GOVT.

POLYTECHNIC KINNAUR
CAMP AT GOVT. POLYTECHNIC ROHRU DISTT.SHIMLA (H.P)

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT

PLANT IN LOCAL TOWN AT ROHRU

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

ER. KSHITIJ PANTA
ER. LOKESH SHARMA

SUBMITTED BY:
NISHANT SHARMA
BOARD ROLL NO. 150614003012
 CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Certificate 1
2. Acknowledgement 2
3. Introduction to concept of water treatment 3 to 10
4. Master plan of the project 11
5. Components of water treatment plant 12
6. Design of pre sedimentation tank 13 to 16
7. Design of raw water tank 17 to 19
8. Design of cascade aerator 20 to 21
9. Design of sedimentation tank 22 to 26
10. Design of rapid gravity filter 27 to 31
11. Design of chlorinator 32 to 33
12. Design of clear water reservoir 34
13 Design of main distribution tank 35 to 36
14. Design of first stage rising main and its pump house 37
15. Design of second stage rising main and its pump house 38
16. Design of gravity main 39
 GOVT POLYTECHNIC KINNAUR
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the record of the work based on “Designing the
water treatment plant in local town at ROHRU DISTT- Shimla (H.P)” is submitted by
NISHANT SHARMA student of 6th semester civil engineering in 2018.

PROJECT GUIDES-
ER. KSHITIJ PANTA
ER. LOKESH SHARMA

1.
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iam very glad to present the major project report on water treatment plant design under the
syllabus of civil engineering.

Knowledge of water and hydraulic structures are very important in the life of a civil engineer
because a civil engineer always faces a situation related to the hydraulics. In the life of a civil
engineer there are several jobs at both government and private sector related to water
treatment and water supply system., Therefore a civil engineer should have an idea about all
necessary topics related to water. I am very thankful to our teachers, ER. LOKESH SHARMA, ER.
KSHITIJ PANTA, who given us opportunity to study the major project topic “designing 0f water
treatment plant”.

I AM very Thankful to our both teachers for their suggestion and help

2.
 INTRODUCTION

Today due to development of the human society and infrastructure there are several needs
created in the human society. One of those needs is water. As we know that without water there
is no living. If water is not available then there are several difficulties in human life. Therefore It
is very important to have water and most important thing is that we should get pure water. So
for pure water there are some structures built up to purify water. Such plant which consists of
several structures related to water purification is called a water treatment plant. Following are
the components of a water treatment plant-

1. Pre- sedimentation tank

2. Raw water tank
3. Cascade aerator
4. Sedimentation tank
5. Inlet and outlet
6. Rapid gravity filter

In a water treatment plant there are various types of the processes which may work in the
Filtration and also the various workings are filtration screening, aeration etc.

3.
COMPONENTS OF WATER TREATMENT
PLANT –

1. Pre sedimentation tank

2. Raw water tank
3. Cascade aerator
4. Sedimentation tank
5. Rapid gravity filter
6. Chlorinator
7. Clear water reservoir
8. Main distribution tank
9. First stage rising main and its pump house
10. Second stage rising main and its pump house
11. Gravity main

12.
1. PRE SEDIMENTATION TANK

A pre sedimentation tank is the tank which is very important in the purification of the pollutant
and improper material from water. The water after passing through screening. Sedimentation
tank is designed so that standing water may be purified by removal of sediments.
In the design of a sedimentation tank many parameters are included such as –

 Overflow rate
 Side water depth
 Detention time
 Longitudinal slope etc.

PRE SEDIMENTATION TANK

13.
 DESIGN OF PRE SEDIMENTATION TANK

GENERAL PARAMETERS –
Overflow rate
Minimum side water depth
Detention time
Side slopes
Longitudinal slope
Ratio of length and breadth
Settling velocity
=20 to 80cum/sq m/day
=2.5m
=0.5 to 3hrs
=10% from sides towards side line
=1% in rectangular tank
= 3:1
=to ensure removal of minimum size of particles of 0.1 mm

HYDRAULIC DESIGN -
DIMENSIONS OF TANK-

water required in the year 2018= 10MLD = 10 x 10000/24 = 416.67cum/hour

pumping is for 24 hours. Discharge through sedimentation tank=416.62x24/24 =714.29cum/hrs

water loss in discharging = 2%

design average flow= 714.29x100/100-2= 728.86cum/hr

assume detention time = 2hrs

effective storage of tank= 728.86x2=1457.72cum/day

assuming effective depth = 3m

area of tank req.= 1457.72/3= 485.90sqm

assume L: B =4:1

3B X B=485.90Sqm

B= 11.02m

L= 44.085m

Hence provide a tank of size= 44mx11mx3.5m and provide a freeboard of .5m

Loading on tank/over flow rate= 714.29x24/11.02x 44.085= 35,28cum/day

In the range of 20- 80 cum /sqm/day 14.

