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Before We Start…
It is assumed that after going through the earlier session
you are now able to:
 State the major contributions to the Management
Thought

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Session 16

Management Function & Organizational

Behavior
 Topics to be covered in this session:

 Concept of Learning

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Session Learning Objectives…

At the end of this session you should be able to:

 Explain the concept of Learning and its process

 Summarize the four theories of Learning

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Definition
 John B. Watson (1878-1958) was the first to
study how the process of learning affects our
behavior, and he formed the school of thought
known as Behaviorism. Behavioral
Psychology is basically interested in how our
behavior results from the stimuli both in the
environment and within ourselves.
 In an overall definition Learning can be
defined as a relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs from practice or
experience.

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Definition Contd…
 Two important terms- stimulus & response:
 A stimulus is anything that comes in
through our senses. It could be something
simple like a smell, a light, a bell, or a tone.
 A response is anything that goes out
through our muscles or other identifiable
behavior.

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Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s
behaviour due to practice or experience
How do we learn?
Association
We connect events that occur in sequence
Why does
Dentist = Pain?

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Learning Styles

Honey and Mumford's

Learning Styles

Kolb's Experiential
Learning Model

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Theories of Learning
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Social learning
 Cognitive Learning

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Types of Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observation

“Forget the mind…”

“Forget the mind…”
Psychology should based on
observable behaviour

Behaviourism
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Theories of learning
 Classical conditioning:
 Propounded by Russian physiologist Ivan
Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov began pairing a bell
sound with the food and found that even when the
food was not presented, the dog would eventually
begin to salivate after hearing the bell. Since the food
naturally results in salivation, these two variables
are called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the
unconditioned response (UCR), respectively. The
bell and salivation are not naturally occurring; the
dog was conditioned to respond to the bell.
Therefore, the bell is considered the conditioned
stimulus (CS), and the salivation to the bell,
the conditioned response (CR).
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Classical Conditioning
Terms
Unconditioned
Response
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus

UCR - response to food (not learned)

UCS - food (triggers drool reflex)
CR - response to sound of bell (learned)
CS - sound of bell (triggers drool reflex)

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Models: Pavlov’s Dog

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Models: Pavlov’s Dog

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Models: Pavlov’s Dog

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Five Major Conditioning Processes

 Acquisition - initial learning of the response
 (Is Before better than After?)
 Extinction - decrease in CR without CS
 Spontaneous Recovery - reappearance of the
 CR after some time period
 Generalization - tendency to respond to
similar
 CS (e.g., a similar sounding bell)
 Discrimination - learned ability to distinguish
 between the CS and other stimuli
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Operant Conditioning
 By B. F. Skinner
 Operant conditioning argues that behavior is
a function of its consequences

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Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning – a
associating different stimuli that the organism does
not control
Operant Conditioning - associating your behavior with
its’ consequences
(e.g., teaching a child to say “Please”)
Using Operant Conditioning, individuals are more likely
to repeat rewarded behaviors

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Different Types of Behavior

Classical Respondent Behaviour
 Behaviour occurs as an automatic response to
stimulus
Operant Behaviour
 Action that operates on environment to
produce rewarding or punishing stimulus

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More Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcers
Innately satisfying, Not learned
(e.g., getting food)
Secondary Reinforcers
Associated with primary reinforcers & learned
(e.g., praise)

Reinforcers ALWAYS strengthen behavior!

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Partial Reinforcement

Behavior-Based Reinforcers

Time-Based Reinforcers

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Punishment
Opposite of Reinforcement
Attempts to decrease behaviour by introducing
an unpleasant punisher

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Types of Conditioning
Classical Operant
Process of associating Process of associating
two stimuli a response & its
consequence

Lightening

Thunder

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Social Theory Of Learning

 The social learning theory, also called
observational learning, stresses upon the
ability of an individual to learn from the
surrounding environment

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Cognitive Theory Of Learning

 Stresses on the role of mental processes
 Cognitive theorists choose to broaden the
study of learning to include such cognitive
processes as thinking, knowing, problem
solving, remembering and forming mental
representations

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Social learning
Information Processing
Study of the structure and function of mental processing
within specific contexts, environments, or ecologies
1. Developmental
stages in cognitive development
2. Hierarchical
The classification of educational goals and objectives
3. Critical Thinking
How we apply our cognitive processes to evaluating
arguments (propositions) and making decisions
Critical Thinking Model

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Social learning
 Observational (Social)
 Observational learning - vicarious learning
 Imitating/modelling behaviour of those
they admire
 Self-efficacy
 Belief in one's capabilities to organise and
execute the courses of action required to
manage prospective situations

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Social learning Contd…

 Self-Regulation and Goal-setting
 setting goals for upgrading knowledge;
 deliberating about strategies to select those
that balance progress toward goals against
unwanted costs;
 monitoring the accumulating effects of
such engagement.
 Example: Self-regulating model

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Before We End…
Summing up what we have learnt and are now able to:

 Explain the concept of Learning and its process

 Summarize the four theories of Learning

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Crib Sheet

Learning:
Psychologists often
define learning as a relatively
permanent change in behavior as a
result of experience. The psychology
of learning focuses on a range of
topics related to how people learn
and interact with their environments.
Honey and Mumford's Learning
Styles:
Peter Honey and Alan Mumford
(1986) identified four different
approaches people took to learning
new information:
Activist; Theorist; Pragmatist;Reflector
Stimulus:
A stimulus is anything that comes
in through our senses. It could be
something simple like a smell, a
light, a bell, or a tone.
Kolb's Experiential Learning
Model:
Kolb's experiential learning theory
works on two levels: a four-stage
cycle of learning and four separate
learning styles. Much of Kolb’s
theory is concerned with the
learner’s internal cognitive
processes.

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 THANK YOU…

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