Microwave Filters

Prof. Girish Kumar

Electrical Engineering Department
IIT Bombay
gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
(022) 2576 7436
 Outline of Presentation

Low Pass Filter (LPF)

High Pass Filter (HPF)

Band Pass Filter (BPF)

Photograph of 7th order LPF
Band Reject Filter (BRF/BSF/Notch)

All Pass Filter (APF) – not required at microwave frequency

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 2

Amplitude Response of Ideal Filters
𝐻(𝑗 𝐻(𝑗
1 1
LPF HPF
c  c 

𝐻(𝑗 𝐻(𝑗
1 1
BPF BRF
c1 c2  c1 c2 

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 3

 Low Pass Filter (LPF)
1 1
𝑉2 (𝑠 𝑠𝐶
H s = = = 𝑅𝐶
𝑉1 (𝑠 1 1
𝑅+ s+
𝑠𝐶 𝑅𝐶 v1 v2
1
Cut-off Frequency: c =
𝑅𝐶
1 1
For Normalized Freq., = 1 H s = 𝐻(𝑗
𝑅𝐶 s+1
At s = 0, 𝐻(𝑠 = 1 and at s = , 𝐻(𝑠 =0
1
For s = j, 𝐻(𝑗 = S11
1+j -3dB
1 S21
𝐻(𝑗 =  First order
1+𝜔2
1
For nth order LPF: 𝐻(𝑗 = c
1+𝜔2n
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 4
Lumped Element Realization for LPF

Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – p. 403

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 5
 Comparison of LPF Responses
Maximally Flat or Butterworth Filter Bessel Filter
Equi-Ripple or Chebyshev Filter Elliptic Filter

Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – p. 412

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 6
 Maximally Flat or Butterworth LPF
𝟐𝒏 −𝟏
𝟐
𝝎
𝑯 𝒋𝝎 = 𝟏+
𝝎𝒄
n = order of filter, ωc = cutoff frequency = 2πfc
Order of Filter (no. of elements) depends on desired Attenuation A
in dB at ω1 where ω1> ωc
𝐻(𝑗

log10 10𝐴 10 − 1 0 dB
S11
𝑛=
2log10 𝜔1 𝜔𝑐 S21
-A dB
c 1
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 7
Maximally Flat or Butterworth LPF
Normalized Prototype Elements
g0 = gn+1 = 1
2𝑘−1 𝜋
𝑔𝑘 = 2sin , where k = 1,2,3….n
2𝑛
For n = 5:
g0 = g6 = 1
g1 = 2 sin [π /(2x5)] = 0.618
g2 = 2 sin [3π /(2x5)] = 1.618
g3 = 2 sin [5π /(2x5)] = 2.0
g4 = 2 sin [7π /(2x5)] = 1.618
g5 = 2 sin [9π /(2x5)] = 0.618
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 8
Element Values for Maximally Flat LPF

Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – p. 404

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 9
 Impedance and Frequency Scaling
Impedance Frequency Impedance and
Scaling Scaling Frequency Scaling
𝐿′ = 𝑅0𝐿 ′ 𝐿𝑘 𝑅0 𝐿𝑘
𝐿𝑘 = 𝐿′𝑘=
𝑐 𝑐
𝐶 𝐶𝑘 𝐶𝑘
𝐶′ = ′
𝐶𝑘 = ′
𝑅0 𝐶𝑘 =
𝑐 𝑅0 𝑐
𝑅𝑠′ = 𝑅0
Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – pp. 408-409
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 10
 Design of Maximally Flat LPF
Calculate inductance and capacitance values for a maximally flat LPF
that has a 3dB bandwidth of 400MHz and attenuation of 20 dB at 1 GHz.
The filter is to be connected to 50 ohm source and load impedances.
Solution: Prototype Values:
Number of elements required: g0 = g3+1 = 1
log10 10𝐴 10 − 1 2−1 𝜋
𝑛= 𝑔1 = 2sin =1
2log10 𝜔1 𝜔𝑐 2×3
2×2−1 𝜋
log10 1020 10 − 1 𝑔2 = 2sin =2
= = 2.51 2×3
2log10 1000 400 2×3−1 𝜋
𝑔3 = 2sin =1
Choose n = 3 2×3
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 11
 Design of LPF (contd.)
𝑍𝑜 𝑔1 50 × 1
𝐿3 = 𝐿1 = = 6
= 19.9nH
𝜔𝑐 2 × 𝜋 × 400 × 10
𝑔2 2
𝐶2 = = 6
= 15.9pF
𝑍𝑜 𝜔𝑐 50 × 2 × 𝜋 × 400 × 10
50 ohm 19.9nH 19.9nH