SETTLEMENT VELOCITY-
BY the method of stokes law here size of particle = 0.10mm

Specific gravity= G = (2.65)

kinematic viscosity at 20degree Celsius = 1.01x 10^-6sqm/sec

value of g = 9.81m/sec^2

= 0.0089m/s , Reynolds number( Re) = 8.90x 10^-3x .1x10^-3/1.01x10^-6 =0.88<1

Hence flow is laminar and stokes law is applicable.

SETTLEMENT VELOCITY BY METHOD OF DISCHARGE ENTERING THE TANK

Discharge entering the basin = 728.86 sqm/hr = 0.202sec

Depth of water in tank=3m

Width of basin =11.12m

Length of the tank=44.085m

Horizontal flow velocity in tank-

V= Q/BH= 0.202/3.5X11.12 =V = 5.190X 10^-3m/s

Vs= VXH/L = 5.190x10^-3 x 3/44.085

Vs= 4.120x 10^-4m/s

Thus the particle size having settling velocity greater than or equal to 4.120x 10^-4m/sec shall settle in tank

Time period required for particles to settle in tank can be calculated as-

We have assumed the water depth = 3m

T2= 3/8.9x 10^-3= 337.079sec = 0.0936hrs

Since the horizontal velocity of flow is 5.19x10^-3m/s and the length of the tank is 44.085m the time taken by
water to reach the outlet T2 is T2= 44.085/5.190x 10^-3 = 8494.2196sec

Time required by water to flow from inlet to outlet is more than the time required by particle size 0.1mm to settle
down hence all the particles of size 0.1mm having settling velocity greater than or equal to 8.9 x 10^-3m/sec shall
be retained in sedimentation tank.

15.
 2. RAW WATER TANK-

Raw water tank is very important in the water treatment process because it carries the raw water
with it and may help in the removal of the all impurities of the entire of the dirt and the impurities in
water. In a raw water tank a detention water period is taken so that the water coming from the
rising main at the rate of 1.5 x average due to 16hrs pumping can be stored in it. Outflows are
maintained in this tank and it should be properly designed,

A proper head and free board and the proper cleaning and flow velocities should be properly
maintained in the raw water tank so that it may stand against the all shocks.

RAW WATER TANK

17.
 DESIGN OF RAW WATER TANK

A raw water storage tank of 8hrs detention period is proposed to be provided so that the water coming
from the rising main at the rate 1.5 x average discharge due to 16hrs pumping can be stored in it for 8
hrs. the outflow from tank will be at the rate of the average discharge and water stored in the tank shall
maintain the continuous flow in the filtration plant for 24 hrs.

Detention period =7hrs

Water required for year 2018 = 10MLD.

Capacity of tank= (10 x 7)/24 =2.91 =2916cum.

Provide water depth = 3.5m

Plan area of water tank required = 2916/3= 972sqm

Assume ratio of L: B= 2.5:1

B=20

L=50m

Hence provide a tank of size 50m x 20mx3.5m

18.
 3. CASCADE AERATOR
Aerators are the devices used for the aeration or mixing of the air with another substance such
as soil or water. These devices are used to add oxygen to the water

An cascade aerator is consist of several things in it, alum dose is also added in this type of
aerator so that it may purify the all types of hard and chemical imp

CASCADE AERATOR

20.
 DESIGN OF CASCADE AERATOR

Water required for year 2018 = 10MLD

Therefore water required discharge= Q= 10X10000000/24X3600X1000 = 0.115CUM

Width of weir proposed = 4.0m

For broad crested weir Q =1.65BXH^3/2

H =(Q/1.65B) ^2/3

= 0.067 = 7cm
So a total depth of 7cm shall be flowing over the weir

ALUM DOSE –
Assume peak alum dose to be = 20mg/l
Normal dose = 20%of that we get
Alum required= at the rate of 20mg /l = 20 x 10 x 10000000 x 0.001/1000

= 200 kg/l only 20% of it

Alum dose to be used = 40 kg/l

21.
 4. SEDIMENTATION TANK

Sedimentation tank is a type of tank which is created to separate all the heavy and bulky particles
from the water. After passing through screenings the heavy particles are suspended from
screenings, In these tanks the water is kept standing. When water is stationary for some time
then the heavy particles gets settle down and the impurities gets suspended from the water.
Sedimentation tank contains several parts, such as inlet outlet
etc.

