a

vi
DC MOTORS

ed
ar
sh
as
w
m e
co rc
o. sou
re
dy

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 STARTING OF DC MOTOR
At the instant a DC motor is started, the counter emf E is
zero because the armature is not revolving.As the
Assuming a shunt motor, armature accelerates to full speed , the value of E rises
to a value that causes the proper value of armature
current Ia to flow.
By KVl,

a
E=V-Ia(Ra+R)-Vb

vi
thus,

ed
Ia=(V-Vb-E)/(Ra+R)

ar
sh
Where:

as
Ia=armature current, ampere

w
Ish=shunt field current, ampere
Il=load current, ampere

m e
E=armature or generated emf, volts
co rc V=terminal voltage, volts
o. sou
Ra=armature resistance, ohms
R=variable starting resistance, ohms
re
dy

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The armature of a 230 V shunt motor has a resistance of 0.18 ohm. If the armature current is not to exceed
76 amp, calculate: (a) the resistance that must be inserted in series with the armature at the instant of
starting (b) the value to which this resistance can be reduced when the armature accelerates until E is 168 V
(c) the armature current at the instant of starting if no resistance is inserted in the armature circuit (Assume
a 2 V drop at the brushes).

a
vi
Given:

ed
V=220 V

ar
Ra=0.18 ohm

sh
Ia=76 A

as
w
Solution:

m e
𝑉−𝐸 230−2−0
a. R= − 𝑅𝑎 = − 0.18 = 2.82 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑎 76
co rc
o. sou
𝑉−𝐸 230−2−168
b. R= 𝐼𝑎
− 𝑅𝑎 = 76
− 0.18 = 0.61 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
re

230−2−0
c. Ia= = 1,265 𝑎𝑚𝑝 (𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
0.18
dy

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TORQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF DC MOTOR
From the formula:
Pdev= 𝐸 𝑥 𝐼𝑎 dynes
Where:
E=counter emf, Volts
Ia=armature current, ampere
2Π𝑁𝑇
Pdev=developed power in the armature= 𝐻𝑝

a
33,000

vi
Thus,

ed
2Π𝑁𝑇 746 𝑊 𝑍𝑃𝟇𝑁
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝐼𝑎

ar
33,000 1 𝐻𝑝 60𝑎 𝑥 10^8
33,000 𝟇𝑥𝑃𝑥𝑍

sh
T=( ) 𝐼𝑎
2Π 𝑥 60 𝑥 746 𝑥 10^8 𝑎
0.1173 𝑍 𝑥𝑃
T=( 10^8 ) 𝑎 𝑥𝟇x Ia

as
T=k𝟇Ia

w
m e
Where: co rc
o. sou
0.1173 𝑍 𝑥𝑃
k=proportionality constant=( )
10^8 𝑎
𝟇=flux, maxwells
re

Ia= armature current, ampere

dy

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
2. (a) Calculate the torque in pound feet developed by a DC motor, given the following particulars: pole=4;armature conductors=828;flux per pole=1.93 x 10^5 maxwells;total armature current= 40
amp;winding=wave(b) What will be the total horsepower of the motor when operating at a speed of 1,750 rpm?
Given:
Pole=4 pole
Z=828 conductors
𝟇=1.93 x 10^5 maxwells

a
Ia=40 A

vi
a=2 parallel path (wave winding)
Solution:

ed
0.1173 4 𝑥 828
a. T= 𝑥 𝑥 1.93𝑥 105 𝑥40 = 15 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
10^8 2

ar
2Π𝑥1750𝑥15
b. Pdev= = 5 𝐻𝑝
33,000

sh
3.A four pole shunt motor develops 20 lb ft of torque when the flux per pole is 700,000 maxwells. If the armature winding has 264 conductors and is wound wave, calculate the total armature current.

as
Given:

w
P=4 pole
T=20 lb ft

m e
𝟇=7 x 10^5 maxwells
Z=264 conductors
co rc
o. sou
a=2 parallel path (wave connected)

Solution:
re

0.1173 𝑍 𝑥𝑃
T=( 10^8 ) 𝑎
𝑥𝟇x Ia
dy

20𝑥2 𝑥10^8
Ia= = 46 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
0.1173𝑥4𝑥264𝑥700,000
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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
4. To change the shunt motor of the previous example into a compound motor, the main poles are wound with series field.What torque will this motor develop when the armature carries 65 A if the series field increases the flux by 22 per cent?