15.9pF 50 ohm

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 12

Simulation of 3rd order Butterworth LPF

|S21|

dB
|S11|

Freq (GHz)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 13
Design of LPF – Alternate Solution
𝑔1 1
𝐶3 = 𝐶1 = = 6
= 7.95pF
𝑍𝑜 𝜔𝑐 50 × 2 × 𝜋 × 400 × 10
𝑍𝑜 𝑔2 50 × 2
𝐿2 = = 6
= 39.8nH
𝜔𝑐 2 × 𝜋 × 400 × 10
50 ohm 39.8nH

7.95pF 7.95pF 50 ohm

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 14

Simulation of Alternate Solution LPF

|S21|

dB
|S11|

Freq (GHz)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 15
 Equi-Ripple or Chebyshev LPF
Chebyshev Polynomial
For Low Pass Filter response:
−𝟏/𝟐 𝐶𝑜 (𝑥 = 1
𝟐 𝝎
|𝑯 𝒋𝝎 | = 𝟏 + 𝑭𝒐 𝑪𝒏 𝐶𝑛 (1 = 1 𝑖. 𝑒 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑐
𝝎𝒄
𝐶1 (𝑥 = 𝑥
where, 𝐶𝑛 (𝑥 = 2 𝑥 𝐶𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 𝐶𝑛−2 (𝑥
Cn(x) = Chebyshev polynomial of order n
n = order of filter
ωc = cutoff frequency
Fo = constant related to pass band ripple
𝑭𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝑳𝒓 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏, where, Lr is the ripple attenuation in pass-band
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 16
 Chebyshev LPF (contd.)
Prototype elements: 1 𝐿𝑟
𝐹1 = ln coth
4 17.372
𝑔0 = 1 2𝐹1
𝑎1 𝐹2 = sinh
𝑔1 = 𝑛
𝐹2
𝑎𝑘−1 𝑎𝑘 2𝑘 − 1 𝜋
𝑔𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 2,3, … . . 𝑛 𝑎𝑘 = 2sin
𝑏𝑘−1 𝑔𝑘−1 2𝑛
𝑘 = 1,2, . . . . 𝑛
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑔𝑛+1 = 𝑘𝜋
coth2 𝐹1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 2
𝑏𝑘 = 𝐹2 + sin2
𝑛
𝑘 = 1,2, . . . . 𝑛

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 17

 Design of 3rd order Chebyshev LPF
Design a 3rd order Chebyshev low-pass filter that has a ripple of
0.05dB and cutoff frequency of 1 GHz.
From the formulas given: 50 × 0.8794
𝐿1 = 𝐿3 = 9
= 7 nH
2𝜋 × 10
F1 = 1.4626, F2 = 1.1371
1.1132
a1 = 1.0, a2 = 2.0, b1 = 2.043 𝐶2 = 50 × 2𝜋 × 109 = 3.543pF
g1 = g3 = 0.8794 50 ohm 7nH 7nH
g2 = 1.1132
3.543pF 50 ohm

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 18

Simulation of 3rd order Chebyshev LPF

|S21|

dB
|S11|

Freq (GHz)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 19
Element Values for Equal Ripple LPF

Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – p. 406

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 20
 Comparison of Order of LPF
𝝎
Find order ‘n’ of LPF for 30dB attenuation at = 1.2
𝝎𝒄
𝐻(𝑗 2 = 10−30/10 = 0.001
2 1
Butterworth Filter order calculation: 𝐻(𝑗 =
1+(/𝒄 2n
1
0.001 =  2n ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔999  n = 18.94 19
1+(1.2 2n

Chebyshev Filter order calculation: Assume 1dB ripple Lr=1dB

𝐹𝑜 = 10𝐿𝑟 10
− 1 = 0.2589 𝐶𝑛 (𝑥 = cosh(𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥
2
1 1
𝐻(𝑗 =  0.001 = 𝜔
𝜔 1 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1
1 + 𝐹𝑜 𝐶𝑛 2 𝜔𝑐
𝜔𝑐
𝜔 𝜔
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 = 3858.25  𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 ( 3858.25 n = 8
𝜔𝑐 𝜔𝑐
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 21
 Comparison of Order of LPF

|S21| - 19th order Butterworth

|S21|- 8th order Chebyshev
dB

|S11|- 8th order Chebyshev

|S11|- 19th order Butterworth

Freq (GHz)
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 22
Microstrip Line Realization for LPF

l1 l3 l5
50Ω l2 l4 l6 50Ω

All the lengths li << λ/4

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 23
Microstrip Realization for Elliptic Filter
L1 L3 L5
L2 L4

C2 C4 C6

C4

50Ω L4 50Ω
C6
L1 L3 L5
L2
To reduce cross talk, capacitive stubs are
C2
placed alternatively on opposite sides.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 24
 7th Order LPF using Microstrip Lines
FR4 Substrate: εr = 4.4,
h = 0.8mm and tanδ = 0.02 |S21|

32.5 mm
Line widths: |S11|
1.6 mm, 0.5 mm and
4.6 mm

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 25

7th Order LPF Integrated with HPF
FR4 Substrate: εr = 4.4, h = 0.8mm and tanδ = 0.02
For HPF, 10nF capacitors are used at I/O ends.
The capacitor decides higher cutoff frequency.
Simulated 3 dB passband: 319 kHz - 3.49 GHz
Measured 3 dB passband: 339 kHz - 3.78 GHz
|S21|

|S11|
|S21|
|S11|
Linear frequency scale Log frequency scale

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 26

Transformation from LPF to HPF, BPF, and BSF
1
Low Pass Filter: H s =
s+1
1 𝑠
High Pass Filter: H s s1 = 1 =
s +1 s+1
s
𝐵𝑠
Band Pass Filter: H s  𝑠2+𝑜2 =
s Bs 𝑠2 +𝐵𝑠+𝑜 2

𝑠 2 + 𝑜 2
Band Stop Filter: H s s Bs =
𝑠2 +𝐵𝑠+𝑜 2
𝑠2 + 𝑜2
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 27
Transformation from LPF to HPF, BPF and BSF

𝟐 − 𝟏
=
𝟎
𝑩
=
𝟎

Microwave Engineering by DM Pozar – p. 414

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 28
Transformation from LPF to HPF
1

g1 g3 g5

LPF VG Port 1
g2 g4 Port 2

Z0

C k’ C k’ C k’

L k’
HPF VG Port 1
L k’
Port 2 Z0

Gk = 1/gk

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 29

 Transformation from LPF to BPF
1
𝑠 2 + 𝑜 2
s
g1 g3 g5

Bs
LPF
VG Port 1
g4 Port 2
For Inductor:
g2
𝑠 2 +𝑜 2
Z = Sg1 = g1
𝐵𝑠
𝑜2
= sg1/B + g1
𝐵𝑠
= sL + 1/(sC)

So, L = g1/B and

BPF C = B/(𝑜 2 g1)

