This article was downloaded by: [Michigan State University]

On: 31 August 2013, At: 09:08

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House,
37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Drying Technology: An International Journal

Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ldrt20

Recent Research and Development in Wood Drying

Technologies in China
a
Gu Lianbai
a
Wood Drying Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Published online: 05 Mar 2007.

To cite this article: Gu Lianbai (2007) Recent Research and Development in Wood Drying Technologies in China, Drying
Technology: An International Journal, 25:3, 463-469, DOI: 10.1080/07373930601183900

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930601183900

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and
are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and
should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for
any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever
or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
 Drying Technology, 25: 463–469, 2007
Copyright # 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0737-3937 print/1532-2300 online
DOI: 10.1080/07373930601183900

Recent Research and Development in Wood Drying

Technologies in China
Gu Lianbai
Wood Drying Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China

used for students in wood science and technology. It covers

This article reviews research and application in applied wood drying media, wood-moisture relationship, basic heat and
drying technologies in China during the last two decades. It covers mass transfer, drying kilns and process, and special drying
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013

four areas including texts, manuals, and standards; predrying treat-
ments; drying techniques and equipment; and energy conservation.
The predrying treatments section includes presoaking, presteaming
and preheating, end coating, and warp control. Drying techniques
and equipment discussed involve predrying and redrying, conven-
tional drying, high-temperature drying, vacuum drying, dehumidifi-
cation drying, and press drying. The energy conservation section
describes electricity conservation and heat conservation. Finally,
some suggestions and remarks are given on the past experience
and perspective for future research and development.
Keywords Conventional drying; Dehumidification; Energy con-
servation; High-temperature drying; Predrying treat-
ments; Vacuum drying
INTRODUCTION
China is a developing country with a huge population
but in significant shortage of wood and energy supply.
The policy to meet these demands is to encourage develop-
ing of fast-growing plantation species, importing of timber
and applying of energy conservation. Therefore, the last
two decades’ experience and progresses in the wood drying
area have focused on improving drying quality and energy
conservation through predrying treatments and different
drying methods, which may be different from international
research and development.
TEXTBOOKS, MANUALS, AND STANDARDS
In China’s universities, wood drying education is an
independent program, and thus textbooks specialized in
wood drying fundamentals and practices are in high
demand. In the last two decades, a number of lumber dry-
ing textbooks have been published in China. A textbook on
lumber drying by Liang[1] and revised by Zhu[2] is widely
Correspondence: Gu Lianbai, Faculty of Wood Science and
Technology, Wood Drying Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing 210037, China; E-mail: iufrowdc@yahoo.
com.cn or gulianbai@njfu.edu.cn
technologies.
Several manuals and books covering kiln types, equip-
ment, and drying schedules have been written for wood
industry and students such as the Lumber Drying Man-
ual.[3]. The drying schedules published in this manual cover
15 softwood species and 45 hardwood species that are com-
mercially important in China for appearance grade wood
products such as furniture and interior decoration usage.
The book Lumber Drying Quality Control by Du[4] provides
more details in practical drying operations and control and
the book Wood Collapse[5] describes the mechanism,
measurement, and control of aspen lumber collapse.
Several lumber drying standards have been published,
including National Standards GB=T6491-86 and 1999 Dry-
ing Quality of Sawn Timber,[6] which specify quality grades,
index of dried lumber, and quality inspection methods. The
quality parameters are final moisture content and devi-
ation, stress index, check, and warp. Other standards
include National Standards GB=T 15035-1994 Terminology
in Wood Drying,[7] GB=T17661-1999 Detection Methods of
Drying Equipments Performances for Sawn Timber,[8] and
Forestry Standard LY=T 1068-92 Procedures of Kiln Drying
of Sawn Timber.[9] Two more forestry standards are
LY=T1603-2002 Programming Method for Drying Kiln
Types of Lumber[10] and LYJ118-89 Lumber Drying Project
Design Regulation.[11] These standards cover most of the
commercial important species in China (15 softwoods
and 45 hardwoods) and have been used in the wood drying
industry and accepted by the wood products market.
PREDRYING TREATMENTS
In order to improve drying quality, especially for hard-
wood lumber, and to increase drying rate, predrying treat-
ments are widely adopted in the Chinese wood industry,
and these include presoaking, presteaming and preheating,
end coating, and warp control.