22.
 DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

GENERAL PROVISIONS –
Overflow rate= 15 to 30 cum/day/sq.m

Minimum side water depth =2.5m

Detention period coagulated water = 2.0 to 4.0 hrs

Weir loading = 300 cum / day/sqm

SIDE SLOPE FOR NON MECHANICAL CLEANING-

= 10% for sides towards longitudinal central part

Longitudinal slope = 1% in case of rectangular tank

Side slope = 10%

Ratio of length and width = 3:1 to 5:1

Settling time velocity = 0.02m/ sec

Detention time to flocculation chamber = 10 to 30 minutes

Horizontal flow velocity = 0.15 to 0.9m /min

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PROPOSED SEDIMENTATION CUM

FLOCCULATION TANK –
Dimension of tank

Water required by year 2018 = 10 MLD

= 416 CUM / HOUR

Water lost in desludging = 2%

Design average flow = 425 .170 cum /hour

Assume effective depth H = 3m

assume detention period of 2.6 hrs

Effective storage of sedimentation tank = 425.17 x2.6 = 1105.44cum 23.

Assume H = 3m

Area of tank required = 1105.44/3 = 368.48m

B =( √ 368.48/3)^2

B = 11.08m

L = 32.24m = 33m

Loading on tank /over flow = (425.17x 24/11 x 33) = 28.11 cum /sqm /day

Provide longitudinal slope = 1 in 50

Also provide side slope = 1 in 30

Towards longitudinal central line

SETTLEMENT VELOCITY –
Discharge entering basin = 425.13cum/sec = 0.1180cum /hour

Depth of water tank = 3m

Width of tank = 11m

Length of tank = 33m

Horizontal flow velocity (v) = 0.1180/11x3 = 0.0035 m/sec

Settling velocity = V XH /L = 0.035 X 3/33 = 0.00319m/sec = 319 x10^-4m/sec

DESIGN OF FLOCCULATION CHAMBER –

In addition to 33m length of settling tank the floc chamber at the entry should be provided

Assume depth = 3.5/2 = 1.75 say 1.8m

Detention period = 20 minutes

Capacity of chamber = 0.1180 x 20 x 60 = 141.6 cum

Assuming width = 11m

Length of chamber = 141.6/11x1.8 =7.15 m SIZE = 7.15M X 11M X 1.8M 24.

 DESIGN OF INLET AND OUTLET
INLET STRUCTURE- the inlet structure is designed to minimize turbulence , distribute the
water suspended solids through the depth of basin and Avoid the deposition of soil . provide a
0.6 m wide and 0.6m deep influent channel that runs across the width of tank.

Hence Q = 1.6 X B (H) ^3/2

Where B = 11m

Q = 0.1180CUM/SEC

Therefore H = (0.1180/1.65x 11)^2/3 = 0.036m

A free board of 0.5mm has been provided at the inlet

OUTLET STRUCTURE-
The outlet structure shall consist of skimming weir plate and outlet structure and one overflow
of pipe to provide overflow when water to pass through the filter is reduced . the concrete wier
on outlet shall 500mm below the inlet wier crest .

There are 4 outlet pipes of 250 mm dia which take the water to the filter tank one overflow
pipe of 300mm dia has been provided on the side of the outlet box to prevent surplus water
from flowing towards the filter.

25.
 5. RAPID GRAVITY FILTER

Cutaway view of a typical rapid sand filter

The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and is
commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage treatment
system.[1]

The first modern rapid sand filtration plant was designed and built by George W. Fuller in Little
Falls, New Jersey. Fuller's filtration plant went into operation in 1920[2] and its success was
responsible for the change to this technology in the U.S.[3] Rapid sand filters were widely used in
large municipal water systems by the 1920s, because they required smaller land areas compared
to slow sand filters.

Rapid sand filters are typically designed as part of multi-stage treatment systems used by large
municipalities. These systems are complex and expensive to operate and maintain, and therefore
less suitable for small communities and developing nations. The filtration system requires a
relatively small land area in proportion to the population served, and the design is less sensitive
to changes in raw water quality, e.g. turbidity, than slow sand filters.Rapid sand filters use
relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles and impurities that have been
trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals—typically alum. The unfiltered water
flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the floc material is
trapped in the sand matrix.