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 30

3rd Order Butterworth BPF at 100 MHz

-3 dB BW = 20 MHz
L and C values changed to
the nearest available values
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 31
Simulated and Measured Results of 3rd Order BPF

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 32

 Band-Pass Filters (BPF)
End Coupled BPF for bandwidth < 5%

L1 λ/2
L2
L3
λ/2 λ/4
Shorted to
Coupled Line BPF for Ground
5% to 20% bandwidth Direct Coupled BPF for
> 20% bandwidth
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 33
 Multi-Section Directly Coupled BPF
λ/4 λ/4 λ/4
Yc Y12 Y34 Yc
Y23

Y1 Y2 λ/4 Y3 Y4

Wideband Filter (BW>25%)

In place of shorted λ/4 section, open ended λ/2 section can be used.
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 34
 Band-Reject Filter (BRF)

λ/4
λ/4
Spur-line band stop filter
Coupling will be both by
Directly coupled band stop or direct connection and by
band reject or notch filter fringing fields if the
Change in the width of the line spacing is very small.
affects the bandwidth of the filter
Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 35
 BPF and BRF Depending on Length
FR4 Substrate: BPF when l = λ/2
εr = 4.4, h = 0.8mm
|S21|
and tanδ = 0.02
Line widths:
1.5 and 0.5 mm
BRF when
l = 3λ/4
Length of line: BRF when
42 mm l = λ/4 |S11|

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 36

 BPF and BRF – Effect of Width
FR4 Substrate: BPF when l = λ/2
εr = 4.4, h = 0.8mm |S21|
and tanδ = 0.02
Line widths:
1.5 and 3 mm

Length of line: |S11| BRF when

42 mm l = 3λ/4
BRF when l = λ/4

With increase in line width of resonator, BW of BPF decreases.

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 37
 BPF – Shorted λ/4
FR4 Substrate:
BPF when l = λ/4 BPF when l = 3λ/4
εr = 4.4, h = 0.8mm
|S21|
and tanδ = 0.02
Line widths:
1.5 and 3 mm

Length of line: BRF when

42 mm |S11|
l = λ/2

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 38

BPF using Two λ/4 Shorted Coupled Lines
Two λ/4 Shorted Coupled Lines BPF at 1.05GHz
FR4 substrate:
h = 0.8 mm
|S21|
l = 40 mm
w = 1.5 mm
gap = 0.5mm

7.1 mm |S11|

BW for |S11| ≤ -10 dB = 1.01 to 1.09 GHz

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 39
 BPF using Three λ/4 Shorted Coupled Lines
Three λ/4 Shorted Coupled
Lines BPF at 1.05GHz

FR4 substrate: |S21|

h=0.8 mm,
l = 40 mm,
w = 1.5 mm,
gap = 0.5mm
|S11|
8.3 mm

BW for |S11| ≤ -10 dB is from 1.002 to 1.099 GHz

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 40
BPF using Four λ/2 Open Coupled Line
Four λ/2 Microstrip Coupled Line BPF
FR4 substrate:
h = 1.6mm

|S21|

|S11|

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 41

 BPF using Bent λ/2 Coupled Line
• Designed for center frequency
of 1.05GHz
• FR4 substrate: h = 1.6mm

|S21|
|S21|

|S11| |S11|

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 42

Varactor Diode for Frequency Tunability
By varying the reverse bias voltage of
a varactor diode, its capacitance can be
changed.
Characteristics of Varactor Diode
“BBY57-02V” from Infineon
When reverse bias voltage is varied
from 0 to 4V, the capacitance of the
varactor decreases from 30 to 5 pF.

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 43

Tunable BPF using Varactor Diode

Simulation using
IE3D Software

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 44

Simulated Results of Tunable BPF

|S21|

|S11|

Microwave Theory and Techniques | Prof. Girish Kumar, IIT Bombay 45