463
 464 LIANBAI
Presoaking
Some species, such as Paulownia, are rich in extractives
and easy to discolor during drying. Therefore, the lumber is
presoaked in a water bath for several days and then is washed
several times. In some cases, chemicals (such as sodium car-
bonate) are added to the water to enhance the extraction of
chemicals from wood. Then the lumber is cross-stood on yard
to air dry before it is kiln-dried. The color of presoaked and
dried Paulownia lumber is bright and luster.[12]
Presoaking of some softwood species such as Masson
pine and Larch in aqueous basic solution can reduce resin
content[13] and deformation and increase permeability and
dimension stability.[14] Some species, such as Dalbergia
odorfera, are rich in extractives and quite difficult to dry.
After being presoaked for one or two days in hot water,
the lumber is easier to dry.
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013
Presteaming and Preheating
Presteaming is the process of using saturated steam at
100C to treat wood before drying; preheating is the process
using saturated moist air. Presteaming or preheating is a
common practice in commercial lumber drying in China.
Presteaming and preheating can improve the drying by
increasing the wood permeability and removing resin.
Steaming lumber for several hours before drying can
increase drying rate for pine, spruce, and Chinese fir.[15]
For pine lumber, such as Masson pine and Larch, for
which resin retards drying and causes some problems in
final products, presteaming is reported to be able to
remove resin by 55%.[16] Research by Lu and Bao[17]
showed that with steaming for 8 h the permeability of
Korean pine and spruce sapwood can increase by 60–
130% because of pit membrane rupture. However,
presteaming is not effective for heartwood.[17]
For hardwood such as eucalyptus, steaming in late stage of
drying is also a promising method for collapse recovery.[18]
In presteaming, temperatures are controlled at 100C,
but the steam medium may not be fully saturated due to
the release of latent heat of the steam and the air trapped
in the kiln. In addition, the fiber saturation point (FSP)
and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) will decrease at
elevated temperatures. In these cases, drying would occur
and, consequently, surface checking is often observed dur-
ing presteaming of hardwood lumber. In order to maintain
saturation condition, preheating with saturated air is often
applied to hardwood lumber to prevent surface checking.
However, for some hardwood species such as beech, pre-
heating with saturated air can change the light color into
reddish color to meet the custom special requirement.
End Coating
In order to prevent end drying for high-quality wood pro-
ducts, end-coating has been applied to blanks such as floor
FIG. 1. S-D-R process. (a) Live saw into flitches. (b) Multi-rip of the
flitch after drying. (c) Block-board core.
blank or textile machine part blanks. End-coating reduces
overall drying rate slightly but smoothes the moisture con-
tent gradient in the length direction, consequently reducing
the end checks and splits of the blanks. So end-coating with
wax or tar has been commercially used in China.
Warp Control
Warp (distortion) of dried lumber is a worldwide drying
defect common in wood drying. However, the extent of the
warp varies with species and drying conditions. Several
techniques to reduce drying-induced warp have been
developed and applied in China, and these will be discussed.
Heavy blocks of concrete and iron frames placed on top
of the lumber stack have been widely utilized in China to
reduce warp during drying. Top-weights pressure of 104 Pa
can control cup and twist effectively for aspen, loblolly pine,
and larch, but locust needs greater pressure.[19]
In addition, optimization of drying schedules by using
different drying temperatures and relative humidity (RH)
at different stages of drying is also critical to minimize
warp. In general, low temperature and rather low RH sche-
dules produce dried lumber with less warp.
Research also found that sawing patterns have an
important effect on warp. Quarter-sawing is much better
than flat-sawing in reducing warp, because the two surfaces
of quarter-sawn board are all in radial direction. Therefore,
quarter-sawing is commercially applied in paulownia
paneling and hardwood flooring.
The saw-dry-rip (SDR) process, as shown in Fig. 1, in
which logs are sawn into flitches, the flitches are firstly
dried and then ripped, is also commercially adopted to