Given:

T1=20 lb ft

Ia1=46 Ampere

Ia2=65 Ampere

𝟇2=1.22x𝟇1

a
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Solution:

T=k 𝟇Ia

ed
𝑇
k=
𝟇N

k1=k2

ar
𝑇1 𝑇2
=
𝟇1xIa1 𝟇2xIa2

sh
𝑇1𝑥𝟇2xIa2
T2=
𝟇1xIa1

20𝑥1.22𝟇1𝑥65
T2= =34.5 lb ft
𝟇1x46

as
5. A series motor develops 62 lb ft of torque when the current is 48 amp. Assuming that the flux directly with the current, calculate the torque if the load increases so that the motor takes 56 amp.

Given:

w
T1=62 lb ft

Ia1=48 A

m e
Ia2=56 A

Solution:
co rc
o. sou
If flux varies directly with the current,

T=k 𝟇Ia = kxIaxIa = kIa2

k1=k2
re

𝑇1 𝑇2
Ia1^2 = Ia2^2
𝑇1𝑋𝐼𝑎2𝑥𝐼𝑎2 62𝑥56𝑥56
T2= = =84.4 lb ft
dy

𝐼𝑎1𝑥𝐼𝑎1 48𝑥48

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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. The armature of a 230 V has a resistance of 0.30 ohm and takes 50 amp when driving its rated load at 1500 rpm. At what speed will the
motor operate if the load is completely removed (when running idle) a condition under which the armature current drops to 5 A? Assume that
the flux remains constant and that the brush drops at full load and no load are 2 V and 1 Respectively.
Given:
V=230 V
Ra=0.3 ohm

a
vi
Ia1=50 A
N1=1500 rpm

ed
Ia2=5 A

ar
Vb1=2 V

sh
Vb2=1 V
𝟇1= 𝟇2

as
Solution:

w
By relationship,

m e
E=k 𝟇N
E1=V-(Ia1)(Ra)-Vb1=230-(50)(0.3)-2=213 V co rc
o. sou
E2=V-(Ia2)(Ra)-Vb2=230-(5)(0.3)-1=227.5 V
k1=k2
re

𝐸1 𝐸2
=
𝟇1N 𝟇1N2
dy

𝑁1 𝑥 𝐸2 1500 𝑥 227.5
N2= = = 1602.113 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐸1 213
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 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. A 220 V long shunt compound motor has an armature resistance of 0.27 ohm and a series field resistance of 0.05 ohm. The full load speed is 1,400 rpm when the armature current is
75 A. AT what speed will the motor operate at no load if the armature current drops to 5 A and the flux is reduced to 90 percent of its full load value ? Assume brush drops to be the
same as in last example.
Given:
V=220 V
Ra=0.3 ohm

a
Rse=0.05 ohm

vi
Ia1=75 A
N1=1400 rpm

ed
Ia2=5 A

ar
Vb1=2 V
Vb2=1 V

sh
𝟇2=0.9 𝟇1

as
Solution:
By relationship,

w
E=k 𝟇N

m e
E1=V-(Ia1)(Ra+Rse)-Vb1=230-(75)(0.27+0.05)-2=194 V
E2=V-(Ia2)(Ra+Rse)-Vb2=230-(5)(0.27+0.05)-1=217.4 V
co rc
o. sou
k1=k2
𝐸1 𝐸2
=
𝟇1xN1 𝟇2xN2
re

𝑁1 𝑥 𝐸2𝑥𝟇1 1400𝑥217.4
N2= = = 1,743.18 𝑟𝑝𝑚
0.9𝟇1xE1 0.9 𝑥 194
dy

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 SEATWORK

1. A 25 Hp, 240 V series motor takes 93 A when driving its rated load at 800 rpm. The armature resistance is 0.12
ohm, and the series field resistance is 0.08 ohm. At what speed will the motor operate if the load is partially
removed so that the motor takes 31 A?Assume that the flux is reduced by 50 per cent for a current drop of 66
2/3 percent and that the brush drop is 2 V at both loads.

a
vi
2. A 5 kw , 120 V compound generator has an armature resistance of 0.23 ohm, a series field resistance of 0.04 ohm
and a shunt field resistance of 57.5 ohms. Assuming a long shunt connection and a voltage drop at the brushes of

ed
2 V and a speed of 1,400 rpm. At what speed it will operate if it reconnected short shunt and a corresponding

ar
drop in flux by twenty percent?

sh
3. A 240 V series motor has an armature resistance of 0.42 ohm and a series field resistance of 0.18 ohm. If the
speed is 500 rpm when the current is 36 amp, what will be the motor speed when the load reduces reduces the

as
line current to 21 amp.?(assume a 2 V brush drop at both condition and the flux is proportional to current)

w
4. The armature of a 230 V shunt motor has a resistance of 0.6 ohm. If the armature current is not to exceed 76

m e
amp, calculate: (a) the resistance that must be inserted in series with the armature at the instant of starting (b)
co rc
the value to which this resistance can be reduced when the armature accelerates until E is 208 V (Assume a
o. sou
brush voltage drop of 1.2 V)
re
dy

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