ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely great full to my Civil Department of the G.L. Bajaj Institute of

technology and management. who give the opportunity. It was very easy for me
to learn a lot of knowledge regarding the “Work related to design of a small
sewage treatment plant (STP) unit for a residential society”.
I am greatly thankful to our guide for his kind support and guidance to complete
my Project. I have highly benefited from this Project and have gained a lot of
knowledge about the various problems of estimation of bill and the quantity of
the materials used in construction.
Finally, I would like to thanks all the faculty members and senior teachers who
have helped me and co-operated with me during my project work.
INTRODUCTION
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from waste water & flat sewage,
both runoff (effluents) & domestic. It includes physical, chemical and biological process to
remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objectives is to produce a
treated effluent and soil waste of sludge suitable for discharge or re-use back in to the
sewage plant.. The material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic
and in-organic compound. Sewage implies the collecting of waste water from occupied area
and conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will require treatment
before they are discharged into the water body or otherwise disposed of without
endangering the public health or causing offensive conditions.As the cities have grown, the
more primitive method of excreta disposal have gain place to the carried sewerage system.
Even in the small cities the greater safety of sewerage, it convenience
& freedom from nuisance have caused it to be adopted where ever finance permit.pose the
greatest public health hazard. Waste water which is not properly treated may eventually
find its way into a community water source and spread waterborne diseases.

Design Criteria:
Incremental increase method calculation

Pn=Po +nx+(n+1)/2

INCREAS E INCREMENAL
YEAR POPULATION POPULATION INCREAS E IN
POPULATION
1100
2018
1350 250
2019
1500 150 100
2020

P(2048) = P(2018) = 1100+250+150 = 1500

The water supply rate is calculated by MWSD (Meerut water supply department) is
based on population.
In present water supply is 30LPCD .
In Future it may be increased up to 53LPCD .
The quantity of water supplied (assume) = 53LPCD in 2048
Population in the area = 1500
Rate of water supplied = 53 x1500
= 79.500KLD
As per CPHEEO, the 80-85% quantity of water turns as sewage
= 79.50x103x103x80/100

= 63.6KLD
The quantity of water turns as sewage is 63.6KLD. The peak flow rate of sewage
is, Peak factor = 3 Peak Flow = 3X63.6KLD
=191KLD
 Layout of Treatment Plant:
The following point should be kept in mind while giving layout of any sewage treatment
plant:
• All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that sewage from
one process should directly go to other process.
• If possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage can flow
from one plant into next under its force of gravity only.
• All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that minimum area
is required it will also ensure economy in its cost.
• Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.
• Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment plant, so
that operators can watch the plant easily.
• The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good appearance.

Design considerations:

Following points are considered during the design of sewage treatment unit:
• The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years.
• The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but the average
domestic flow basis.
• Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two numbers small units
should provided, which will provide in operation as well as no stoppage during
maintenance and repair of the plant.
• Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the particular operation if
desired.
• Self cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.
• The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in maintenance should
offer flexibility in operation.

Designing:
• Storage tank
Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank) or mediums used
for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold. The term can be used for reservoirs
(artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. Storage tanks are available in
many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical; open top and closed top; flat bottom, cone
bottom, slope bottom and dish bottom. Large tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, or to have
rounded corners transition from vertical side wall to bottom profile, to easier withstand
hydraulic hydrostatically induced pressure of contained liquid .
• Design of storage tank

The type of storage tank used here is circular. The peak flow of sewage is 191 KLD.
The Volume of the storage tank is calculated below, Volume = capacity/cubic metre
3 3
= 191X10 /10
= 190cu.m
3
The volume of the rectangular storage tank
is 190 m /days .

Since volume of the tank is large the tanks are divided into 3 tanks.
Volume = 190 = 190/3 = 63.33
Volume = 64 Hence provide 3 tank having volume of 64
From IS 3370 part-4, the depth of the storage tank is to be 2m - 4m.
Assume depth of the circular tank = 4m
In the circular storage tank the water is only stored for 12hrs. Therefore, the volume of the
storage tank is:
V = 64/12
3
= 5.33 m
The diameter of the circular tank is calculated by circular volume formula
(π/4) x D2 x 4 = 5.33
2
0.785 x D x 4 = 5.33
2
D = 5.33/(0.785x4)
D = 1.302m
=1.3m
Hence provide 3 tank of circular storage tank with diameter 1.3m
.

Fig. Storage Tank

• Screening
The first unit operation generally encountered in wastewater treatment plants is screening.
A screen is a device with openings, generally of uniform size, that is used to retain solids
found in the influent wastewater to the treatment plant. The principal role of screening is to
remove course materials from the flow stream that could:
• Damage subsequent process equipment.
• Reduce overall treatment process reliability & effectiveness,
• Contaminate waste way

• Manually Operated
• Automatically
Types of screens :
• Coarse screens (Bar Racks)
• Fine screens
• Micro screens.

Fig. Screen
● Detritus Tank
A detritus tank (or square tank degritter) is a constant- level, short-detention settling tank.
These tanks require a grit-washing step to remove organic material. One design option
includes a grit auger and a rake that removes and classifies grit from the grit sump .

• Design Criteria

Detritus tanks are designed to keep horizontal velocity and turbulence at a minimum while
maintaining a detention time of 3 to 4 minutes. Proper operation of a detritus tank depends
on well-distributed flow into the settling basin. Allowances are made for inlet and outlet
turbulence as well as short circuiting by applying a safety factor of 2.0 to the calculated
overflow rate.