make block-boards from fast-growing plantation trees.
The process can not only reduce warp but also increase
lumber recovery and productivity.
DRYING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
Predrying and Redrying
Air Drying
Air drying as predrying is very popular in southern
China, where the climate is generally warm and humid
 WOOD DRYING IN CHINA
through the year. Although air drying is an old method for
lumber drying, recent research and development have
proved that it is very important to make careful manage-
ment of air drying such as yard preparation, foundation,
stacking, and top-covering for reducing degradation during
air drying. In addition, a barrier of burlap or plastic net to
cover the outside of the refractory hardwood stacks is very
useful in reducing the checks during hot and dry days. The
lumber can be successfully air-dried from green to 30–25%
moisture content (MC) and then is kiln-dried to final MC
of 15%. This practice can reduce 50% of kiln use time
and 52.8% of energy consumption compared to kiln drying
from green. Above these, air drying followed by kiln drying
also decreases internal checking and collapse for some
hardwoods, such as oak and aspen thick lumber.[20]
Air drying has also been tried for fast-growing tree lum-
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013
ber. Under the same ambient conditions, air drying for the
fast-growing wood is rather fast from green to 30% MC
(early stage) but it is slow from 30% to 15% MC (late
stage). The drying rate ratios of the early stage to the late
stage for Masson pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, larch,
loblolly pine, and aspen are, respectively, 3:1, 2.7:1, 2:1,
3:1, 2.6:1, and 2.9:1.[21] Therefore, air drying as predrying
is a practical, economical and energy-saving method in
southern China if the management is properly carried out.
Combination of a Predryer and a Redryer
In order to reduce the drying defects such as warp and
checking, a technique of combined predrying and redrying
was developed by Gu and Du[22] as shown in Fig. 2. The
green lumber is firstly dried in the predryer using mild sche-
dules to certain moisture content and then the predried
lumber is further dried in the redryer by using several dry-
ing schedules. This technique has been applied to drying of
fast-grown tree lumber (cotton wood and Masson pine
lumber) using wood residues as energy source. Green cot-
tonwood lumber of 46 mm thick was dried in a predryer
for 4 days using a schedule of dry-bulb temperature of
55C and wet-bulb depression of 4–6C. After this, the
FIG. 2. Cross section of predryer and redryer. I Predryer; II Redryer.
465
lumber was resided in redryer for 3 days further drying
using a schedule of dry-bulb temperature of 80–90C and
wet-bulb depression 10–25C. In this way, the 46-mm green
lumber was dried from initial MC of 155% to final MC of
10% in 7 days.
Using the same technique, Masson pine lumber with size
of 36 mm thick by 50 mm wide was dried from initial MC
of 120% to final MC of 11.5% in 4 days (1.5 days predry-
ing and 2.5 days redrying).
Drying quality of cottonwood and Masson pine lumber
is similar to that of conventional drying and can meet the
requirements of Chinese National Standard (GB=T6491-
1999) Grade 1 and Grade 2, although the drying rate using
this technique was 38.5% higher than that of conventional
drying.
Conventional Drying
Although traditional steam-heated conventional kiln
drying is still a common drying method in China, more
and more hot water-heated drying kilns have been used
recently because of energy savings and low capital
investment.[23]
The kiln types mainly are package-loaded kilns with
fans connected directly to motors. Track-loaded kilns with
one or two sets of tracks are also common in China. Fans
with diameter of 800–900 mm are mainly aluminum alloy
cast. The bimetal extruded finned heating coils are widely
used.
Kilns with fans and heating coils on top of the lumber
stack usually have the capacities of 80, 100, 120, 150, and
200 m3. Kilns with fans at the end of lumber stack (Fig. 3)
are commonly for small capacities of 10–30 m3.
Due to the logging ban for indigenous species in China,
more and more research and development have focused on
fast-growing plantation species such as poplar, Masson
pine, Chinese fir, loblolly pine, slash pine, larch, and locust.
It has been found that fast-grown tree lumber is easier to
dry and usually there is no internal check with conven-
tional drying schedules. The main drying defects for these
 466 LIANBAI

