + (δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(u + ω0 )) du
2

1 1
= T sinc ω + sinc (ω − ω0 ) + sinc (ω + ω0 )
2 2
25
3
1 2πνr
H(ν) = f (r) cas
4 r=0 4
1
H(0) = [f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3)]
4
1
H(1) = [f (0) + f (1) − f (2) − f (3)]
4
1
H(0) = [f (0) − f (1) + f (2) − f (3)]
4
1
H(0) = [f (0) − f (1) − f (2) + f (3)]
4
so  
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 −1 −1 
T=  
4 1 −1 1 −1
1 −1 −1 1
By elementary calculation T2 = 1/4T and if T−1 exists, T−1 = 4T . Since
T−1 T = I , it does. Then
    
1 1 1 1 H(0) f (0)
1 1 −1 −1   H(1)   f (1) 
T−1 H =   = 
1 −1 1 −1 H(2) f (2)
1 −1 −1 1 H(3) f (3)


Chapter 05

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5

The Fourier Transform

Exercise 2 is T × derivative of Exercise 3, so result 2 follows as (jω × T )

12 (jω)2 Y (jω) + 3jωY (jω) + Y (jω) = U (jω)

Checking at ω = ±ω0 gives

P (jω) = 2AT sinc ωT

So F (jω) = (e−jωτ + eiωτ )P (jω)

31 Follows by direct substitution.

Review exercises 5.9

2 sinc t ↔ 2π(H(−ω + 1) − H(−ω − 1)) = 2π(H(ω + 1) − H(ω − 1))

7(a) Simple poles at s = a and s = b . Residue at s = a is eat /(a − b) , at s = b

f (t) = e − ebt H(t)

7(b) Double pole at s = 2 , residue is

So f (t) = te2t H(t)

7(c) Simple pole at s = 1 , residue e−t , double pole at s = 0 , residue

Thus f (t) = (t − 1 + e−t )H(t)

If u(τ ) = cos ω0 (τ + π/4)

8(b) Since sin ω0 t = cos ω0 (t − π/2ω0 )

= f (t − π/2ω0 ) = − sin(ω0 t − π/2) = cos ω0 t

This is transformed from above to

− sin ω0 t + j cos ω0 t = j ejω0 t

8(d) Proceed as above using

e−jω0 t = cos ω0 t − j sin ω0 t

FHi (jω) = jsgn(ω) × F (jω)

11 First part, elementary algebra.

Provided lim f (t)/t = 0 then

When f (t) = cos ω0 t, ω0 > 0 , then

F (jω) = π[δ(ω − ω0 ) + δ(ω + ω0 )]

When g(t) = sin ω0 t, ω0 > 0

G(jω) = jπ[δ(ω + ω0 ) − δ(ω − ω0 )]

16 If h̄(t) = 0, t < 0 , then when t < 0

i.e. h̄o (t) = −h̄e (t)

When t > 0 then

When h(t) = sin t H(t)

sin 2πsτ (cos 2πsT − sin 2πsT )] dt

= cos 2πsT FH (s) + sin 2πsT FH (−s)

20 The Hartley transform follows at once since

and so the symmetry property is simply

f (t) ↔ FH (s) =⇒ FH (t) ↔ f (s)

+ cos 2π(s + s0 )t + sin 2π(s + s0 )t} dt

= H{f (t) cos 2πs0 t}

From Exercise 21, setting f (t) = 1

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