BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

JAMAHIRIYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JUST)

Faculty of Engineering
Department: Civil Engineering

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (CE412)

BY:
ALI MUSSE HASSAN
2021
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Foundation

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 Objective of the foundation

➢ To distribute the total load coming on the structure.

➢ To prevent the lateral movement of supporting material.

➢ To support the structures.

➢ To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.

➢ To increase the strength and stability of the structure as a whole.

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 Foundation

➢ A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super structure which is
above the plinth level and the substructure which is below the plinth level.
Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms the base for any
structure.

➢ Foundation is that part of the structure which receives load of the superstructure and
then transmits that load to soil

➢ Foundation is the lowest part of structure.

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 Foundation

➢ All structures constructed on land are supported on foundations.

➢ A foundation is a connecting link between the structure proper and the ground which
supports it.

➢ The most important element of every home and building is the foundation.

➢ Majority of structure fails due to failure of their foundation.

➢ The soil on which the foundation rests is called the foundation soil

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 Foundation

➢ Foundations should be constructed at such a depth as to avoid damage by shrinkage or freezing of the
subsoil and be capable of resisting attack by sulphate salts that may be present in the soil.

➢ The effect of sulphate salts on concrete foundations will be considered further in the chapter on
Concrete.

➢ The function of foundation is to transmit the weight of super structure to the sub soil.

➢ Without suitable foundations, a building will not function effectively, will be unsafe

➢ Generally about 30% of the total construction cost is spent on the foundation.

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 Choice of foundation

➢ The choice of foundation for a particular house depends mainly on three factors:

➢ The total load of the building

➢ The determination of the loads acting on a structure is a complex problem.

➢ Loading conditions on the same structure may change from time to time, or may
change rapidly with time.

➢ In a construction of building two major factors considered are safety and economy.
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Total load of building

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 The nature and bearing capacity of the sub-soil
➢ bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground.

➢ Bearing Capacity of Foundation The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from any engineered
structure placed upon it without a shear failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for
that structure.

➢ its degree of compressibility and the amount of moisture in the soil.

➢ In addition, cohesive soils, particularly clays, can be subject to seasonal movement up to a depth of 1
m.

➢ These soils may be subjected to shrinkage or contraction in summer months and swelling or expansion
during winter months. 9
 The amount of settlement produced by the loading
➢ The total vertical displacement that occur at foundation level is termed as settlement.

➢ Foundation settlement is the reduction of volume air void ratio in the soil. Soil is compressible to
varying degrees.

➢ As a load is applied to a foundation then the soil beneath the foundation will be compressed, the water
and air in the voids between the particles will be squeezed out and the foundation will settle.

➢ This process of consolidation will continue until the forces between the particles are equal to the
applied load.

➢ The speed of this consolidation or settlement is determined by the speed of the migration of the water
and air from between the soil particles. 10
 The amount of settlement produced by the loading

➢ Slight settlement should not cause problems to the structure of the building.

➢ Excessive settlement may cause shear failure of the soil.

➢ Settlement must also be uniform throughout the building; otherwise damage may result from
differential settlement.

➢ The amount of differential movement between parts of a building must be kept within acceptable limits.

➢ Foundations built on sands therefore settle relatively rapidly, whilst the settlement of foundations built
on clay soils is much slower and can last for a number of years.

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 Types of foundation

➢ Foundations may be divided into two broad categories:

➢ Shallow foundations and Deep foundations

➢ Shallow foundation

➢ When the depth of foundation is equal to or less than the width of foundation, then it
is termed as shallow foundation. It is also know as open foundation.

➢ Shallow foundation is provided when stable soil with adequate bearing capacity occur
near to the ground level 12
 Shallow foundation

➢Isolated footing

➢Combined footing

➢Strap foundation

➢Mat foundation

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 Isolated footing

➢ The isolated footing is used to support individual

columns.

➢ Isolated footings are most commonly used footings

for Reinforced cement concrete column because it
is simple and most economical.