Vacuum Drying
Although vacuum drying technology has been around for
a long time, commercial application in wood drying is still
restricted to cases where the dried products have high value.
The major drawback is the rather small capacity and high
costs. Zhao and Zhuang[29] developed an intermittent
vacuum dryer as shown in Fig. 4, which has been commer-
cially used. They also developed a continuous vacuum dryer
with heat-recovery system (Fig. 5).[30] From the previous
research, it is proven that with heat recovery capability,
vacuum drying is efficient and can be economically feasible
for permeable species of wood lumber such as maple.

Dehumidification Drying
Dehumidification drying was commercial introduced in
the early 1980s and has become a widely used drying
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013

method in China, especially for drying hardwood at small

scale. The drying temperature of dehumidification kilns is
usually lower than 60C, which retards the drying rate.
Shen et al.[31] and Zhang et al.[32] developed a new dehumi-
dification drying technology in which drying temperature
FIG. 3. Kiln with fans at the end of lumber piles. above 70C has been achieved. This makes the dehumidifi-
cation drying more efficient and fast. Zhang et al.[33] also
developed a double heat source dehumidification drying
technology, which recovers heat not only from exhausted
species are warp, although sometimes surface checks and moist air but also from ambient air.
end checks were found in larch and locust lumber.[24]
Therefore, placing heavy weights on top of the stack is very Press Drying
important to control warp.
Press drying is a technology using direct contact
Research has also been carried out on drying of lumber
between hot platens and the materials to be dried. In this
from small-diameter logs. It is found that small-diameter
logs containing a high proportion of juvenile wood have
high longitudinal shrinkage and high growth stress. In
order to eliminate the growth stress, presteaming should
be used and slower drying with lower drying temperature
and higher RH is required.[25] Post-drying steaming is a
practical procedure to recover collapse of poplar lumber
sawn from small-diameter logs.[26]