27..
 DESIGN OF RAPID SAND FILTER

GENERAL PARAMETERS –

REQUIRED FLOW = 10MLD

Quantity of backwash water used = 3%of filtered output

Time lost during back wash = 30minutes

Design rate of filtration = 5.4cum/sqm/hrs

Length: width = 1.33:1

Filtered water required per hour = 10x10^6/24x1000 = 416.67cum

Design flow for filter after accounting for back wash water 3%of washing time ½ hours = 438.31cum/ hrs

Plan area of filter required = 438.31/5.4 = 81.16sqm

Generally plan area of filter unit is kept as 90 to 80sqm

Provide two filter units of 33sqm each

Provide each of 6.6m x5m size

DESIGN OF SAND DEPTH- assume sand depth =60cm

Effective size of sand =0.6mm

Min. depth required by hudson,s formula = Q d^3h/L = BX29333

Where Q = 5.4 x 2 = 10.8 cum /sqm/hr

Assuming 100% overloading of filter under emergencies

D =Size of sand in mm = 0.66mm

H = terminal head loss in water = 2.25m

L = depth of bed in m

28.
Assume B = 4 X10^-4 per poor response to filtration and average degree of pre treatment

= 10.8 x 0.6 x0.6x0.6 x 2.5/L =L = 0.45m

Hence depth assumed is ok.

Estimate of gravel and size gradation –

Assume a size gradation of 2mm at top and to 50mm at bottom ,the requisite depth in cm of a component
gravel layer of size D mm can be computed from emperical formula

L = 2.54 K (LOG D)

Where k varies from 10 to 14

Let us assume k = 12

Depth of various layers of gravel are

Size in mm 2 5 20 40
Depth in cm 9.2 21.3 30.5 49
Increment in 9.2 21.9 9.2 9
cm

Provide a gravel depth of 50 cm

29.
 DESIGN OF UNDER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Plan area of the each filter unit = 6.65 x 5 = 33.25sqm

Total area of perforation = 3x 10^-3 x area of filter = 0.0997sqm = 997squre. Cm

Total number perforations of dia =9mm

= 997/(1/4 x 0.9x0.9) = 1569 no.s

To cross section of of laterals = 3 x area of perforation = 3 x 997 = 2991square.cm

Area of central manifold = 2x 29991 = 5982 squre.cm

Dia of central manifold = (5982 x 4/π)^1/2 = 87.27cum

Provide a commercially advisable diameter of 900 mm

Assume spacing of 15 cm for laterals

No. of laterals on both side of manifold = 2 x 6.65x 100 /15 = 89

c.s.a of each lateral = (2991/89)^1/2 = 33.69square .cm

dia of lateral = (33.61 x 4/π)^1/2 = 6.54 cm

provide dia = 80mm

no. of perforation per lateral = 1569/89 = 20

length of lateral = ½ x ( width of filter – dia of manifold)

½ x (5- 0.9) = 2.05m

Spacing of perforation of 9mm dia at c/c spacing of 10.25mm

30.
 DESIGN OF WASH WATER TROUGHS

Assume a wash water rate of 36 cum /sqm/hr

Wash water discharge for one filter = 36 x 6.45 x5 = 1195 cum/hour = 0.33cum/sec

Assume a spacing of 1.5m for wash water troughs which will be parallel to the longer dimension of the
filter unit no of troughs = 5/1.5 =4

Discharge per unit trough = 0.334/4 = 0.84 cum/sec

For a width of 0.4m water depth in trough

Q= 1.376 by ^3/2 = 0.824 = 1.376 x 0.4 x Y

Y = 0.281m , 0.31m

Provide 4 troughs of 0.4m width x 0.4 depth in each filter

Bottom of trough sand bed = 0.005 m

Computation of total depth of filter box = sum of depth of –

 Under drain
 Sand
 Water depth
 Free board = 1+0.40+1.20+0.50 = 3.7 m

SIZE OF WASH WATER TANK –

Capacity of proposed tank = 2,50,000L = 250CUM

Assuming depth of water in tank =3m

Area of tank required = 250/3 = 84 sq.m

Size of square tank provided = (84)^1/2 = 9.2m

Hence provide a tank of size = 9.2m x 9.2m x 3m

31..
 6.CHLORINATOR
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine (Cl2) or hypochlorite to water. This method is used
to kill certain bacteria and other microbes in tap water as chlorine is highly toxic. In particular,
chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid.