➢ It can be rectangular, square and circular.

➢ When the soil bearing capacity is high.

➢ When the loads on footing are less.

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 Isolated footing

➢ Square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical
sections.

➢ Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced, and in
case of good homogeneous soil.

➢ Isolated footings (also known as Pad or Spread footings) are commonly used for shallow foundations in
order to carry and spread concentrated loads,

➢ For the non-reinforced footing however, the height of the footing has to be bigger in order to provide the
necessary spreading of load.
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 Advantage & disadvantage
➢ The isolated footings are easy to construct.

➢ Even it can be constructed, unskilled workers.

➢ It requires less earth excavation.

➢ Disadvantage

➢ The soil needs stability all around the base of the

structure.

➢ Separate foundations make this design weak against the

differential settlement that may affect the building.

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 Combined foundation
➢ If two or more columns are supported in a row and a
common foundation is provided them then the footing is
called combined footing.

➢ A Combined footing is used to support the load of two or

more adjacent columns.

➢ To have uniform bearing pressure and to minimize

differential settlement between columns.

➢ Usually, the combined footing is made also of

reinforcement concrete. 17
 Combined foundation

➢ A combined footing is the one which supports two columns and it may be rectangular or
trapezoidal in plan. The aim is to get uniform pressure distribution under the footing.

➢ Trapezoidal footing is provided when the load on one of the column is larger than the other
column.

➢ When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more area under individual footing.

➢ if the two columns are closely spaced, it is also a reason for designing combined footing.

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 Advantage of combined foundation
➢ if there is required two or more columns construed in a small area.

➢ If there is load-bearing capacity of soil is low.

➢ The combined footing can be used in the difficult construction sides.

➢ This variety of combined footing is more lucrative than another footing.

➢ Disadvantage of combined footing

➢ sometimes the ground water level is rise.

➢ The footing area is reduced because a common footing is used for many columns.
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 Strap foundation

➢ Strap footing is a unique kind of compound footing with some

additional parameters.

➢ Two isolated footings connected with a strap or beam Connects in such

a way that they behave as one unit

➢ The strap acts as a connecting beam and does not take any soil reaction.

➢ The objective is to have a uniform bearing pressing factor and to limit

differential settlement between sections.

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 Advantage of strap footing
➢ It helps distribute load uniformly and transfer
moment to the adjacent footing.

➢ It prevents the column from tilting.

➢ Disadvantage of strap footing

➢ Strap footing requires more concentration while it

has been constructed because it has a difficult design.

➢ It will demand expert workers for its construction.

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 Mat foundation

➢ Mat foundation is also known as the raft foundation

➢ A mat foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab

supporting arrangements of columns or walls in a row or
rows and transmitting the loads to the soil.

➢ It is used to support storage tanks, industrial equipment, and

various tower structures.

➢ To increases the earth-bearing capacity power.

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 Advantage of mat foundation

➢ It requires less excavation.

➢ It helps in the transferring of loads over a wide area.

➢ We can handle more heavy loads as compared to other types of foundation.

Disadvantage of mat foundation

➢ Raft foundation requires a large quantity of steel and concrete.

➢ It is not suitable and used for domestic home construction

➢ In the mat foundation, skilled laborers are required.

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 Deep foundation

➢ When the depth of foundation is greater than the width of foundation, then it is termed
as deep foundation.

➢ Deep foundations derive their support from deeper soils or bedrock.

➢ This is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground level.

➢ Deep foundations are used when there are weak

➢ Main types of deep foundation

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 Deep foundation
➢ Pile foundation a kind of deep foundation, They are formed
by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from
steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.

➢ A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is more

than three times its breadth.

➢ Pile foundations are used in areas of expansive or

collapsible soils to resist undesirable seasonal movements
of the foundations. 25
 When to use deep foundation

➢ Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.

➢ When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.

➢ When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil condition.

➢ When underlying soils are not capable of resisting the loads from a structure, pile
foundations can be utilized.
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COMMENTS

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