High-Temperature Drying
High-temperature drying is drying with dry-bulb tem-
perature above 100C, which can increase the drying rate
as the water evaporates within wood at the boiling point.
Superheated steam drying at atmospheric pressure was
studied and commercially adopted in the late 1970s and
early 1980s.[27] This technology is actually high-temperature
drying with the wet-bulb temperature set at 100C. A
high-temperature kiln developed by Gu in 1986[28] was com-
mercially used in China with success for drying of softwood
lumber such as pine, spruce, fir, larch, and permeable
hardwood (basswood and white birch). However, high-
temperature drying technology is not suitable for drying
of refractory hardwood lumber.[28] FIG. 4. Intermittent vacuum dryer.
 WOOD DRYING IN CHINA
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013
FIG. 5. Vacuum dryer with heat-recovery system.
way, the heat can be transferred from the hot platen to the
material surface by contact, which results in a high heat
transfer coefficient. This technology can produce fast dry-
ing and good quality (flat) for fast-growing tree veneer and
thin lumber as reported by Cai and Zhuang[34] and Lu.[35]
Gu[36] has shown that the 1.8-mm-thick cottonwood veneer
could be press-dried from green to 7% MC in 2 min and
the veneer was flatter than that using a normal jet dryer.
Press drying of fast-grown Masson pine lumber was stud-
ied by Wang,[37] who established a heat and mass transfer
model to simulate the press-drying process. Wang also
found that Masson pine lumber of 22 mm thick by
100 mm wide can be dried from 80 to 8% MC in 22 min
and dimension stability, MOR, MOE, compressive
strength, and hardness are all higher than those of air-dried
lumber.[37] Therefore, press drying is a promising tech-
nology to improve properties of fast-grown tree veneer
and thin lumber during drying.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Energy consumption in lumber drying is often as much
as 50–70% of the total energy consumption in wood
processing and manufacturing. This is more critical in
China, as the national energy use has been under huge
pressure with the economy growing; therefore, great efforts
have been made in recent years on energy conservation in
lumber drying.
Electricity Conservation
The fillet air-velocity in the lumber stack for conven-
tional drying in China is usually 0.8–1.5 m=s, which is
much lower than that in North America and New Zealand.
This low air velocity is reasonable for drying hardwood
lumber because its drying rate largely depends on the water
movement within wood rather than the moisture vapor
467
diffusion from the wood surface. Using the low air velocity,
the total motor power of fans in a 100-m3 capacity kiln is
only 11 kW.
Heat Conservation
A double heat source technology combining solar drying
technique and a dehumidification drying kiln was
developed by Zhang et al.[38] This technology can recover
heat from exhausted moist air and ambient air and uses
solar energy. They reported that drying of 20-mm-thick
oak lumber from 30.1 to 6.2% MC only consumes
48.2 kWh=m3 in comparison with 235 kWh=m3 in conven-
tional drying.
A vacuum dryer with a heat-recovery system developed
by Zhuang and Zhao[30] is shown in Fig. 5, in which the
recovered heat from exhausted water vapor was utilized
as a main part of the heat source to dry the lumber. It is
a continuous vacuum-drying system with superheated
steam as the drying medium. Masson pine lumber with
thickness of 42 mm was dried from 37 to 7% MC in 20 h
with energy savings of 47% compared to intermittent vac-
uum drying.
Wood residue is an abundant and self-reliant energy
source for lumber drying in wood processing and rema-
nufacturing plants. Many lumber drying kilns now use
such resources to reduce reliance on other fossil fuels.
In order to improve the heat efficiency, a water-spray sys-
tem for humidity control has been developed and fan
configuration has been modified. Two typical examples
are the direct-fired kiln developed by Gu and
Lao[39] and the gas indirect-heated kiln developed by
Gu et al.[40] In both of the above kilns, water is sprayed
into the drying air at the start of drying to achieve
required RH in the kiln. The fans are installed at the
end of the lumber stacks as these kilns are mainly used
at small-scale capacities. The capital investment and run-
ning costs are much less than those of the steam-heated
conventional drying.
A hot water-heated kiln with wood residue as energy
source was developed, respectively, by Gu and Li[23] and
Du and Gu.[41] Hot water with temperature above 100C
circulates in the heating coils and the steam produced in
the hot water vessel in a boiler is injected into the kiln to
raise the humidity of the air as required. The temperature
and RH of the moist air in the kiln can be precisely
adjusted and controlled. The heat efficiency of the kiln is
higher than that of steam-heated kilns. The hot water as
a heat carrier can also be used in workshops and lumber
warehouses, which are more and more commercially
adopted in China.
CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS
There are several textbooks on wood drying available in
China, and these deal with both fundamental understanding
 468
and guidance for practical drying. In these textbooks, most
commercially valuable species are included and correspond-
ing drying schedules are recommended.
National standard and industry codes have been pub-
lished in China; however, further efforts are needed for
industry and users to use them in practice.
Most Chinese dry kilns are suitable for drying of hard-
wood lumber but are relatively conservative (slow drying)
for softwood lumber due to traditionally low costs for
labor and energy. In the future, with the increase of these
costs, kilns with larger thermal power and higher air circu-
lation speed should be developed to improve the efficiency
and to increase the drying rate. The drying schedules and
drying quality of imported refractory hardwood lumber
should be improved.
High-temperature drying of softwood structure lumber
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013
and accelerated conventional temperature drying of soft-
wood furniture lumber are potentially feasible for commer-
cial drying and more research and development are
required in these areas.