• Designing

The velocity of sewage flow to the grit chamber is 0.2m/sec to 0.3m/sec . Now assuming
the velocity of flow is 0.2m/sec. In this tank the detention time is large when compared to
grit chamber.
Detention time is 3 to 4 minutes. Assuming the detention time is 3 minutes. Since the
average flow is 3 times the peak flow .Hence provide 3 detritus tank .
Average flow q = 0.138 m^3/s The
length of the detritus tank is calculated by :
Length = velocity * Detention time
= 0.2x3x60
L = 36m

= discharge/velocity
= 0.138/0.2
2
A= 0.70m
The overall depth of the detritus tank varies from 2.5m to 3.5m . Assuming the depth of
the tank is 3m .
Width, B = area/depth
= 0.70/3
= 0.233m
Say B = 0.25m
Hence use 3 detritus tank of size 36m * 0.25m * 3m. One is kept in reserve.
At the top a free board of 0.3m may be provided and the bottom a dead space depth of
0.45m for collection of detritus may be provided.
Therefore the overall depth of the tank = 3+0.3+0.45=3.75m
Tank will be 0.3m wide up to 3.3m depth and the sides will slope down to form an
elongated trough of 36m length and 0.15m width at the bottom with rounded
corners.
 Fig. Detritus tank

Primary Treatment

Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where
heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface.
The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged
or subjected to secondary treatment .

● Sedimentation Tank

A sedimentation tank allows suspended particles to settle out of water or wastewater as it

flows slowly through the tank, thereby providing some degree of purification. A layer of
accumulated solids, called sludge, forms at the bottom of the tank and is periodically
removed.
● Types

There are two basic types of sedimentation tank designs: the rectangular and circular
designs. The rectangular tank is designed with an effluent inlet at one end of the tank and
an outlet pipe for liquids that have passed through the sedimentation process at the other
end of the tank. The rectangular tank relies on the large solid particles settling as they pass
slowly through the tank. By the time the liquid reaches the outlet pipe the larger particles
have settled to the bottom of the tank. Circular tanks are designed differently, with an inlet
pipe at the bottom of the tank positioned close to a sludge removal pipe. The removal pipes
for cleaner liquids are located close to the surface of the tank .
• Design of Rectangular Sedimentation Tank

The quantity of sewage entering to the sedimentation tank is 0.348cu.m /sec.

Detention period = 2 to 4hrs (usually 2hours).Flowing through velocity should not be
more than 0.3m/min.
Capacity of the tank = sewage flow * Detention period
= 0.370x2x60x60
= 2670 cu.m
Since the capacity of the tank require is larger. Therefore the capacity is divided
into 3 tanks.
Capacity of the tank = 2670/3 = 890 cu.m
Length of the tank = velocity of flow * Detention time
= 0.2x2x 60
= 24m

= 890/24
A = 37.08 m^2
The depth of the sedimentation tank ranges between 2.4m to 3.6m. Assuming the depth
of the tank is 3m.
Width = area/depth
= 34.72/3
= 12.57m
Freeboard =0.5m.Overall depth of the tank is 3.5m. Hence provide 3 rectangular
sedimentation tank of size 24m x12.57m x 3.5m.Three tanks are kept in working
condition and one is for reserve.

Fig . Sedimentation tank

• Secondary Treatment

The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent from primary
treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most cases, secondary
treatment follows primary treatment .

• Introduction Of Sludge

In the context of wastewater treatment residual is used to refer “sludge”. The term sludge
refers to the solids that are settled and separated during wastewater treatment. It is necessary
to treat properly or dispose the sludge generated during the various stages of wastewater
treatment like primary sedimentation, secondary sedimentation and sludge generated from
advanced (tertiary) treatment, if any. The quantity of sludge generated depends upon the
degree of treatment or quality of treated effluent required i.e., higher the degree of
wastewater treatment, the larger the quantity of sludge to be treated and handled. Because
of strict rules and regulations involving the handling and disposal of sludge, it has become
necessary to reduce the volume of sludge in order to reduce the operating costs
(approximately 50% of the plant cost) of treatment plants. Hence a properly designed and
efficiently operated sludge processing and disposal system is essential to the overall success
of the wastewater treatment plant. The sludge generated during the wastewater treatment
can be classified into two categories:
Primary Sludge : Sludge settled in primary settling tanks comes under this category
which contains 3% to 7% solids out of which approximately 60% to 80% are organic.
Primary sludge solids are usually gray in colour, slimy, fairly coarse, and with highly
obnoxious odours. This sludge is difficult to dewater without treatment, hence digestion
is necessary. This type of sludge can be digested readily by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria
under favourable operating conditions.
Secondary Sludge : This type of sludge from secondary settling tanks has commonly a
brownish, flocculent appearance and an earthy odour. It consists mainly of
microorganism containing 75% to 90% organic fraction and remaining inert materials.
The organic matter may be assumed to have a specific gravity of 1.01 to 1.05, depending
on its source, whereas the inorganic particles have high a specific gravity of about 2.5.

• Sludge Digestion

Any sludge is treated using a variety of digestion techniques, the purpose of which is to
reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease- causing microorganisms
present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion,
aerobic digestion, and composting.

Fig. Sludge Digester

● Conclusion
Therefore the project that we took DESIGN OF THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
has been successfully carried out and completed with the requiring details and informations
that is related and hence the process, nature, requirements which has been in accordance to
the project has been conducted by me.