Chlorinator is a type of tank arrangement made so that it can make the supplied water pure and may kill
bacteria and algae.

Therefore a chlorinator is very important in the process of water treatment.

Hence a chlorinator is always fixed in a water treatment plant.

Chlorinator

32.
 DESIGN OF CHLORINATOR

Normal dose of chlorine =0.3 ppm for a contact period of 30 minutes

Average daily demand of water = 10 MLD

Chlorine required per day = 0.3 x10 x 10000000/10000000 = 3kg

Bleaching powder required per day = 3 x 100 /30 = 10 kg

Annual consumption of bleaching powder = 10 x 365 = 3650kg say 3 tonnes

33.
6. DESIGN OF CLEAR WATER RESERVIOR
Treated stored water = 10 MLD
Detention period = 7 hrs
Capacity of reservior = 7 x 10 /24 = 2916 cum
Assume water depth as 3m
Plan area required = 972 sq.m (2916/3)

Assume a ratio of L;B OF 2.5:1

972 = 2.5 X B^2
B = 19.71 say 20m
L = 50m
D = 50 m
Free board = 0.5m

34.
 7. MAIN DISTRIBUTION TANK

This is a type of a tank which helps in the distribution of the purified water to each and every place
of the entire society.

There are three systems of distribution-

 Gravity flow method
 Pumping method
 Mixed method

DESIGN OF TANK

Water required for year 2018 = 10 MLD

Capacity of tank required = 10 x 3 x
10000000/24
= 1250 cum
Provide depth of water = 3m
Plan area of tank required
=1250/3 = 312.54cum

L:B = 2.5:1
2.5XB = 312.5
B = 11.18M
L = 29.5 = 30M

35.
8. DESIGN OF FIRST RISING MAIN AND ITS PUMP HOUSE

First stage rising main is to be operated between pre sedimentation tank and raw water
storage tank.

Design discharge shall be taken as 10MLD to be pumped for 16 hrs

= 8 x 24/16 = 12MLD
= 12 X 10^6/24 X 3600 L/s = 0.139 cum /sec
Let us assume 350 mm as the dia M. S PIPE for rising main . the head loss in pipe is
calculated by
H = LX (Q/CR)/994.2 X D^4.81 = 48.3m
Assume other losses in fittings @10% = 4.83m
Total frictional losses = 48.3 +4.83 = 53.13m
Assume static lift = 365.46m
Then total head required for pumping = 365.46+53.13 = 418.59m
Power required to run the pumps giving 0.139 cum/sec at a head of 418.59m
= Yw . Q . H /n = 951.3 KW
Therefore horse power of pump required = 951.3 /0.735 = 1294 H.P SAY 1300 H.P

Hence provide 2 pumps each of 650 HP with one additional pump of equal
capacity

37.
9. DESIGN OF SECOND RISING MAIN AND ITS PUMP
HOUSE

Second stage rising main is to be operated between water treatment plant and main
distribution reservior for a staic lift of 310m .

Design discharge shall be taken as 10MLD to be pumped for 16 hrs

= 8 x 24/16 = 12MLD
= 12 X 10^6/24 X 3600 L/s = 0.139 cum /sec
Let us assume 350 mm as the dia M. S PIPE for rising main . the head loss in pipe is
calculated by
H = LX (Q/CR)/994.2 X D^4.81 = 14.26m
Assume other losses in fittings @10% = 4.83m
Total frictional losses = 15m
Assume static lift = 310m
Then total head required for pumping = 310 +15.686 = 325.686m
Power required to run the pumps giving 0.139 cum/sec at a head of = 325.686m

= Yw . Q . H /n = 740 KW
Therefore horse power of pump required = 740 /0.735 = 1006 H.P

Hence provide 2 pumps each of 503 HP with one additional pump of equal
capacity

38.
10.DESIGN OF GRAVITY MAIN BETWEEN RAW WATER
TANK AND WATER TREATMENT PLANT

The length of pipe is assumed as 3900 m and drop or head available for flow is 23.46 m.
since discharge occurs continuously for 24 hrs a day the discharge by pipe = 8 x 24 /24 = 10
MLD = 8x 10000000/10000x 24 x 3600 = 0.0926 cum/sec

Here we will use one pipe of 350 mm between gravity main and
water treatment plant

. 39.