Wood drying using wood processing residue as an
energy source is technically and economically feasible in
China. The impact of lumber drying on environment pro-
tection should be reduced.
More theoretical research should be undertaken in
China to understand the fundamentals in the drying pro-
cess and drying behavior of various commercially valuable
species of wood. Efforts should be on validation, improve-
ment, and application of the existing mathematical models
published in the literature to model the moisture movement
and stress development. The ultimate objective should be
to solve the problems in the applied drying technology.
REFERENCES
1. Liang, S. Textbook of Lumber Drying; Chinese Forestry Publishing
House: Beijing, China, 1981.
2. Zhu, Z. Textbook of Lumber Drying; Chinese Forestry Publishing
House: Beijing, China, 1992.
3. Liang, S.; Gu, L. Eds. Series of Wood Industry and Practical Applica-
tions: Lumber Drying Manual; Chinese Forestry Publishing House:
Beijing, China, 1998.
4. Du, G. Lumber Drying Quality Control; Chinese Forestry Publishing
House: Beijing, China, 1997.
5. Wang, X. Wood Collapse; Chinese Forestry Publishing House: Beijing,
China, 2003.
6. Zhu, Z.; Ai, M. GB=T 6491–86 Drying Quality of Sawn Timber;
Chinese Standard Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1986.
7. Zhu, Z.; Xiong, M. GB=T 15035–1994 Terminology in Wood Drying;
Chinese Standard Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1994.
8. Zhu, Z.; Ai, M. GB=T 17661–1999 Audit Methods of Drying Equip-
ment Performances of Sawn Timber; Chinese Standard Publishing
House: Beijing, China, 1999.
9. He, D.; Guo, Y. LY=T 1068–92 Kiln Drying Procedure of Sawn
Timber; Chinese Standard Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1992.
10. Zhang, B.; Chang, J. LY=T 1603–2002 Programming Method for Dry-
ing Kiln Types of Lumber; Chinese Standard Publishing House:
Beijing, China, 2002.
LIANBAI
11. Huang, J. Lumber Drying Project Design Regulation; Chinese Stan-
dard Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1989.
12. Miao, P.; Gu, L. Discoloration prevention & drying of paulownia
wood. China Forest Products Industry 1995, 22 (1), 12–14.
13. Yu, G. Deresin treatment of masson pine lumber. China Forest Pro-
ducts Industry 1993, 20 (2), 18–20.
14. An, Y.; Fang, G. Modification of larch wood with NaHCO3 treat-
ment. China Wood Industry 1994, 8 (1), 31–33.
15. Wang, Y.; Gong, R. Study on drying technology of larch lumber.
China Forest Products Industry 1992, 19 (2), 4–7.
16. Wang, Y. Effect of the steaming and drying temperature on deresina-
tion of P. massoniana lumber. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University
2003, 27 (1), 27–29.
17. Lu, J.; Bao, F. Effect of steaming on the permeability of wood.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae 1994, 32 (4), 352–357.
18. Chen, T.; Gu, L. Effect of the steaming on Eucalyptus canaldulensis
lumber drying collapse recovery. Journal of Nanjing Forestry
University 2004, 28 (3), 34–36.
19. Li, X.; Ten, T. Study on restraining wood drying warp by surface-
pressuring. China Wood Industry 1998, 12 (2), 9–11.
20. He, D.; Luo, X. Experiment of lumber air drying and kiln drying com-
bination. China Forest Products Industry 1990, 17 (4), 9–12.
21. Li, X.; Ten, T. Study on air-drying features of short-rotation-
plantation-tree lumber. China Wood Industry 1997, 11 (6), 16–19.
22. Gu, L.; Du, G. Predrying and redrying of lumber with wood resi-
due as an energy source. China Forest Products Industry 1996, 23 (5),
30–33.
23. Gu, L.; Li, D. High-temperature-water heated lumber drying with
wood residue as energy source. China Forest Products Industry
1999, 26 (2), 33–35.
24. Gao, R.; Teng, T. Drying test on some fast-grown-planted wood.
China Forest Products Industry 1998, 25 (3), 7–10.
25. Huang, Y.; Li, S. Preliminary study on small-diameter hard wood tim-
ber. China Wood Industry 1992, 6 (1), 21–24.
26. Wang, X. Preliminary research on drying collapse of aspen small-
diameter wood. China Forest Products Industry 1989, 16 (2), 12–15.
27. Liang, S.; Gu, L. Superheated steam drying of masson pine lumber.
China Forest Products Industry 1979, 6 (1), 13–16.
28. Gu, L. Proper understanding and utilizing of high-temperature drying
of lumber. China Forest Products Industry 1986, 13 (6), 30–33.
29. Zhao, S.; Zhuang, S. Preliminary research on vacuum drying of
hardwood lumber. China Forest Products Industry 1983, 10 (6),
5–8.
30. Zhuang, S.; Zhao, S. A new wood vacuum dryer with heat recovery
system. China Forest Products Industry 1996, 23 (3), 13–17.
31. Shen, J.; Wang, C. Reseach and application of elevated-temperature
heat pump in wood drying industry. China Forest Products Industry
1989, 16 (3), 31–34.
32. Zhang, B.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Z. Preliminary research on elevated-
temperature heat pump dehumidification drying. China Wood
Industry 1994, 8 (4), 11–13.
33. Zhang, B.; Zhao, Z. Heat-pump dehumidification dryer recovering
heat from environment. China Forest Products Industry 1990, 17 (2),
18–20.
34. Cai, J.; Zhuang, S. Effects of press-drying process on properties and
drying quality of fast-grown-tree lumber. China Forest Products
Industry 1998, 25 (1), 18–25.
35. Lu, X. A worthful veneer-drying method—Press drying. China Forest
Products Industry 1992, 19 (4), 16–19.
36. Gu, L.; Li, D.; Cheng, G. Study on continuous platen drying of cot-
tonwood veneer. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 2000, 36 (5), 78–84.
37. Wang, Y. Press Drying and Surface Strengthening of Fast-Grown P.
massoniana Lumber; PhD Dissertation, Nanjing Forestry University,
Nanjing, China, 2003.
 WOOD DRYING IN CHINA 469

38. Zhang, B.; Zhao, Z. Research on drying technique of elevated-tem-
perature double-heat-source dehumidification combined with solar
energy. Journal of Beijing Forestry University 1997, 19 (3), 83–89.
39. Gu, L., Liao, Y. Direct fired drying of lumber. China Forest Products
Industry 1986, 13 (4), 7–10.
Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 09:08 31 August 2013
40. Gu, L.; Du, G. Gas indirect-heated drying of lumber. China Forest
Products Industry 1990, 17 (5), 9–12.
41. Du, G.; Gu, L. Hot-water heating system and its application in drying
22 mm thickness kempas lumber. China Forest Products Industry
2001, 28 (6), 61–62.